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THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 



Of this edition^ on Hand-made paper ^ 
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been printed 

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INTERIOR OF THE SYNAGOGUE IN I 794 
From a lithograph in the possession of the Hon. Mayer Sulzberger, of Philadelphia 



THE JEWS 

OF 

SOUTH CAROLINA 



FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES 
TO THE PRESENT DAY 



BY 

BARNETT A. ELZAS, M.D., LL.D. 

ASSOCIATE OF JEWs' COLLEGE, LONDON 

HOLLIER SCHOLAR, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON 

RABBI OF K. K. BETH ELOHIM, CHARLESTON, S. C. 




PRESS OF 

J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY 

PHILADELPHIA 
1905 



# 



^ 



,• 



TO THE 
FRIEND OF MY YOUTH 

MADAME EMILY S. KIEFE 

OF PARIS 

THIS VOLUME IS 

AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED 

BY 

THE AUTHOR 



** Wherever possible, let us not be told about this man or that. 
Let us hear the man himself speak, let us see him act, and let us 
be left to form our own opinions about him. The historian, we 
are told, must not leave his readers to themselves. He must not 
only lay the facts before them : he must tell them what he himself 
thinks about those facts. In my opinion this is precisely what he 
ought not to do." — Froude on The Science of History. 




PREFACE 




write a comprehensive history of the 
Jews of South Carolina is to-day a task 
of no small difficulty : not that there is 
any dearth of material at the disposal 
of the historian, but by reason of the 
very vastness of that material, of 
which scarcely anything has hitherto 
Deen utilized. Twenty years ago the task would have been a 
much easier one. There were then several people still living 
in Charleston who were born in the first decade of the nine- 
teenth century and who could have filled in many an inter- 
esting gap that must now remain void. 

Strange as it may seem, very little of historical value has 
been written on the subject. Four brief sketches of the 
Jewish Congregation at Charleston, by the late Nathaniel 
Levin, in the first volume of Leeser's Occident, reproduced 
in substance in the Year Book of the City of Charleston for 
1883, useful as far as they go but exceedingly imperfect 
and erroneous; a few biographical notices in Markens's The 
Hehreivs in America and in the recently published Jewish 
EncyclopcBdia; a few items collected in the Puhlications of 
the American Jewish Historical Society, and a few mis- 
cellaneous articles in the Jewish newspapers of the last fifty 
years are all that we possess. For the rest, the data have 
been buried in the voluminous records of various character 
existing in South Carolina and in the newspaper files of the 

7 



8 PREFACE 

last hundred and seventy years. The story is here pre- 
sented for the first time from original sources. 

Until quite recently the Congregation Beth Elohim had 
no records prior to 1866. These were long supposed to have 
been burnt in Columbia, where they were sent for safe- 
keeping during the war between the States. A singular 
accident has brought most of these books, beginning with the 
year 1800, to light again. They form, indeed, a most re- 
markable collection, and correct many fictions that till now 
have passed current as history. 

In the preparation of this work the author has carefully 
collated all files of newspapers published in Charleston 
from 1732 to the present time; he has examined all the 
public documents of the State from the earliest times to the 
present day ; he has ransacked the historical collections of 
the Charleston Library Society, the South Carolina His- 
torical Society, the Winyah Indigo Society, the Library 
of Congress, the New York Public Library, and the Wis- 
consin State Historical Society ; and the treasures of many 
private libraries have passed through his hands. 

In the following chapters tradition will play but an in- 
significant part. A whole volume might be written on the 
traditions of the Jews of South Carolina, but it is perhaps 
as well to let these traditions die. Traditions, while inter- 
esting to the general reader, do not help the truth of history. 
The story will therefore be treated objectively. The 
records will speak for themselves. Here and there personal 
interpretation of the documents and of the facts will be 
necessary. They will be interpreted in as faithful a light 
as possible, nothing extenuated and nothing set down in 
malice. 

The author would here acknowledge his deep sense of 
obligation to numerous friends without whose assistance 
this volume could never have been carried to successful 
completion: to the late General Edward McCrady, whose 



PREFACE 9 

name will ever be indissolubly associated with the history 
of South Carolina ; to the late Henry A. de Saussure, Esq., 
whose valuable collection of historical material he ungrudg- 
ingly placed at his disposal; to Mr. A. S. Salley, Jr., the 
able secretary till recently of the South Carolina Historical 
Society, whose time and knowledge have been unsparingly 
drawn upon on innumerable occasions ; to the Hon. William 
A. Courtenay, of Newry, who, at his own expense, sent to 
him some of his most precious volumes; to Mr. Yates 
Snowden, late of The Neivs and Courier, who has called 
his attention to many suggestive data ; to Mr. A. S. Freidus 
and Mr. Wilberforce Eames, of the New York Public 
Library; to J. Quintus Cohen, Esq., of New York, to whom 
the author is indebted for much valuable material; and, 
finally, to Henry A. M. Smith, Esq., of Charleston, to whose 
unceasing encouragement the publication of this volume is 
largely due. 

The author would only add that the following chapters 
are the result of several years of steady work done in the 
intervals of a busy life. He has striven to make the story 
as complete and as accurate as possible. Other facts may 
yet come to light, but all the sources at present available 
have been laid under contribution. Many interesting data 
have doubtless been omitted, but the author only claims to 
tell the story in as far as it is revealed in the records. 
When the reader considers the immensity of the task here 
undertaken, and the fact that this history is now written 
for the first time, the author feels that he may reasonably 
seek indulgence for any small shortcomings of which he 
may unconsciously be guilty. 

Charleston, S. C, September, 1905. 




CONTENTS 



Preface 



PAGE 

7 



CHAPTER I 
Beginnings. 1670-1750 17 



CHAPTER II 



Organization. 1750-1775 



30 



CHAPTER III 
Moses Lindo 47 

CHAPTER IV 
Francis Salvador 68 

CHAPTER V 
The Revolutionary Period 73 

CHAPTER VI 
Joseph Salvador 103 

CHAPTER VII 
1783-1800 119 



CHAPTER VIII 

1800-1824 131 

11 



12 CONTENTS 

CHAPTER IX 

PAGE 

The Reformed Society of Israelites 147 

CHAPTER X 
1824-1860 166 

CHAPTER XI 
Religious Development. 1824-1860 203 

CHAPTER XII 
The War Between the States 220 

CHAPTER XIII 
Smaller Communities 241 

CHAPTER XIV 
Modern Period. 1865-1905 260 

Miscellaneous Biographies 268 



APPENDIX A 
The Act for Making Aliens Free 276 

APPENDIX B 

Directories (a) 1695-1750, (b) 1750-1783, (c) 1783-1800 277 

APPENDIX C 
The Salvador Grant of Arms 280 

APPENDIX D 
The Hebrew Benevolent Society 282 

APPENDIX E 
The Hebrew Orphan Society 285 



CONTENTS 13 

APPENDIX F 

PAGE 

The Congregation Beth Elohim. 1800-1824 287 

APPENDIX G 
Ministers of Beth Elohim. 1750-1905 292 

APPENDIX H 

Old Jewish Cemeteries in South Carolina 293 

Bibliography 295 

Index 307 





LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

Interior of the Synagogue in 1794 Frontispiece 

From a lithograph in the possession of the Hon. Mayer Sulzberger, of 
Philadelphia 

An Early Jewish Advertisement 26 

From The South-Carolina Gazette, April 19, 1735 

The Salvador Grant of Arms from the Heralds' College, London 68 

Original in the possession of the College of Charleston. Irreparably 
damaged by water during the South Carolina Inter-State and West 
Indian Exp)osition in 1902, after the photo was taken from which this 
plate was made 

Captain Abraham Mendez Seixas, 1750-1799 78 

From an original oil-painting in the possession of Mr. Leopold H. Cohen, 
of New York 

Signatures of Jews during the Siege of Charles Town in 1780 . . 91 

Originals in the Emmet Collection, New York Public Library 

Tombstone of Joseph Salvador (1716-1786), Da Costa Burial- 
Ground, Charleston, South Carolina 108 

Jacob Cohen (1741-1808), President of the Congregation Beth 
Elohim in 1790 119 

From an original oil-painting in the possession of J. Quintus Cohen, Esq., 
of New York 

A Page from the Treasurer's Cash Book for the Year 1800 131 

From the Archives of the Congregation Beth Elohim, recovered by the 
author 

Major Raphael J. Moses, 1812-1893 166 

General Edwin Warren Moise, 1832-1903 220 

Theodore Kohn, 1840-1902 241 

The Original Seal of the Hebrew Benevolent Society 282 



!l 




THE 
JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

CHAPTER /—BEGINNINGS 

1670-1750 




HE history of South Carolina is a thrill- 
ing history. From her settlement in 
1670 to our own day it has been one 
long tale of glorious achievement. In 
not a few things has South Carolina 
set the pace to her sister States, but 
in nothing may she feel a more jus- 
tifiable pride than in the broad and liberal principles on 
which she was founded. 

"In the year 1669, the Lords 'did encourage severall 
people to come in their Vessells to inhabitt this part of their 
province «& with the said people did alsoe send Fundamll 
Lawes, Constitucons under the hands & Seales of six of 
their Lordshipps bearing date 21st July, '69, as the unalter- 
able forme & rule of Governmt for ever. ' " ^ 

This Constitution of John Locke (1669) was a veritable 
Magna Charta of liberty and tolerance. South Carolina 



^ Note of Langdon Cheves to " Shaftesbury Papers," Vol. 5, Collections 
of the South Carolina Historical Society, p. 117. 

17 



18 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

started right. Our chief concern being with the Jews of 
South Carolina, it would be well to note carefully Article 
87 of this wise and far-seeing Constitution : 

" 87. But since ye natives of yt place who will be concemd in or. 
plantations are utterly strangers to Christianity, whose idoUatry, igno- 
rance, or mistake gives us noe right to expell or use ym. ill, & those who 
remove from other parts to plant there, will unavoydably be of diffrent 
opinions concerning matters of religion, ye liberty whereof they will expect 
to have allowed ym., & it will not be reasonable for us on this account 
to keep ym. out yt civil peace may be maintaind amidst ye diversity of 
opinions, & our agreement & compact with all men may be duly & faith- 
fully observed, ye violation whereof upon what p'tence soever, cannot 
be without great offence to Almighty God, & great scandal to the true 
religion yt we p'fesse, & also yt heathens, Jues, and other disenters from 
the purity of Christian religion may not be scared and kept at a distance 
from it, but by having an oppertunity of acquainting themselves with 
ye truth & reasonablenes of its doctrines, & ye peacablenes & inoffen- 
civenes of its professors, may by good usage and perswasion, & ail those 
convincing methods of gentlenes & meeknes sutable to ye rules & designe 
of the Ghospel, be wone over to imbrace and unfeynedly receive ye truth. 
Therefore any seaven or more persons agreeing in any religion shall con- 
stitute a church or profession to wch. they shall give some name to dis- 
tinguish it from others." * 

Little wonder, then, that the persecuted Jew, like the per- 
secuted Huguenot and German Palatine, soon came here to 
find a haven of rest. To be undisturbed in the possession 
of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness," and to en- 
joy the privilege of worshipping God as his conscience dic- 
tated — these have ever been the ideals of the Jew, even as 
they were the ideals upon which this great Republic was 
established. For by far the greater part of his history, in 
every country, some or all of these "inalienable rights of 
man ' ' have been denied him. Here he could have them all, 
and in fullest measure. South Carolina welcomed him, 
welcomed him as a man and as a citizen, and the Jew showed 



Shaftesbui-y Papers," p. 113. 



BEGINNINGS 19 

himself worthy of the confidence that was reposed in him. 
It is no idle boast to claim that there are none who have 
shed more lustre upon the annals of this State or have done 
more towards its upbuilding than have its Jewish citizens. 

When did the Jews first come here and where did they 
come from? Thereby hangs an interesting tale. 

In the Charleston Library there is a reprint of a unique 
volume .entitled A New Description of that Fertile and 
Pleasant Province of Carolina, by John Archdale, Late 
Governor of the Same. (London, 1707.) On page 22 we 
read the following quaint narrative : 

"Now that the Reader may plainly discern, that the Almighty and 
Omniscient God, takes cognizance of Human Affairs, and directs them 
by a wise and prudent Chain of Causes, I shall relate some remarkable 
Passages that happened quickly after that I ent—ed upon the Govern- 
ment, which was the 17th of August, 1695. There is a Nation of Indians 
call'd the Yammassees, who formerly liv'd under the Spanish Govern- 
ment, but now live under the English, about 80 Miles from Charles-Town. 
Some of these Indians going a Hunting, about 200 Miles to the South- 
ward, met with some Spanish Indians that lived about Sancta Maria, not 
far from Augustine, the Seat of the Spanish Government; and taking 
them Prisoners, brought them Home, designing to sell them for Slaves 
to Barhadoes or Jamaica as was usual ; but I understanding thereof, sent 
for their King, and ordered him to bring these Indians with him to 
Charles-Town, which accordingly he did: There were three Men and one 
Woman; they could speak Spanish, and I had a Jew for an Interpreter, 
so upon examination I found they profess'd the Christian Religion as 
the Papists do; upon which I thought in a most peculiar manner, they 
ought to be freed from Slavery; and thereupon order'd the King to 
carry them to Augustine to the Spanish Governour with a Letter, desiring 
an Answer relating to the receit of them ; who having received them ; sent 
me the following Letter ; So far as relates to this Affair, I copy it forth :" 

(Here follows the letter, which is of no interest to our 
investigation.) 

So there was a Jew in Charles Town in 1695. There were 
other Jews here, too, at that early date. Hereby, also, hangs 
an interesting tale. 



20 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 a con- 
siderable number of French Huguenots refugeed to South 
Carolina. They had fled from persecution at home and here 
they were treated as aliens and denied the liberty of sub- 
jects.3 Toleration, however, as we have seen, was the funda- 
mental principle of the Constitution, and when the Hugue- 
nots appealed to the Lords Proprietors to redress their 
numerous grievances, as soon as the temper of the colonists 
permitted, the General Assembly passed for their especial 
relief An Act for the making aliens free of this part of the 
Province and for granting liberty of conscience to all 
Protestants.'^ 

There were sixty-four men who were made citizens under 
this Act of 1697 and among them were four Jews : Simon 
Valentine, merchant ; Jacob Mendis, merchant ; Avila, mer- 
chant ; and , merchant, — the name of the fourth being 

unfortunately obliterated in the original text.^ A copy of 
the naturalization papers of one of these Jews, Simon Val- 
entine, is preserved in an old volume in the Secretary of 
State's Office in Columbia.® It reads as follows: 

" CAROLINA 

" The Rt Honble Joseph Blake Esqr, one of the true and absolute Lds 
and Proprietors of the Province of Carolina Commandr in Chief vice 
Admiral and Governr of South Carolina 

" To all Judges Justices Magistrates, ministors & officers Ecclesiastical 
and Civil and to all psons whatsoever to whome this shall come to be seen 
heard read or known 



^ Dalcho : Historical Account of the Protestant Episcopal Church in 
South Carolina, p. 28 et seq. 

* This Act was passed in March, 1696-7. In the old style, the year 
ended on March 25. According to our method of writing, it would be 
1697. For the main provisions of the Act, see Appendix A. 

^ The full list of names is given in Trott's Laws of the Province of 
South Carolina, p. 62, also in The Statutes of South Carolina, Vol. 2, pp. 
131-133. 

' Grants, Sales, etc.. Book D, 1703-9. 



BEGINNINGS 21 

" GREETEING 
"KNOW Yee that Simon Valentine Mercbt: an alien of ye Jewish 
Nation borne out of the Crown of England hath Taken his oath of Alle- 
giance to our Sovereigne Lord William ye Thii'd over England Scott- 
land France and Ireland King &c Defender of ye faith and hath done 
every other thing wch by an act of assembly made att Charles Town in 
ye ninth Yeare of ye Reigne of our Sovereign Lord King Willm, &c, 
Anno Dom: One Thousd Six hundred ninety Six and Seven entituled 
an Act to make alien free of this pte of the Province and for granting 
Liberty of Conscience to all Protestants as one is required to do And is 
fully and effectually to all Intents Constructions and Purposes Qualified 
and Capacitated to have use and Enjoy all the rights Priviledges Powers 
and Immunityes Given or Intended to bee given to any Alien then In- 
habitant of South Carolina by the aforesd Act to Certifie wch I have 
hereunto Sett my hand and Caused the Publick Scale to be affixed at 
Charles Town the Twenty Sixth day of May Anno Dom. one Thousd 
six hundi'ed ninety and seaven. 

"JOSEPH BLAKE." 

This Simon Valentine must have been a man of consider- 
able prominence in Charles Town, for we meet with him far 
more frequently in the records than we do any other Jew of 
the period. He came to Charles Town from New York, in 
the records of which city his name occurs as having paid 
for his '■ ' burgher right ' ' in 1682. He was a party to a law- 
suit in Albany, New York, in 1684. His full name appears 
to have been Simon Valentine Vander-Wilden.'^ We find 
him in Charles Town in 1696, where he signs his name as 
a surety on an administration bond.^ His name appears 
several times on similar documents.^ He signs his name 
Simon Valentijn. 

In 1698 ''Abraham Avilah, of Charles Towne, in ye 
County of Berkeley and Province of Carolina, for divers 



'Hon. Simon Rosendale: "An Early Ownership of Real Estate in 
Albany, New York, by a Jewish Trader," Publications of the American 
Jewish Historical Society, Vol. 3, pp. 68-71. See also ibid., No. 8, p. 22. 

" Probate Court Records, Book 1692-3, pp. 280-281. 

" Ibid., pp. 248, 256, 357. See also Book 1671-1727, p. 71. 



22 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

good causes and considerations me at this time especially 
moveing and more especially out of trust and confidence 
which I repose in Mr. Simon Valentine M-cht," makes him 
his true and lawful attorney.^ "^ 

He must have had business relations with Jamaica, for 
on July 3, 1701, ''Jacob Mears, of ye Parish of Port Royall, 
in ye Island aforesaid" (Jamaica), appoints ''his trusty 
friend William Smith, of Carolina, merchant, his true and 
lawfull Attorney, to demand of Simon Valentine, of Caro- 
lina, shopkeeper, all and every such Debt and Debts, Sum 
and Sums &c, as may be owing to him." ^^ 

The last reference to this Simon Valentine is of particu- 
lar interest, inasmuch as it is the earliest record of a Jew 
holding land in South Carolina. On November 23, 1715, 
Mordicai Nathan mortgages to Henry Peronneau a farm of 
three hundred and fifty acres, which land, the deed tells us, 
"was formerly purchased by the said Mordicai Nathan and 
Symond Valentine, Deceased, being Joyn purchers, whom 
the said Mordicai has survived." ^^ They had bought the 
land as joint-tenants and according to the old law, which 
has since been repealed by statute, it fell to the survivor. 

It is not practicable to tell a connected story yet. There 
is as yet no organized community. Apart from what we 
gather from the records themselves, we know nothing of 
the individuals mentioned, though descendants of some of 



"Probate Court Records, Book 1694-1704, p. 133. The name also 
appears on p. 410 of this volume, on a document bearing the date January 
24, 1703-4. 

" Ibid., 339. 

" Ibid., Book Miscellaneous Records, 1714-1717, p. 233. This Mordicai 
Nathan, like Simon Valentine, came to Charles Town from New York. 
His name occurs in a list of " The Jews' Contributions" towards the 
finishing of the steeple of Trinity Church, in New York, This list is 
dated May 1, 1711. See Sparger in The American Hebrew for June 26, 
1903. 



BEGINNINGS 23 

these early settlers are still in South Carolina. There may 
have been a semblance of a community about this time, but 
we do not know of any communal organization prior to 1750. 

As one of the main objects of this volume is to preserve 
the early memorials of the Jews of this State, many of 
which are crumbling to pieces and will soon be no longer in 
existence, and the rest in imminent danger of being irre- 
vocably lost, this end would be defeated if we dismissed 
this pre-organization period in a few hasty generalizations. 
To carry out our purpose it will be necessary to give an 
exhaustive list of references to the Jews of South Carolina 
prior to 1750, preserving the chronological order as far as 
possible. 

The first document, then, to which our attention is at- 
tracted is an old will. It is the oldest Jewish will on record 
in South Carolina: 

" In the Name of God Amen I : Abraham Isack of Cyty of New Yorke 
Being bound to Sea and therefore being present in good health, but not 
knowing when it may please the Almighty God to take me out of ye 
world my Will is yt after my just debts are paid I bequeath all my Estate 
whatsoever be it in houses Lands Good Chatles or what else unto my Dear 
and Loveing Sister Sarah Isack & to her heires for ever shee paying out 
of ye same ye Sum of ten Pounds New Yourke mony to my Brother 
Henry Isack if Liveing, after my Deceas and I do Constitute and appoynt 
my dear Sister Sarah my whole and Sole Executrix of this my Will, 
revokeing all Wills by me heretofore made and this alone to Stand in 
Force. In Testimony wereof I have hereunto Sett my hand and Seale 
in New Yorke this Twenty Sixth day of May Anno Dom. One Thousand 
Seven hundred & Nine. 
" Signd Seald published and 
Declared by ye said Abra: Isack 
in ye presence of us 
Edmd. Creiswell 
Jno Basford 

"ABRAHAM ISACK (Seale) 
" Recorded Febry 20th 1710 per J. H. D. Secy." " 



Probate Court Records, Book Wills, 1671-1727, p. 91. 



24 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

It is some years before the records make further mention 
of Jews. In an old volume in the Secretary of State 's Office 
in Columbia there is a bond from Edward Home Forest to 
Mr. Joseph Tobias, shopkeeper, of Charles Town, dated 
1737.^* This Joseph Tobias was the first President of the 
Congregation Beth Elohim when it was organized in 1750. 
He is mentioned in a list of those who paid quit rent in 
1739.^^ His name occurs also in an old volume of mort- 
gages.^'' In the documents copied from the State Paper 
Office in London his name is included in a "List of per- 
sons qualified according to the Act for naturalising Protes- 
tants in his Majesty's Colonies in America." He is granted 
a "Jew Certificate." This document was recorded on De- 
cember 11, 1741.^^^ We meet with him several times in the 
Charleston records in the office of Register of Mesne Con- 
veyances.^^ He advertises for the first time in The South- 
Carolina Gazette of November 5, 1737. He died on January 
29, 1761, aged seventy-six. 

The last reference to Jews in the records during this 
period occurs in the Probate Court Records for 1736-1740. 
On page 300 there is a bond of Samuel Levy and Moses 
Solomons, of Charles Town, merchants, to Daniel La Roche 
and Thomas La Roche, of Winyau, for £2605.6.8. It is 
dated March 20, 1741. On page 3 of this volume there is 
a letter from New York, dated November 25, 1743, and 
addressed to Messrs. Daniel and Thomas La Roche, of 
Charles Town. Mr. Jacob Franks refers to his nephew, 
Mr. Moses Solomons, and some difficulty which the said 



"Records in the Secretary of State's Office, Columbia, Book MM, pp. 
191-3. These records will hereafter be referred to as " Columbia Records." 

" Ibid., Receipts of the Quit Rent, 1732-1741. 

" Ibid., Book YY. 

" Ibid. 

"Mesne Conveyance Records, Book W, p. 471, Book PP, p. 696, Book 
Inventories, 1749-1750, p. 75. 



BEGINNINGS 25 

Moses Solomons had had with a London shipping house. 
On the next page David Franks, of Charles Town, Gent., 
declares that the letter signed Jacob Franks is in the hand- 
writing of his father. It would seem from another letter 
here recorded that Franks had connections in Lisbon. In 
this letter reference is made to Moses Solomons 's intention 
of going to India. It is worthy of note that David Franks 's 
name is mentioned in the list of members of the St. An- 
drew's Society of Charles Town for 1740-1748. 

Leaving the records, let us now look at the Jews of early 
South Carolina in their private life. As we have seen, the 
Jew here has never labored under any civil or religious 
disability whatsoever. As early as 1703 it is on record that 
Jews voted at the popular election for members of the Com- 
mons House of Assembly. This toleration on the part of 
the Established Church party in South Carolina brought 
forth a protest from the bigoted Dissenters of that day, 
who complained that ''at this last Election, Jews, Strangers, 
Sailors, Servants, Negroes and almost every French man in 
Craven and Berkely county came down to elect, & their 
Votes were taken, & the persons by them voted for were 
returned by the Sheriff." ^^ 

McCrady points out that this protest was especially 
directed against the Huguenots, and it was by reason of 
the fact that they would not join the Dissenters to control 
the Province that their indignation was aroused.^^ The 
protest was carried to England, Joseph Boone being sent 
over to present their grievances. He presented a petition 
to the Lords Proprietors but met with little sympathy ; he 
managed, however, to present a memorial to the House of 
Lords on behalf of himself and many other inliabitants of 



" Rivers : A Sketch of the History of South Carolina, Appendix, p. 459. 
"" McCrady : South Carolina under the Proprietary Government, pp. 
391-2. 



26 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

the Province of Carolina, and also of several merchants of 
London trading to Carolina, setting forth the "dangerous 
situation and the threatened ruin of the trade of the Colony 
to the great prejudice of her Majesty's Customs," etc. By 
intrigue and misrepresentation, the Dissenters gained the 
day.^^ There is nothing to show, however, that the Jews 
were ever subsequently interfered with in the exercise of 
the franchise. 

The next point of interest in our investigation is the 
question of how the Jews earned their livelihood in those 
early days. Here the wonderful collection of Gazettes that 
have been preserved in the Charleston Library will throw 
the fullest light. 

There were but few professional men in the Province in 
those days. With the exception of a small number of handi- 
craftsmen, the entire population subsisted by planting and 
trade. Competition must have been very keen, for every- 
body seems to have had almost the same things for sale and 
to have advertised them in the very same way. Let us look 
at the advertisements in the South-Carolina Gazettes be- 
tween the years 1731 and 1750.22 

We do not meet with any Jewish names in the Gazettes 
prior to 1734. In that year Messrs. Carvallo & Gutteres 
announce that they ''have to dispose of Good Old Bar- 
bados Rum. Good Madera Wine. Muscovado Sugar & Lime- 
juice ; Likewise some dry goods, &c, living in Church street, 
where formerly the printing office was."^^ 

On April 19, 1735, they are in Broad Street with a large 
selection of goods. The accompanying fac-simile of their 
advertisement will give an idea of the contents of a typical 



"' McCrady : South Carolina under the Proprietary Government, pp. 
425 et seq. 

" These references to the Jews of South Carolina, 1731-1750, are prac- 
tically exhaustive. 

"" The South-Carolina Gazette, August 17, 1734. 



»ro be i^of^ 



vcci 

DCI1. 

boy 
Ca- 
reaibnablc rates, by wn 



AN EARLY JEWISH ADVERTISEMENT 
From The South-Carolina Gazette, April 19, 1735 



.->f 

.-. .-US 

olony 

o. By 

d the 

Jew8 

luently int se of 

*■ ^f inter 
Jews V 
e the wonderli 
rved in the Charleston JLiDrary will tiirow 

t few professional men in the Province in 
of a small ofhandi- 



t -p-v.iUizitstT^QA mvffsi Yj»Aa-«ii in the Gazettes 



^'e 



■I Carolima u 
ro the Jewg of S-. ;o prac- 

nn Gazf.tie. AiiE'ir- 



•*ro be ^OlD by Mflrs Carvallo and Cut- 

/rr<'/ at their btore in Broad-ftreet, China taftetjcs, i\\k 
romiiils, chcrrydaries, ginghams, lundiy (brts of Bcngaic, 
fjlk damaiks, liUc handkerchiefs, fillc brocades, indi a per- 
fians, broadcloths with liningsand trimmings, duroys with 
ditto, fhaloons, 3 foarth, 7 eighth and yard wide garlixs, 
platillociiy b^ holland*, iiidia and englifli chims, fcveral 
colot:fs of cotton romals,calIimancocs,whitc callicocs,miird 
and knitted caps, black durante, filk camlets with trim- 
mings, mens & boys woofted& thread hofc, flowcr'd fring'd 
& plain ribbons, Hat & round filk laces, dyapcr, tabic cloths 
& napkins of ditto, pinsjivofycombs, fine nuns thread, whi- 
tcd brown thread, brown oinabfigs,biuc linnen, ruflia lin- 
Dcn, 5 founh linnen, checks, filk Itays, bohca tea, mens & 
boys fine hats, mens, boys, womcns & girls fhocs, Boxes of 
Caftilc fbap, ofdip't candles, & very good Limcjuicc, all at 
reaibnablc rates, by whole falc and retail. 



w 



BEGINNINGS 27 

store in Charles Town in the early years of the eighteenth 
century. 

On September 13, 1735, they are in Elliott Street. On 
November 8, 1735, Mr. Carvallo, in Elliott Street, advertises 
for sale '*A very good Rhode Island Pacing-Horse." On 
January 17, 1735-6, they announce that they intend to leave 
the Province early in the spring, and on January 31st Aaron 
Gutterez advertises in his own name. They seem to have 
carried out their intention of leaving the Province, for this 
is the last mention of them. 

On March 30, 1738, Mr. Is: Depaz, in Union Street, ad- 
vertises for the first time. On September 7, 1738, he adver- 
tises as Isaac De Pas, offering to sell ' ' Good White Sugar, 
very good Barbados Eum & very fine Citron Water," etc., 
etc. On March 8, 1739, he advertises as Isaac De Paz. On 
February 20, 1744, as Isaac De Pass, he advertises his wares 
at his shop on Broad Street, and on March 19, 1744, he an- 
nounces to his patrons that ''All gentlemen that have rice 
to dispose of may have two Parts in ready Cash and the 
Balance in Cordials of all sorts, or any other goods that I 
have to sell."^^ 

On August 25, 1739, we read the following: ''To Be Sold 
in Union St, by Moses de Mattos, White, Milk, Ship, Mid- 
dling & Brown Bread & Loaf Sugar. The same may be had 
of Mr. Tobias on the Bay. Also good Esopius Flour." He 
is still in Union Street on November 1, 1742. 

The next notice is interesting, as one of the earliest refer- 
ences to social life in South Carolina. On March 26, 1741, 
we read of the establishment of the ' ' Right Worthy & Ami- 
cable Order of Ubiquarians, by some gentlemen, members 
of the Grand Convention in England. ' ' The following para- 
graph informs us of the purposes of this Society: 

" The original name is De Paz. There are many descendants of this 
Isaac De Paz still living in South CaroUna. They are no longer identified, 
however, with the Jewish faith. 



28 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

" This order is justly celebrated at home, for the generous and benevo- 
lent principles of its institution. It has ever been conducted with the 
most genteel ease and decency and attended with the greatest improve- 
ment of any Society hitherto erected. It's no secret, that the Roman 
Constitution in its most perfect state, is the settled polity of this most 
worthy order; as the virtue and morality of the antient Romans are 
the models recommended to the imitation of every person, who aspires 
to become an accomplished member of it. Induced by such laudable 
purposes, under so right an oeconomy, several gentlemen of Tast and 
Distinction have been enfranchis'd here, by the Praetor, Censors and 
Senators." 

Many distinguished people in Charles Town were mem- 
bers of this Society. In the Gazette of April 3, 1742, we 
read that at its half-yearly Festival, Moses Solomon, Esq., 
was one of the ^dils. This Moses Solomon was a member 
of the St. Andrew's Society of the City of Charles Town 
between 1740 and 1748. We have met him before in the 
records. 

The next reference in the Gazettes is the earliest death 
notice of a Jew in South Carolina and the only one prior 
to 1750. 

" On Sunday, the 8th instant, the Charles-Town, one of the Govern- 
ment's Gallies, having sailed over the Bar to convoy a Sloop, met with 
a sudden hard Gale of Wind, overset, and sunk, 10 men were drowned, 
and among them was Mr. Hart the Jew." ^ 

Who this Mr. Hart was we do not know, for it is the only 
reference to him. 

In 1748 we have a notice of Mr. Solomon Isaacs. He is 
a plaintiff in a lawsuit.^^ In the same year Solomon Isaacs 
& Co. offer for sale ' ' Negro Cloth and other woolen goods, 
linnens, callicoes, ironware and sundry other goods, at the 



The South-Carolina Gazette, April 16, 1744. 
' Ibid., April 27, 1748. 



BEGINNINGS 29 

House on the Bay, in which Capt. Colcock lives. ' ' ^^ This 
is the last Jewish advertisement prior to 1750. 

So far the records and the Gazettes. Summing up our 
investigation thus far: We found a Jew in Charles Town 
in 1695, and several Jews prior to 1700. They probably 
came directly from London, though some may have come 
here from Jamaica or Barbadoes, where Jews have lived 
from an early date.^^ It is worth remembering that the 
West Indies furnished South Carolina with many of its most 
substantial citizens in the Provincial period. We have 
followed the Jew in his daily life and as a citizen. We have 
seen how, socially and religiously, he was at peace with his 
neighbors. He lived the same life and followed the same 
occupations, taking his full part in the burdens as well as 
in the privileges of citizenship. There were other Jews 
living in Charles Town in the year 1750 — of these we shall 
tell in the next chapter. 



The South-Carolina Gazette, Oct. 3, 1748. 

Hotten : List of Emigrants to America, 1600-1700. 





CHAPTER //—ORGANIZATION 

1750-1775 




N the last chapter we saw that quite a 
number of Jews were living in Charles 
Town prior to 1750. A few years be- 
fore there was an accession to the 
community from the neighboring col- 
ony of Georgia. 

Georgia was colonized in 1733, and 
we are told that a few days after its first settlement forty 
Jews arrived in Savannah. So illiberal was the policy of 
the Trustees, that in 1741 the bulk of the Jews left it. 
Some went to Pennsylvania, others to New York, and 
four, viz.: Mordecai Sheftall, Levi Sheftall, David de 
Olivera, and Jacob de Olivera, came to Charles Town. 
"We do not meet with any of them, however, in the records 
prior to 1750. 

There is a local tradition which tells that some time be- 
tween 1732 and 1739 Moses Cohen, the first Haham, or 
Chief Eabbi, came to Charles Town, bringing with him 
from London a settlement of Jews, who afterwards formed 
the first Congregation Beth Elohim. This tradition can no 
longer be accepted. 

The State Paper Office in London has preserved an im- 
mense number of documents relating to South Carolina. 
Thirty-six volumes of these documents have been copied 
30 



ORGANIZATION 31 

and are available in Columbia.^ They include the entire 
data relating to a proposed settlement of Jews in South 
Carolina in 1748.2 

The circumstances of this proposed settlement are in- 
teresting. The English writer, Picciotto, to whom we are 
indebted for much of our information concerning Anglo- 
Jewish history in the eighteenth century, has this to say 
on the subject: 



" The questions of labor, of the poor, and of emi^ation, appear to 
have vexed the minds of the chiefs of the Sephardi community during 
last century, just as they bewilder at present other important bodies. 
Notwithstanding the presence of many persons in affluent circumstances 
among the Jews, the poor unfortunately have always been in greater 
numbers than the totality of the Hebrew population warranted. A hun- 
dred years ago the Jews possessed no middle class. There were perhaps 
150 to 200 families that might be considered rich, about two-thirds of 
which belonged to the Spanish and Portuguese congregation. Then we 
should find at most as many families engaged in small retail trade, and 
finally we should see a floating mass, at least five times as numerous as the 
other two classes together, consisting of hucksters, hawkers, journeymen 
and others, either verging on pauperism or steeped hopelessly in its abyss. 

" To endeavor to diminish the strain of pauperism by emigration the 
Sephardi Congregation in 1734 appointed a committee to apply for grants 
of land in Georgia, which the British Government was freely distributing 
to intending emigrants under certain conditions. This committee remained 
standing for some years, but we do not gather that it led to any practical 
results. Three yeai-s afterwards the committee reported that some lands 
in Carolina had been offered to them, and that they were negotiating on 
the subject. In 1745 this committee was still in existence, and obtained 
an extension of powers and an allowance to cover expenditure. After 



^Colonial Records of South Carolina (MSS.) copied from the State 
Paper Office, London. Secretary of State's Office, Columbia, S. C. 

'These documents have been published in full. See Elzas: Documents 
Relative to a Proposed Settlement of Jews in South Carolina in 1748. 
(Pamphlet Reprint, Charleston, 1903.) 



32 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

this time we hear no more of it, and it is fair to assume that had it 
achieved anything worth recording it would have been recorded." * 

Picciotto is correct in his surmise. The documents from 
the State Paper Office, to which reference has just been 
made, show that a certain John Hamilton, a well-meaning 
and public-spirited but apparently financially irresponsible 
promoter, had entered into negotiations with the Committee 
of the Spanish and Portuguese Jewish community in Lon- 
don, composed of three of its most prominent members: 
Solomon Da Costa, Francis Salvador, and Benjamin Mendes 
Da Costa, with a view of transporting Jews to South Caro- 
lina and settling them there ; he had petitioned the Lords 
of the Committee of Council for Plantation Affairs for a 
grant of 200,000 acres of land in South Carolina, but after 
appearing several times before the Committee, being un- 
able to carry out certain conditions, his petition was not 
granted. Thus his negotiations with the Jews likewise 
came to nothing. 

The Jews who came to Charles Town from London in 
1750 came, not as a colony, but as individuals. Nor did 
they belong to the pauper class who were assisted to emi- 
grate in order to relieve the strain and stress at home. 
This is in perfect accord with the information that we de- 
rive from other sources. 

In 1750, then, several Jews came to Charles Town and 
we read that in that year the following Jews lived there: 
Moses Cohen, Isaac Da Costa, Abraham Da Costa, Joseph 
Tobias, Meshod Tobias, Moses Pimenta, David de Olivera, 
Mordecai Sheftall, Levy Sheftall, Michael Lazarus, Abra- 
ham Nunez Cardozo, and Philip Hart.^ This same year 

'Picciotto: Sketches of Anglo-Jewish History, pp. 152-153. 

* The Occident, Vol. 1, p. 337. See also Year Book, City of Charleston, 
1883, p. 301. This list of Jewish residents in Charles Town in 1750 is 
not complete, as the reader will be able to see. 



ORGANIZATION 33 

(1750) saw the first beginnings of the congregational his- 
tory of K. K. Beth Elohim. 

The late Nathaniel Levin, who wrote both the sketch in 
the Year Book and that in TJie Occident, — the two articles 
are practically identical, — apparently used an old record- 
book of the Congregation Beth Elohim as the source of his 
information. The volume is, unfortunately, no longer in 
existence. It recorded the fact that at the conclusion of 
the Jewish New Year 5510 (1750) a meeting was called for 
the purpose of organizing a congregation. Moses Cohen 
was elected Chief Rabbi; Isaac Da Costa, Reader, and 
Joseph Tobias, President. The name selected for the Con- 
gregation, he tells us, was the same which it still bears: 
''Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim" (The Holy Congregation 
Beth Elohim, or House of God).^ The Congregation was 
strictly orthodox and its ritual was that of the Spanish and 
Portuguese communities as practised in London and Am- 
sterdam.^ 



' This is a mistake. There is evidence enough to show that prior to its 
incorporation in 1791 the name of the Congregation was "Beth Elohim 
Unveh Shallom." It was probably abbreviated to " Beth Elohim" for 
convenience of reference. [See Will of Moses Molina (Will Book A, 
p. 597), who bequeaths "£15 sterling to the Portuguese Jew Congregation 
of Beth Elohhn Unve Shallom;" Will of Joseph Salvador (Will Book, 
1786-1793), who leaves "£100 sterling to the Portuguese Congregation in 
the City of Charleston, known by the name of Beth Elohim Unveh 
Shallom, or The House of the Lord and Mansion of Peace." See, finally, 
The Charleston Evening Gazette of February 3, 1786, which says : " Yes- 
terday, the Portuguese Jewish Congregation of this City, called 'Beth 
Elohim Unveh Shallom' or the House of the Lord and Mansion of Peace, 
proceeded to their burying ground in Hampstead, in order to lay the 
Foundation Stones of the Wall."] 

It is just within the bounds of possibility that there were formerly 
two societies or congregations which afterwards amalgamated. There is 
no evidence for such a supposition, however, and it is exceedingly im- 
probable. 

'A good account of the early communal history of the Congregation is 



34 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

The organization of the Congregation Beth Elohim was 
brought about through the zeal of Moses Cohen. Who 
Moses Cohen was we do not know. He came from London 
in 1750 a married man with at least one son.^ In that 
year, as we have already seen, he was elected the first Chief 
Rabbi. His full title was ' ' Haham v ' Abh Beth Din " ( Chief 
Rabbi and Chief of the Beth Din, or Ecclesiastical Court). ^ 
This was probably nothing more than a high-sounding title 
in imitation of the old Synagogue of the Spanish and Portu- 
guese Jews in London, of which the Congregation Beth 
Elohim is a direct offshoot. Of his activity in this com- 
munity we know nothing. 

The early ministers of the Congregation Beth Elohim 
were not salaried officials and we find them earning their 
living by trade. Moses Cohen was a shopkeeper.^ The 
only references to him in the contemporary literature are 
two advertisements in The South-Carolina Gazette. In the 
supplement to the Gazette of August 15, 1753, he advertises 
for "a runaway Dutch servant-girl about 10 years of age 
and 4 feet 6 inches high, ' ' and on October 21, 1756, his name 
is mentioned in a published list of unrecorded plats.^*' 

Moses Cohen, or as he is described on his tombstone, 
''The R. R. Moses Cohen, D.D.," died on April 19, 1762. 



contained in the report of the case of The State vs. Aneker in Richard- 
son's South Carolina Law Reports, Vol. 2, pp. 245-286. 

' See Obituary Notice of Abraham Cohen, of Georgetown, the son of this 
Moses Cohen : " Died in the 61st year of his age, Abraham Cohen, post- 
master. Born in London and as early as the year 1762, commenced and 
carried on commercial business in this place." — The Georgetown Gazette, 
Saturday, Dec. 13, 1800. 

" The Occident, Vol. 1, p. 337. 

* Mesne Conveyance Records, Vol. I 4, p. 241. " Deed of Conveyance 
from Moses Cohen, of Charles Town, shopkeeper, to Isaac Da Costa, 
merchant, of the same place." This document is dated 1759. 

'" The records in Columbia show three grants of land made to him in 
1755 and 1759. [Index to Grants, A to K, 1695-1776.] 



ORGANIZATION 35 

His tombstone is still to be seen in the Coming Street ceme- 
tery in Charleston. This cemetery was then the private 
burial ground of Isaac Da Costa and was only transferred 
to the Congregation Beth Elohim in 1764.^^ He was much 
esteemed by his people and in the Constitution of the Con- 
gregation Beth Elohim, dated 1820, it is especially enacted 
that ''on every Kippur night perpetually, the first 'es- 
caba' [prayer for the dead] shall be made for the Reverend 
Moses Cohen, deceased, because he was appointed and con- 
firmed the Reverend Doctor of this Congregation from its 
first establishment, and as such it is conceived every mark 
of respect is due to his memory." ^^ 

The first Hazan, or Reader, of the Congregation Beth 
Elohim was Isaac Da Costa. He was a member of an illus- 
trious family that played an important part in English 
Jewry during the early days after the Resettlement under 
Cromwell.^ ^ Educated for the ministry, he came to Charles 
Town from London in 1750. The date of his arrival is 
confirmed by an entry in the Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, 
Volume 1, page 453, under the date August 2, 1774 : 

" In the Afternoon I was visited by Mr Acosta a Jew Huzzan of the 
Synagogue in Charleston, So Carolina. He is aet. 52, born in London & 
educated under Hoehem Rabbi Nieto there till aet. 29. Then he came 
to America & in 1754 instituted a Synagogue at Charleston."" 



" For a full history of the old Jewish cemeteries at Charleston, see 
Elzas: The Old Jewish Cemeteries at Charleston, S. C, Charleston, 1903. 

" Elzas : Constitution of the Hebrew Congregation of Kaal Kadosh 
Beth Elohim, or House of God, M,DCCCXX (Reprinted Charleston, 1904), 
Rule XX. 

"■ Wolf : Crypto-Jews under the Commonwealth, p. 71. For further 
information concerning this family, see The Gentleman's Magazine for 
Jan., 1812, pp. 21-4. This article contains a full genealogy of the Mendes- 
Da Costa families. See also the Jewish Encyclopcedia, art. Da Costa. 

" Kohut : Ezra Stiles and the Jews, p. 134. The date 1754 is a manifest 
error for 1750. 



36 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Like his colleague, Moses Cohen, Isaac Da Costa engaged 
in trade. He seems to have been possessed of considerable 
means when he came to South Carolina. We meet with him 
first as a shopkeeper in The South-Carolina Gazette of 
July 22, 1751. In 1752, he is on Broad Street.^^ In 1753, 
he advertises as an administrator of an estate.^ ^ In this 
year we find his name in the records of King Solomon's 
Lodge, No. 1 — the oldest regularly constituted lodge in 
South Carolina. In 1756, his name occurs in a list of un- 
recorded plats.^^ In 1757, he is still on Broad Street, where 
he advertises "European and Indian goods." ^^ In 1758, 
he is in partnership with Thomas Farr and the firm is now 
Da Costa & Farr.^^ In 1759, he advertises as treasurer of 
Solomon's Lodge.^*^ In 1761, the firm is still Da Costa & 
Farr. They are extensive ship agents.^^ In 1762, Isaac 
Da Costa advertises alone — it is no longer Da Costa & 
Farr.22 jjj 1754^ having some misunderstanding with his 
Congregation, Isaac Da Costa resigned his position as 
Eeader.2^ In 1765, he seems to have met with misfortune in 
business.24 In 1766, he advertises again.^^ In 1772, he is 
agent for the Spanish transport, ''The Diana. "^^ He is 
on King Street in 1773.^7 In 1778, he is in partnership with 



" The South-Carolina Gazette, May 28, 1752. 

" Ibid., Nov. 26, 1753 

" Ibid., Oct. 21, 1756. 

" Ibid., June 23, 1757. 

" Ibid., Nov. 17, 1758. 

==" Ibid., April 7, 1759. 

^ Ibid., Jan. 17, Nov. 28, and Dec. 5, 1761. 

='=' Ibid., Oct. 30, 1762. 

'■^ The Occident, Vol. 1, p. 338. 

'^ The South-Carolina Gazette, August 3, 1765. 

=" Ibid., July 14, 1766. 

="■ Ibid., April 2, 1772. 

^ Ibid., April 19, 1773. 



ORGANIZATION 37 

his son.2^ In 1779, he was elected one of the stewards of 
the Palmetto Society.^" In 1781, during the period of Brit- 
ish occupation, his estates were seized and confiscated.^*' 
Refusing to take British protection, he was banished. From 
a contemporary diary we learn that he arrived in Phila- 
delphia on December 31, 1781.^1 On March 17, 1782, he was 
the chairman of the meeting called for the purpose of 
raising funds for the erection of a regular Synagogue in 
Philadelphia.^^ His son was likewise one of the original 
members of the Mikveh Israel Congregation of that city.^^ 
In 1783 he returned to Charleston, and in February of that 
year he established the ''Sublime Grand Lodge of Perfec- 
tion. "^^ He died on Monday, November 23, 1783, in the 
sixty-second year of his age.^^ He is buried in the cemetery 
at Hanover Street that still bears his name. He left no 
will, but letters of administration to his estate were granted 
to Mrs. Sarah Da Costa, Joseph Da Costa, and Samuel Da 
Costa on March 31, 1784.36 
We do not know quite as much about Abraham Da Costa. 



" Gazette of the State of South-Carolina, July 8, 1778. 

=» Ibid., July 21, 1779. 

"" Supplement to The Royal Gazette, March 14, 1781. 

"Diary of Josiah Smith, Jr., one of the exiles from Charles Town to 
St. Augustine during the British occupation, 1780-1781, vmpublished 
MSS. {Collections of the South Carolina Historical Society), "List of 
Heads of families banished, who would not take protection." 

" Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, Vol. 1, p. 14. 

" Morais : Jews of Philadelphia, p. 15. 

" Mackey : Cryptic Masonry, p. 151. 

'" " On Monday died, after a few days illness, by the wound of a splinter 
in his hand, Mr. Isaac Da Costa, Sen., a respectable and valuable citizen." 
— The Gazette of the State of South-Carolina, November 27, 1783. 

■"Probate Records, Administration Book 00, 1775-1783, p. 347. 

There are numerous descendants of Isaac Da Costa still in South Caro- 
lina. As is the case with all the old Jewish families, these descendants 
axe for the most part Christians. 



38 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

He is mentioned in a most interesting document, a marriage 
agreement that is reminiscent of mediaeval times. The 
parties to this agreement are Abraham Da Costa, Rebecca 
Pimento, and Leah Pimento, her mother : 

" Abraham Da Costa, with the consent and good liking of the said Leah, 
covenants, promises and agrees to take Rebecca Pimento to wife accord- 
ing to the rights and ceremonies of the Jews without portion to be de- 
manded or required, within the space of three months from the date of 
these presents" * * * " the said parties binding themselves each to the 
other in the sum or penalty of £3000 current money of South Carolina." " 

A copy of the marriage settlement which he made upon his 
wife is also preserved in the records.^^ He seems to have 
had a business in Georgetown, for in an advertisement in one 
of the Gazettes he ''informs his town and country friends 
that since the late dreadful fire, he is under an obligation to 
open a store at the upper end of King Street, where he has 
to sell a great quantity of the goods lately sold at George- 
town, and some of the remains saved out of the above 
fire. ' ' ^^ He remained in Charles Town during the period 
of British occupation. He was then the proprietor of the 
''Irish Coffee House" on Broad Street.^^ 

Jacob Olivera was a merchant of means. His daughter 
Leah married Joseph Tobias. His name does not appear 
in the Gazettes, but his will is well worthy of mention as 
a veritable ethical will of the olden days. This will was 
made on July 27, 1751, and proved on May 15, 1752. It is 
witnessed by Solomon Isaacs, and "his good friend Isaac 
Da Costa" is one of his executors. After a conventional 
preamble, he writes : 



Probate Records, Book MM, 1763-1767, p. 222. 
' Ibid., Book Miscellaneous, 1767-1771, p. 479. 

The South-Carolina and American General Gazette, March 26, 1778. 
' The Roijal Gazette, May 22, 1782. 



ORGANIZATION 39 

" I commend my soul to the Almighty God of Israel, Creator of Heaven 
and Earth, imploring His most gracious pardon for all my past sins and 
transgressions of which I most sincerely repent and hoping His infinite 
mercies will be extended to me. Also I most vehemently and sincerely 
invoke His holy name, saying. Hear, Israel, the Lord our God the Lord 
is One." 

After making various bequests, among which are " £10 
lawfull money of South Carolina to each Jew who should 
have a hand in washing or burying my body," and £10 
to the Portuguese Synagogue at London, with a request 
for prayers to be said for him, he concludes : 

" I also recommend to my said son" [David Lopez de OUvera] " to 
walk in the fear of God and in the path of virtue, which is the last and 
best legacy I can leave him. I conclude with imploring the Divine Mercy 
of my Creator to receive my soul with pity on my frail nature, saying, 
Into Thy hands I will deposit my spirit; Thou hast rescued me, Lord 
God of Truth." " 

Such were the Jews who settled in South Carolina in 
Provincial days. There is an inventory of his estate in 
the records of the Probate Court.^^ 

Of David Olivera, who was one of the original Jewish 
settlers in Savannah, the records make no mention. 

Abraham Nunez Cardozo, or Abraham Cardozo, as he 
was more commonly called, advertises only once in the 
Gazettes.*^ The only other reference to him is the notice 
of his death : 

"November 17th, 1762. 
" This day died, Abraham Cardozo, first cousin to Madam Sarah Da 
Costa, of a hurt received the 10th instant, in Rebellion-Road, to the great 
grief of his wife. HANNAH CARDOZO." " 



" Probate Records, Book Wills, 1747-1752, pp. 522-524. 
" Ibid., Book Inventories, 1751-3, pp. 409-410. 
" The South-Carolina Gazette, Jan. 8, 1756. 
" Ibid., Nov. 20, 1762. 



40 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Joseph Tobias has already been referred to at length. 

Masoad Tobias (pronounced Meshod) was the son of 
Joseph Tobias. He died on February 27, 1798, aged fifty- 
seven. He must therefore have been born in Charles Town. 

Joseph Tobias had a son Jacob, who died in 1773. He had 
another son Joseph whose son, Jacob Tobias, was a member 
of Captain Drayton's militia company in 1775.*^ He died 
on November 16, 1775, aged twenty-six. He could there- 
fore hardly have seen service in the Revolution. 

Moses Pimenta, we are told, was ' ' a man learned in the 
law and a teacher of the Jewish youth." ^^ In the inven- 
tory of the estate of Solomon Isaacs there is a note of his.*^ 
Moses Pimenta apparently learnt by experience that teach- 
ing Jewish youth is by no means an easy road to affluence. 

Mordecai Sheftall and Levi Sheftall were the sons of 
Benjamin Sheftall, one of the original Jews who settled in 
Savannah.^^ They are more closely connected with the 
history of that community, though they did business and 
for a while lived in Charles Town. In the Mesne Convey- 
ance Records there is a marriage settlement, dated 1761, 
from "Mordecai Sheftall, of the Province of Georgia, to 
Frances Hart, the daughter of Moses Hart, at present in 
the Hague in Europe. "^^ Levi Sheftall was more closely 
identified with Charles Town.^*' 

Of Michael Lazarus we know very little. He was in busi- 
ness in King Street in 1762.^^ He was probably the father 
of Marks Lazarus, the Revolutionary patriot, but this is 
not certain. 



' The South Carolina Hist, and Gen. Mag., Vol, 1, pp. 135 and 187. 
' The Occident, Vol. 1, p. 337. 

Probate Records, Book Inventories, 1756-8, p. 64. 
' The Occident, Vol. 1, p. 382. 
' Mesne Conveyance Records, Book 3, p. 501. 
'Ibid., Book M 5, p. 308 (also Book Z, p. 472). 

The South-Carolina Gazette, April 24, 1762. 



ORGANIZATION 41 

Philip Hart was a native of Hamburg and one of the 
officials of the Congregation Beth Elohim.^^ He was also 
a merchant.^^ He was a partner in the business of Samuel 
Isaacs, at Georgetown.^* His name is registered in the 
Columbia Records as part owner of a vessel.^^ He fought 
in Lushington's militia company in the Eevolution^^ and 
furnished supplies to the State Commissary.^^ He was a 
prominent member of the Jewish community and a gen- 
erous contributor towards the erection of the Synagogue in 
1794.^^ He was also a benefactor of the Charleston Orphan 
House and his name appears on one of the memorial tablets 
that adorn the walls of that institution. He died on Feb- 
ruary 1, 1796. Among the bequests in his will are £200 to 
the Synagogue in Charleston, £50 to the poor in the Poor 
House, and £50 to the orphans in the Orphan House.^" 

Another Jew of this period, whom we have met before, 
was Solomon Isaacs. He advertises in the Gazettes in 1752 
and 1755.^"^ He died in 1757. His will, proved January 14, 
1757, mentions his nephew, Sampson Simson, of New York, 
as one of his executors.^^ 

In The South-Carolina Gazette of August 19, 1756, there 
occurs the first notice of Moses Lindo, the most conspicuous 
Jew in South Carolina in Provincial days. To this remark- 
able man a special chapter will be devoted. 



" The Occident, Vol. 1, p. 337. 

" The South-Carolina Gazette, May 30, 1761. 

" Ibid., Jan. 17, 1761. 

" Columbia Records, Registered Vessels, etc. 

'* Orderly Book, Charles Town Regiment of Militia, New York Public 
Library (Uncalendared MSS.). 

" Columbia Records, Indent Stubs, Book A, No. 224. 

"^ The Occident, Vol. 1, p. 387. See also Constitution of 1820, Rule xx. 

" Will Book C, 1793-1800, p. 270. 

'"The South-Carolina Gazette, August 17, 1752, April 24, 1755, and 
Oct. 9, 1755. 

" Probate Records, Will Book 1757-1760, pp. 8-9. 



42 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Joseph Levy is the first Jew whom we meet with in con- 
nection with military affairs. He was a lieutenant of Cap- 
tain Gaillard's company of the South Carolina Regiment 
of Foot, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Probart 
Howarth. There is a copy of his commission, dated Sep- 
tember 3, 1757, in the Probate Office in Charleston.^^ He 
also held a commission as lieutenant in Colonel Middleton's 
South Carolina Regiment in the Cherokee War of 1760-1, 
and was on recruiting service in North Carolina in 1761.^^ 
After the war, he went back to business. He advertises in 
the Gazette of November 13, 1762. His last advertisement 
appears on August 6, 1772. 

Though the advertiser does not belong to South Carolina, 
it would be well to notice here an interesting advertisement 
which appears in The South-Carolina Gazette of October 
20, 1759. Isaac Levy makes claim to the islands of Ossaba 
and Sappelo on the sea-coast of Georgia, which have been 
announced for sale, and gives notice to intending purchasers 
that they will buy lands without a clear title. He is going 
to petition his Majesty. On November 24 he publishes 
papers in proof of his own title. This Isaac Levy was a 
native of New York who lived for some years in England. 
The full story of this case and its sequel is told in a paper 
read by Dr. Herbert Friedenwald before the American Jew- 
ish Historical Society.^^ 

In the Probate Records, Volume 1758-1763, page 238, 
there is a document of Israel hevj, merchant, of Charles 
Town, dated November 29, 1759. 

In The South-Carolina Gazette of December 16, 1760, 
Isaac Pinto advertises as a wholesale wine merchant. He 



"" Probate Records, Book Wills, 1754-8, p. 705. 

"'^ The South-Carolina Gazette, April 11, 1761. See also Probate Rec- 
ords, Book 1758-1763, p. 306. This commission is dated Sept. 23, 1760. 

'^Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, Vol. 9, pp. 
57-62. 



ORGANIZATION 43 

advertises also on February 21, 1761, and on January 23, 
1762. 

In the Gazette of December 11, 1762, we meet with Simon 
Hart, and on September 25, 1762, Imanuel Cortissoz adver- 
tises ''Fine fresh Butter, in Keggs, just brought to town," 
''at his store in Market-square, facing Broad-Street." 

In the Gazette of April 24, 1762, we first meet with 
Joshua Hart "on the Bay." He advertises steadily till 
April 28, 1777. On November 18, 1777, there is this notice 
— the first Jewish marriage-notice in the Gazettes: 

" The same day [Wednesday] Mr. Abraham Mendez Sexias, of the 
State of Georgia, was married to Miss Ritcey Hart, a young lady of the 
most amiable qualifications, daughter of Mr. Joshua Hart, of this town," 

This notice is interesting as an early example of inter- 
marriage between Portuguese and German Jews. Such 
intermarriages were by no means uncommon in South Caro- 
lina in the early days. In later days they are less fre- 
quent. 

In the Gazette of September 10, 1763, we meet with Jacob 
Jacobs. He leaves for Savannah, but is back again on 
April 7, 1779. 

On December 31, 1764, Dr. Andrew Judah, a physician 
from London, advertises. His next advertisement states 
that he is from Holland. One cannot say with certainty 
whether he is a Jew. 

In the Gazette of August 18, 1766, we read: 

" On Friday, in the ship Queen Charlotte, Capt. Reeves, also from 
London, arrived (among others) Mr. Mordecai Sheftall (for Georgia) 
and the Rev. Mr. Alexander." 

This Rev. Mr. Alexander is most likely the Abraham 
Alexander who succeeded Isaac Da Costa as Reader of Beth 
Elohim, though Mr. Levin in The Occident gives the date of 
his appointment as 1764. We cannot always accept the 



44 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

statements of this writer, however, who is extremely reck- 
less in the matter of dates.^^ 

Abraham Alexander was the son of Joseph Raphael Alex- 
ander, and came from London. He appears to have come 
to Charles Town a widower, leaving behind him a young 
son who came to South Carolina after the Revolution. He 
afterwards married again. Like his predecessors, he ap- 
pears to have served as Reader in the Synagogue without 
remuneration till he resigned in 1784.®^ He earned his living 
as a scrivener. A manuscript prayer-book according to the 
ritual of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews in his own hand- 
writing is still in existence, in the possession of one of his 
descendants. A document on record in Columbia shows 
that he made his wife, Ann Sarah Alexander, a sole trader 
in 1791. He was a clerk in the Charleston Custom House 
in 1802 and afterwards auditor. He was one of the founders 
of Scottish Rite Masonry in Charleston.^^ He died in 1816, 
beloved and respected in the community. 

In the Probate Records, Volume MM, 1763-7, page 432, 
there is a deed of Solomon Levi. He mentions in it Bernard 
De Young and Isaac De Lyon, saddler. 

On page 579 of this volume there is a promissory note of 
Henry Isaacks, dated June 18, 1765, and on page 429 there 
is a deed of Isaac De Lyon, of Charles Town, dated June 11, 
1766. In this deed occurs the name of Emanuel Abrahams, 
who was a prominent member of Lushington's company 



°° Compare, e.g., the dates given in The Occident with those in the repro- 
duction of the same article in the Year Booh for 1883. A more extraor- 
dinary compilation of dates than those given in the Year Book, pp. 315-6, 
would be hard to imagine. How Mr. Levin could have compiled such a 
table with his own article before him passes all comprehension. 

^ " The seventh eseaba shall be made for Mr, Abraham Alexander, sen., 
deceased, who volunteered his services to perform divine service." (Con- 
stitution of 1820, Rule xx.) 

" Richardson : Centennial Address, p. 8. 



ORGANIZATION 45 

during the Revolution. This Emanuel Abrahams is men- 
tioned in an earlier document, a deed of settlement made in 
April, 1763, by Joseph David, who married Dinah Cohen, 
widow of Moses Cohen, deceased.^^ 

In the Gazette of October 27, 1766, among the list of pas- 
sengers arrived are Mr. Franks and daughter. 

In the postscript to the Gazette of May 11, 1767, we meet 
with Philip Abraham and Samuel Nunez Cardozo. 

In the Gazette of June 1, 1767, we read that "On the 26th 
inst. Mr. Lopez and many other passengers embarked for 
Rhode Island. ' ' The Lopez family, however, did not settle 
in Charleston till after the Revolution. 

In the Gazette of July 6, 1767, we read of the arrival of 
Mr. Joseph Jacobs from Philadelphia, and in that of August 
3 Francis Cohen is mentioned. 

In the Gazette of August 1, 1771, Mordecai Myers 
advertises, and again, from Georgetown, on August 25, 
1772. 

On September 19, 1771, we meet with Myer Moses for 
the first time in the Gazettes, though he had been living in 
Charles Town for some years. 

On November 1, 1773, there is mention made of Jacob 
Ramos, and on December 6, 1773, we read of the arrival of 
Francis Salvador, the hero and patriot, whose life and 
death are invested with quite a romantic interest. To this 
distinguished man a special chapter will be devoted. 

From now on we meet with many new names. There is 
nothing to be gained any more by detailed references. It 
is worth noting, however, that there are not many men 
who lived in Charles Town before the Revolution whom we 
do not meet in some or other connection in the records. A 
complete directory will serve a useful purpose, inasmuch as 



Probate Records, Book 1758-1763, p. 599. 



46 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

it will enable us to discuss intelligently the part played in 
the Revolution by the Jews of South Carolina.^^ 



** See Appendix B, 

The critic may find fault mth the author's method of writing this early 
history, but no other method was possible consistent with his design of 
preserving these early memorials of the Jews of South Carolina. Apart 
from the notices here given, nothing is known of many of the individuals 
mentioned. The records of this State are in imminent danger of going 
out of existence at any moment. The old records are going to pieces. 
A few years from now many of the documents referred to will no longer 
be legible. Many of them are already crumbling. The ink on the pages 
of many of the Gazettes is fading. It should be remembered, too, that 
by far the greater part of this material is unindexed. Even with accu- 
rate references the investigator may have to spend hours in looking up 
a single reference, for not a few of the papers have been misplaced by 
the careless binder. Every reference in this volume has been carefully 
verified. The author finds consolation in the thought that the real student 
of history will prefer the dulness of detail of recorded facts to the 
fascinating narratives invented by family vanity or by professional gene- 
alogists to meet the requirements of patriotic societies, so called, whose 
influence upon historical writing has not been one of entirely unmixed 
good. 




CHAPTER ///—MOSES LINDO 




HE subject of this sketch is a most in- 
teresting figure in the early days of 
South Carolina's history. Who Moses 
Lindo was we do not know positively. 
\r^r<^A Kf.o'V^ What we know of him is mainly con- 
6 QJ(j >g^^ ^ tained in that wonderfully rich collec- 
— ~ I tion of Gazettes that is to be found in 

the Charleston Library alone. There can be no doubt, how- 
ever, as to the fact of his being a member of the Lindo 
family of London, England, which has been prominently 
connected with the Spanish and Portuguese community of 
that city for several generations. The present generation 
of the Lindo family know nothing of him, even tradition- 
ally, but it is worthy of note that Moses D. Lindo, the grand- 
father of one of the distinguished Elders of the Bevis Marks 
Synagogue, of London, who died about 1867, was an indigo 
broker in Bury Court not far from Wormwood Street, 
where our Moses Lindo had his office. In the Gentleman^ s 
Magazine for 1753 there is mention made of a Moses Lindo, 
merchant, of St. Mary Axe.^ He is probably the Moses 
Lindo who came shortly afterwards to South Carolina. 
Picciotto, in his charming Sketches of Anglo-Jewish His- 
tory,^ makes mention of a Moses Lindo, Jr., as a prominent 



^ Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. 23, p. 53. 

^ Sketches of Anglo-Jewish History, p, 124. 



47 



4.8 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

member of the "Deputies of British Jews," a body ap- 
pointed ' ' To watch all Acts of Parliament, Acts of Govern- 
ment, laws, libels, addresses, or whatever else may affect 
the body of Jews, ' ' and which is to-day the most influential 
organization of Jews in the world. He may be a son of our 
Moses Lindo. The latter was himself an important per- 
sonage in London prior to his coming to South Carolina. 
He himself tells us : 

"I have been allowed to be one of tbe best judges of Cocbineal and 
Indico on the ROYAL EXCHANGE, for upwards of 25 years past; and 
have not been thought unworthy (when Sir Stephen Theodore Jansen 
represented the city of London in Parliament) to be called with Mr. 
Samuel Torin, and Mr. Daniel Valentine, to give my sentiments of Caro- 
lina Indico to the hon. House of Commons of Great Britain." ' 

Suffice it to say, then, that Moses Lindo was an expert 
indigo sorter in London, who, noticing that a particularly 
fine grade of indigo was received from South Carolina, 
changed his headquarters in 1756 from London to Charles 
Town. The rest of his story cannot be told better than by 
the Gazettes themselves. 

We first meet with Moses Lindo in the Gazettes, some 
three months before he arrives in Charles Town. The fol- 
lowing is the first notice of him and appears in the supple- 
ment to The South-Carolina Gazette of Thursday, August 
19,1756: 

" A Correspondent in London, has sent us the following Advertisement, 
and with it proper Directions for making Lime Water to subside Indico. 

" To the Printer of the Public Advertiser : 

"SIR: 

" I HAVE examined the major Part of the Carolina Indico entered 
this year, and have the Pleasure to find a considerable Quantity equal 
to the BEST French; and tho' there is some inferior to the Sight by 



^ The South-Carolina Gazette, Jan. 19, 1767. Peter Timothy was the 
publisher of this Gazette. 



MOSES LINDO 49 

3s. 6d. per Pound, yet on using it as under, I am convinced the In- 
fe#iority is not more than Is. 6d. a Pound. Therefore, Sir, your pub- 
lishing this, will be a singular Service to the consumer, and consequently 
oblige. 
"Your constant Reader, 

" MOSES LINDO, Wormwood-street." 

The next notice of Moses Lindo is the announcement of 
his arrival in Charles Town. 

" MOSES LINDO gives this public Notice, that he is arrived from 
London, with an Intent to purchase Indico of the Growth and Manu- 
facture of this Province, and to remit the same to his Constituents in 
London, classed, sorted and packed in a Manner proper for the foreign 
mai-ket. — If any are desirous to know upon what Credit, and to what 
Extent he purposes to carry on his Branch of Business, he begs leave 
to refer them for Particulars to Mr. John Rattray, who is possessed of 
his Papers, and to whom he is recommended." * 

The following is the notice of his first shipment : 

"FOR LONDON 
" The snow Dodgson, Burthen 130 Tons, with 8 Guns, Men answerable, 
William Dunn Master, will sail about the 10th of January (Wind and 
Weather permitting), Mr. Lindo having engaged to ship 20,000 lb of 
INDICO with all his COFFEE purchased from the French prizes. No 
other goods to be admitted but Coffee and Indico. Any person inclinable 
to ship, may apply to Mr. Lindo or the aforesaid Master." ' 

The magnitude of Lindo 's business transactions may be 
gathered from the following: 

"Whereas I have employ'd the Sum of One Hundred and Twenty 
Thousand Pounds Currency in the Produce of this Country, besides 
30,000 Pounds in Prize-Goods and other Articles, all which are paid for, 
as appears by my Receipt-Book, except about 3,800 Pounds Currency, 
2,000 of which does not become due 'till the 22d Instant. The Remaining 
1,800 Pounds I have my objections for not paying. 



* The South-Carolina Gazette, Nov. 11, 1756. 
' Ibid., Dec. 23, 1756. 



50 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

"NOW THIS IS TO GIVE NOTICE, to every Gentleman, Planter 
and Trader in this Province, who has any Demands on me, that they 
come and receive their Money from the 15th to the 25th Instant. If 
any One shoidd take the Liberty of contradicting the above Advertise- 
ment, or give out any other malicious Insinuation, in order to prejudice 
me in the Good Opinion of those I have dealt with, I shall esteem it one 
of the greatest Favours done to me, to let me know the same by a Line, 
and their Names shall be concealed. And if such Information comes 
from a person of midling Circumstances, on due Proof thereof, I do 
hereby promise to reward him with the Sum of Five Hundred Pounds 
Currency. 

" I return my Thanks to those Gentlemen who assisted me in taking 
my Bills for 12,000 Pounds Sterling; and to the Planters of Winyah 
and those of the Southward, for giving me the Preference of their 
Indico. And do hereby assure them, that (if it please God I live 'till 
the next Season) I will not let their Fine Indico Fall under 20 Shillings 
per Pound, having all the Reason to believe I shall have 200,000 Pounds 
Currency to lay out the ensuing Year in that Article; wherefore I hope 
they will not be discouraged. 

"MOSES LINDO. 

" Whoever is desirous of being informed what I paid for what I 
bought, may know of William Branford, John Hutchinson, John Butler, 
William Gibbs, Jonas Butterfield, Andrew Govan, &e., &e. 

" N. B. — If any Person is willing to part with a plantation of 500 
Acres, with 60 or 70 Negroes, I am ready to purchase it for ready money. 
Please to leave a Line directed to me at Mrs. Shepard's in Tradd-street, 
and Secrecy shall be observed if not agreed on." " 

Moses Lindo was not only an expert indigo sorter, but 
was also a scientific experimenter with dyes. He sought 
to encourage investigation, likewise, on the part of others 
by offering prizes for discoveries if they proved to be of 
value. Witness the following: 

" Mr Timothy : 

" I HAVE made Trial of Two CRIMSON DYES lately discovered in 
this Province; and in Justice to Mr. John Story of Port Royal, Car- 



' Supplement to The South-Carolina Gazette, March 3, 1757. 



MOSES LINDO 51 

penter, I am obliged to declare, that I find his Crimson called JOHN'S- 
BLOOD, answei-s all the Purposes of Cochineal; for it dyes a fine Crim- 
son on Cotton, so as to stand washing with Soap-Lees; and it is my 
firm Opinion will likewise dye Scarlet. I have sent Samples of it Home, 
via Bristol, that, when approved of in London, by Messrs George Farmer 
and George Honour, two eminent Dyers there, the said Mr Story may be 
entitled to Part of the Reward offered by the Society for encouraging 
Arts, to such as can fix a Scarlet or Turky-Red on Cotton. 

'' And as there are many Roots and Weeds to be found in this Prov- 
ince and Georgia, that will dye REDS, I shall be obliged to all who will 
meet with such in their Way, to send me a Pound dried in the Shade; 
that I may make Trials of them. And if the Discoverers be persons in 
middling Circumstances, and what they produce to me be proven a DYE, 
I will reward them with Fifty Pounds Currency, and use my best En- 
deavours to obtain for them further Gratuities from the Dyers Company 
in London. 

" I am sensible, Mr. Timothy, you are a Well- Wisher to the Interest 
of this Province and the Mother-Country; therefore, hope you will not 
omit publishing in your Gazettes any Hints tending to the Advantage 
of both whenever such are offered you; and thereby, amongst others, 
oblige 

" Your Constant Reader, 

"MOSES LINDO. 

" Charles Town, July 16, 1759." ' 

Moses Lindo's contract with the London house which he 
represented having expired, and their agent having failed 
to pay for the indigo consigned to them, as also his annual 
allowance, he next announces that during his stay here he 
would mark Carolina indigo, first, second, and third sort, 
as he had done for them, on a reasonable commission. He 
does not expect to be paid unless the indigo so sorted ''adds 
credit to this province and profit to those who cliuse to ship 
that article," so as to prevent impositions by the purchasers 
of Carolina indigo in England.^ 

In the next notice he announces that in consequence of 



' The South-Carolina Gazette, July 28, 1759. 
' Ibid., Nov. 14, 1761. 



52 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

his advertisement of the 12th of November last, several 
gentlemen have left their indigo to his care. He assures 
the public that out of the twenty thousand weight on board 
of the vessels under convoy there are 18,000 as good as the 
French. Should it appear at home to the purchasers of 
it that he has not demonstrated it as such, he says that it 
will be doing the gentlemen here a piece of service if they 
will signify his fault in Lloyd's Evening Post, under the 
attestation of Messrs. Mark Hudson, Peter Fearon, Aaron 
Lara, and William Richardson, eminent brokers in this and 
other dyes, ''To whose judgment only I submit, as well as 
to their equity in doing me justice, whether they ever saw 
so large a parcel of Carolina indico so even sorted as not 
to differ in value two pence sterling per pound from the 
first lot to the last. ' ' 

Lindo had met with such marked success in his business 
that he roused the jealousy of his competitors, who seem 
to have spread false reports concerning him. He retaliates 
in this same advertisement : 

" As some purchasers of indico may imagine that by this advertise- 
ment I want to get more indico to sort, I do hereby declare that I will 
only do it for those that I am engaged with, they being well known to 
be capital people, and capable of purchasing as much indico of the 
planters as I can well attend to." 

He indignantly denies that he owes more than 3,000 
guineas in this province than is due to him at home, ''as 
some people have through their correspondence insinuated 
to my friends and relatives. ' ' The advertisement ends with 
a humorous touch of scorn: 

" Sealed with my seal, well known in most markets in Europe for these 
25 years, as always prime indico, which to this time of life I have not 
yet forfeited; and it is to me really a diversion to see some people in 
this town pretend to be judges of the quality of indico, to one that has 
had the experience of upwards of thirty years in it; and I wish they 



MOSES LINDO 53 

may not, by which they have shipped on board the fleet, experience the 
presumption." * 

The importance of the indigo industry to the Province of 
South Carolina may be appreciated from the following his- 
torical facts : Indigo began to be cultivated in South Caro- 
lina in 1744 and was exported to England as early as 1747, 
where it attracted considerable attention. Great Britain 
was consuming annually 600,000 pounds weight of French 
indigo, paying for it 150,000 pounds sterling, and the sta- 
tistics showed an annual increase of consumption. In 1748 
Parliament passed an Act, allowing a bounty of six pence 
per pound on indigo from the British Colonies. This stimu- 
lated the South Carolina production and in 1754 the export 
of indigo from Charles Town amounted to 216,924 pounds, 
and shortly before the Revolution had risen to 1,176,660 
pounds. ^° 

The man who had done more to encourage this important 
industry — after rice, the greatest source of revenue in those 
days to South Carolina — than anyone in the Province was 
Moses Lindo. This is clearly evident from the following: 

" The services heretofore rendered to this province by Mr. Moses Lindo, 
in ascertaining the quality and establishing the reputation of our indico- 
manufacture, both at home and at the foreign markets, in April last 
induced many gentlemen of rank and fortune, merchants, planters and 
others, to give him the following testimonial of their opinion of his 
abilities, in writing, and of the necessity of having a public inspector, 
subscribed with their names, viz : 

" ' In order to bring our indico-produce into reputation at home as well 
as at foreign markets, it becomes necessary to have a proper person 
qualified to ascertain the value of our First Sort. We merchants, plant- 
ers, principal traders and others, do, therefore, hereby certify under our 
hands, that Mr. Moses Lindo, of Charles Town, merchant, is the only 



The South-Carolina Gazette, Feb. 27, 1762. 
Year Book, City of Charleston, 1883, pp. 402-403. 



54 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

person known to us, capable of rendering this province further service 
in that article, if he is wilUng to undertake ascertaining the same and to 
grant his certificate for the First Sort.' " 

This testimonial was signed by the Hon. William Bull, 
Lieutenant-Governor, five members of his Majesty's Coun- 
cil, the Speaker and nineteen members of the late Commons 
House of Assembly, forty-one merchants and seven ''con- 
siderable planters of, or dealers in indico. ' ' Because of the 
local interest attaching to the names appended to this testi- 
monial, the list is here quoted in full : 

" *Hon William Bull, Esq, Lieutenant-Governor; the Hon Othniel 
Beale, Esq, *Henry Middleton, John Guerard, *John Drayton and 
*Daniel Blake, Esqrs, members of his Majesty's Council. 

" Benjamin Smith, Esq, Speaker, and * Thomas Middleton, *William 
Moultrie, *Peter Manigault, William Scott, * Thomas Bee, * William Blake, 
William Roper, *Robert Pringle, *Thomas Lynch, *Rawlins Lowndes, 
*Benjamin Dart, George Roupell, *John Ainslie, *Thomas Ferguson, 
*John Parker, James Parsons, *William Maxwell, *Doct. John Mur- 
ray and *Sir John Colleton, members of the late Commons House of 
Assembly. 

" Messrs John Chapman, John Torrans, John Greg, John Poaug, * John 
Smith, Thomas Listen, *Paul Douxsaint, *Miles Brewton, Henry Peron- 
neau, Thomas Corker, John Lloyd, Arthur Peronneau, William Anerum, 
Lambert Lance, *Richard Downes, John Benfield, Henry Laurens, George 
Appleby, John Logan, Martin Campbell, John Neufville, Edward Neuf- 
ville, Thomas Ellis, John Scott, Thomas Farr, jun, James Poyas, Evan 
Jones, *John M'Queen, William Guerin, John Pamham, Robert Smyth, 
Peter Bacot, James Laurens, George Anerum, Thomas Shirley, George 
Inglis, Robert Rowand, John Nowell, Samuel Peronneau, Peter Mazyck 
and Thomas Moultrie, merchants. 

"Andrew Johnston, John Moultrie, jun, William Gibbes, Job Milner, 
Alexander Eraser, John Mayrant, William Brandford, considerable 
planters of, or dealers in indico. 

" (Note — The gentlemen with the mark * prefixed to their names are 
likewise considerable planters of indico.) 

" In consequence of the above testimonial and an appKcation to the 
Governor, his Excellency, on Tuesday last, was pleased to order the 
following commission to be issued, viz: 



MOSES LINDO 55 

"'SOUTH CAROLINA: 

"'By his Excellency THOMAS BOONE, Esquire, Captain General, 
and Governor in Chief, in and over the said Province. 

"'TO MOSES LINDO, GENTLEMAN: 

" ' WHEREAS, several of the most considerable inhabitants of the 
said province, as well planters as merchants, have by a writing signed 
by them, certified, that, in order to bring the indico produce into reputa- 
tion at home and at foreign markets, it is become necessary to have a 
proper person qualified to ascertain the First Sort; and that the said 
Moses Lindo is the only person known to them capable of rendering the 
province further service in that article, if he is willing to undertake 
ascertaining the same, and grant his certificate of its being the First 
Sort. And, whereas, the said Moses Lindo, in order to give such his 
certificates the more weight and authority in Great-Britain, has made 
application to me, that he may be appointed Surveyor and Inspector- 
General of Indico in the province aforesaid. I, therefore, in considera- 
tion of the premises, and being convinced of the fitness and ability of 
the said Moses Lindo for discharging the said office, do hereby nominate, 
constitute and appoint you the said Moses Lindo to be Surveyor and 
Inspector-General of the Indico made in the said province, for the ends 
and purposes above mentioned. 

" ' This commission to continue during pleasure. 

" ' Given under my Hand and Seal at Charles Town, this 21st day of 
September, Anno Dom. 1762, and in the second year of his Majesty's 

^^^^' " ' THOMAS BOONE. 

" * By his Excellency's command. ,, , ^ .. „ 

•^ '' " * George Johnston for 

" ' John Murray, Dep Sec' " " 

The next notice in the Gazette is an announcement of 
Moses Lindo oflEicially as Surveyor and Inspector-General 
of Indico. It is as follows : 

"MOSES LINDO. 
" Surveyor and Inspector-General of INDICO made in South Carolina, 

" GIVES THE FOLLOWING NOTICES : 
" That as there is at present no obligation on any merchants or planters 
to submit their Indico to his inspection, or on him to take that trouble for 



The South-Carolina Gazette, Sept. 25, 1762. 



56 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

nothing, he will be ready and willing, after the 16th instant, to inspect 
any parcel for either, ascertain the FIRST SORT, and give his certificate 
therefor for the small consideration of ONE per cent on the value of 
the Indico so certified. 

" That he will make no distinction of persons in inspecting and giving 
certificates, in regard to the quantity, but will with equal readiness serve 
a planter who brings only 50 lb to market, as him who may bring thou- 
sands. 

" That where any differences arise, on allowances to be made for bad 
mixtures, the accidental dampness, or designed wetness of Indico to dis- 
guise the quality, he will expect TWO per cent for his decision and ascer- 
taining the value; i.e., ONE per cent from the seller, and as much from 
the buyer. 

" That all orders gentlemen intend to favour him with, to purchase 
Indico on their accounts for exportation, must be delivered to him, or 
left at Messrs Inglis, Lloyd & Hall's, on or before the 16th instant; after 
which he will receive no more till those then in his hands are compleated. 

" And, that no planter or other person may complain that he means 
to injure them (which is far from his intention) he declares, that he 
will not buy any parcel, till they have tried the market eight or ten 
days; when he will purchase, on orders upon some of the principal 
houses in town, at three months' credit. 

" N. B. — He begs pardon for having omitted among the subscribers 
to the testimonial or certificate, in consequence of which he obtained his 
commission from the Governor, to give the printer the following gentle- 
men's names :" * * * " 

A few days later Moses Lindo announces : 

" That he has opened an office on Mr. Beresford's wharf, where con- 
stant attendance will be given eveiy day in the week. (Saturdays, Sun- 
days and holidays observed at other offices, excepted,) from 8 o'clock in 
the morning till 1 in the afternoon, in order to survey, inspect and grant 
certificates for all parcels of indico that shall be brought to him for 
that purpose, of the FIRST SORT. 

" That he will not give his certificate for any indico, unless the planter 
produces a proper certificate of its being the growth of his plantation. 

" That for declaring the first sort, and granting his certificate thereof, 
he expects to be paid at the rate of twenty shillings currency, for every 



' The South-Carolina Gazette, Oct. 9, 1762. 



MOSES LINDO 57 

hundred pounds weight of indico mentioned in such certificates, and the 
like sum for settling any difference between buyer and seller, on every 
hundred pounds weight. 

" That if any planter, in eight days after obtaining his certificate for 
the first sort, desires him to procure a purchaser for the same, he in that 
case expects to be paid 5 per cent commission, if such indico is not in 
any merchant or factor's hands; but if in a merchant or factor's hands, 
then only 20s. per cent. 

" That he will not sort, garble, and seal the first, second and third 
Sorts of indico of the present crop for exportation, but for the follow- 
ing gentlemen, who favoured him with their orders for that purpose 
before the 16th instant, or by orders obtained from them; for which his 
charge will be 3 per cent, casks and all other expences included. 

" That all his fees must be paid him before the delivery of his certifi- 
cates. 

" That he will not accept, or undertake to execute any orders from 
Europe or from any of his correspondents elsewhere, to purchase indico 
for them this crop. And, 

" That if any unfair dealings should be discovered, by fraudulent 
mixtures, after he has given his certificate for any parcels of indico, he 
is determined to expose such intended imposition. 

" That after the first day of Februaiy next, he will not act in this or 
any other capacity, in purchasing or declaring the qualities of indico, 
until some regulation is made by Act of Parliament to encourage the 
planting and manufacturing that valuable dye." * * * " 

The following will give an idea of the prices received for 
South Carolina indigo of the first sort : 

"MOSES LINDO, Inspector and Surveyor-General of South Carolina 
INDICO. Having granted certificates for the FIRST SORT, sold at 
the prices opposite to the names of the respective makers (which he 
declares to be equal in quality to the best French that has been taken 
during the last or present war) viz: 

8. d, 

" His Honor the Lieut. Governor's, sold at 27 6 per lb 

George Saxby, Esq 40 per lb 

John Moultrie, jun. Esq 40 per lb 

Sir John Colleton, Bart 30 per lb 



" The South-Carolina Gazette, Oct. 23, 1762. 



58 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

3. d. 

Mr. Edmund Bellinger 30 per lb 

Alexander Fraser, Esq 26 and 40 per lb 

Mr. Charles Elliott 23 per lb 

David Deas, Esq 27 6 per lb 

Mr. George Marshal 24 per lb 

John Pamor, Esq 27 per lb 

George Seaman, Esq 26 per lb 

Mrs. Mary M. Daniel 23 per lb 

Mr. William Campbell 21 per lb 

Mr. William Pearson 25 per lb 

Mr. Philip Porcher 27 6 per lb 

Mr. James Laroach 22 6 per lb 

Mr. James Commander 25 per lb 

Mr. William Johnson 27 6 per lb 

"Part of which is now on board the Boscawen, capt. David Jenkins, 
commander, bound for London. 

" IN THIS PUBLIC MANNER 

" Requests, that the commissioners of his Majesty's customs in London, 
will desire 15 or 16 gentlemen, merchants, salters and brokers, conversant 
in this trade, to inspect the said indico when landed, and declare their 
sentiments thereon in all the public papers. 

" And, whereas, several other parcels of indico have been shipped on 
board the said frigate, by divers persons, in like packages, which have 
not been inspected or surveyed by him, he has, therefore, thought proper 
to give a certificate for every cask that has undergone his inspection, and 
been sealed by him, specifying in the margin the kind, weight and tare, 
and registered the same in his office; which certificates Mr. WilUam 
Richardson, broker in London (one of the best judges of indico now 
left in England) will take care to cancel after inspection. This precau- 
tion is so essentially necessary for the interest of a colony where any 
manufactures are produced, that in England the law has made it felony 
punishable with death, to counterfeit, imitate or alter any public inspec- 
tor's mark." " 

In his next notice Mr. Lindo refers to his last big ship- 
ment : 



The South-Carolina Gazette, Jan. 15, 1763. 



MOSES LINDO 59 

" When the last 55 hogsheads arrive in England, I flatter myself the 
world will be satisfied of my integrity of heart and the uprightness of 
my intentions; as well as be convinced, that I have devoted myself to 
the service of my native country, and equally so to this province; for, 
if the indico that has undergone my inspection, and obtained my certifi- 
cates, shall be proved equal in quality to the best French (which I am 
confident it will) in that case £12,000 sterling per annum bounty will be 
saved to the Government; and the planter here always sure of getting 
25s currency a pound for the First Sort, and in proportion for the Second 
and Third, which will be suflScient to encourage them to go on in the 
planting and manufacturing that valuable dye." * » * 

It would thus seem as if Moses Lindo had been meeting 
with considerable criticism and opposition. He ends his 
long letter: 

" Your publishing this letter may prevent some evil-minded persons 
continuing to insinuate, that, sensible of my superior knowledge and ex- 
perience in all dyes and drugs to any in Europe or America, I only take 
the advantage of exposing the ignorance of some pretenders to the like, 
which is not my intention. I must, however, say that no person whatever, 
that has not been ten or twelve years constantly employed as a broker 
of indico, can be a competent judge of that article, or the true value of 
each quality; therefore, an error in judgment after that time must be 
deemed a crime, not an oversight." " 

In his next notice he announces, among other things, that 
he will not purchase any indigo himself, in less than three 
or four days after it has been surveyed ;. when, if no better 
price can be obtained for it than his valuation, he will re- 
ceive it at that, and pay for the same as he has hitherto 
done.^® 

On September 2, 1763, he writes the following letter to 
Mr. Emanuel Mendez da Costa, the librarian of the Royal 
Society of London. This letter was communicated to the 



" The South-Carolina Gazette, March 26, 1763. 
" Ibid., Oct. 22, 1763. 



60 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Society on November 10, 1763, and is incorporated in the 
Philosophical Transactions for 1763.^'^ 

" In August 1757, I observed the mocking bird fond of a berry, which 
grows on a weed called Pouck, represented to me as of a poisonous quality ; 
the juice of this berry being a blooming crimson. I was several times 
inclined to try, if I could extract a die from it; yet the very thoughts 
of its quality prevented me from proceeding, till observing these birds 
to void their excrement of the same colour as the berry, on the Chinese 
rails in my garden, convinced me it was not of the quality represented. 
I therefore made a tryal in the following manner. 

" 1st I ordered one of my negroes to gather me a pint of those berries, 
from which I extracted almost three quarters of a pint of juice, and boiled 
it with a pint of Bristol water, one quarter of an hour. 

" 2dly. I then took two pieces of flannel and numbered them 1 and 2, 
boUed them in a separate tin pot with alum a quarter of an hour, and 
rinced them in cold water. 

" 3dly. I then dipped the piece of flannel No. 1 into the pot, where the 
juice was, and left it to simmer five minutes, then took it out, and rinced 
it in cold water; when, to my surprize, I found a superior crimson dye 
fixed on the flannel than the juice of the berry. 

" 4thly. I then dipped the piece of flannel No. 2 in the same juice, and 
being desirous to clean my hands from the stain, which No. 1 had caused, 
I ordered some lime water to be brought me, such as we use to settle our 
indico, and found the colour of the stain change to a bright yellow. This 
unexpected change urged me to throw a wine glass-full of lime water into 
the pot, where the piece of flannel No. 2 was simmering; on which all 
the juice, as well as the flannel, became of a bright yellow, by which I 
find alum fixed the crimson, and lime the yellow. 

" 5thly. Having then put a quart of fresh juice in 2 pint decanters, in 
one of which I piit a small quantity of powdered alum, I laid them up; 
about six weeks after, I then examined them, and found the juice in the 
decanter, which had no alum, was turned black, and the other retained 
its colour." ^° 



" An Account of a new Die from the Berries of a "Weed in South Caro- 
lina: In a letter from Mr. Moses Lindo, dated at Charles Town, Septem- 
ber 2, 1763, to Mr. Emanuel Mendez da Costa, Librarian of the Royal 
Society. Philosophical Transactions, Vol. 53, pp. 238-239. 

" Dr. Kayserling, in Frankel-Graetz's Monatsschrift fUr Geschichte 
und Wissenschaft des Judenthums, Vol. 8, p. 165, refers to Lindo as a 



MOSES LINDO 61 

We continue to meet with Moses Lindo in the Gazettes 
for some years longer. Several of the advertisements are 
of no particular interest, others are extremely interesting. 
For the sake of completeness, we note here all the refer- 
ences to him in chronological order. He advertises on 
October 8, 1764. In his advertisement of May 4, 1765, he 
refers to "the iniquitous practices which have been com- 
mitted with Carolina Indico," and which he declares he will 
never countenance. 

In June, 1765, there is an interesting reference to him in 
a contemporary diary.^^ Here is the entry: 

"Monday, 3. Dined this day with Mr. Thomas Ldston, a reputable 
mereht bom here: is a man of great opeuess & politeness, of generous 
sentiments & very genteel behaviour: passed the afternoon veiy agi-eably 
in his sumer house with him & Mr. Lindo, a noted Jew, inspector of Indigo 
here." 

The next item is very amusing. It occurs in the Gazette 
of July 28, 1766. Moses Lindo, in his investigation into the 
properties of "roots and weeds," makes a valuable medical 
discovery, and, while not, as far as we know, a member of 
the medical profession, he is public-spirited enough not to 



rich farmer who owned many negroes. There is nothing to show that 
Lindo planted at all. From what we know of his life, this is most un- 
likely. The Columbia records show two grants of land to him but in the 
upper part of the State, remote from Charleston. The records Likewise 
show that he purchased a negro man on two occasions. These were prob- 
ably merely his personal servants. The Jewish Encyclopcedia likewise 
represents Lindo as a wealthy planter and slave-owner." If we are to 
believe Lindo himself, he was not wealthy and as we have just stated, he 
was not a planter. In his paper, read before the American Jewish His- 
torical Society, Mr. Hiihner tells us that Moses Lindo " was in the army 
and held an important post"! (See The American Hebrew, Dec. 29, 
1899.) 

" Journal of a voyage to Charlestown in So. Carolina hy Pelatiah Web- 
ster in 1765. (Charleston, S. C, 1898.) 



62 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

desire to retain the boon for himself, so he writes this letter 
to the Gazette: 

"MR. TIMOTHY: 

" HAVING lately made a valuable discovery, the CURE of that grievous 
and common disease among the Negroes, called the YAWS." * * * « i 
beg leave to make use of the channel of your paper to make the Recipe 
public for the good of mankind, without the least view to my private 
advantage; and to request that such gentlemen whose negroes have been, 
or may be cured, will make the same publickly known, so as to be com- 
municated to his Majesty's other American dominions. I am yours, &e. 

" MOSES LINDO, 
' " Inspector-General of Indico." 

The recipe is interesting, as a fair sample of the thera- 
peutics of the eighteenth century : 

" RECIPE TO CURE THE YAWS, &c. 

" To a pound of Poke root, add three ounces of Tobacco, and an ounce 
of Roman Vitriol, boil the same in five quarts of water, till reduced to a 
gallon, and strain it. With this, wash the infected part three times a day. 
A pint is sufficient for ten or twelve days. 

" At the same time use a diet drink, made of Two pounds of Lignum 
Vitae shavings, four ounces of the bark of Sassafras root, four ounces 
of Anniseeds, and half a pound of brown sugar, boiled in four gallons of 
water till reduced to three. The patient to take a pint a day, mixed 
with three pints of water for twenty-one days." 

Moses Lindo advertises again on November 10, 1766, and 
on January 19, 1767, he writes a long letter to Mr. Timothy 
on the present status of Carolina indigo abroad : 

" I have lately observed with concern, in an account of a public sale of 
12 casks of French, and 23 of Carolina Indico on the 28th of August 
last" * * * "that all the French sold at 4s 5d to 5s 5d per lb, while 
only one cask of the Carolina allowed to be fully as good as the best 
French, obtained no more than 3s 8d, and all the rest sold amazingly low." 

He attributes the difference to a combination at home 
among the importers of foreign indigo, to discourage its 
cultivation in his Majesty's Colonies. He *^ publickly 



MOSES LINDO 68 

avers" that the Carolina indigo, which he distinguishes 
as first sort, properly prepared by the dyer, will yield a 
superior dye to the very best French. He ought to know 
more certainly than the generality of people by reason of 
his long experience and expert knowledge. 

Lindo was a man of resources and a true protectionist. 
He suggests, that as there exists a prejudice of 25 per cent 
against Carolina indigo brought about by the combination, 
that the British Parliament, instead of continuing the pres- 
ent bounty, should lay Is. a pound duty on all the French, 
exported from Britain and which would save no less than 
£12,000 per annum to the Government, and at the same 
time give suflBcient encouragement to cultivate 1,500,000 
pounds in his Majesty's Colonies, for the use of British 
manufactories. As Inspector-General of Indico in this 
Province (though without a salary) he thinks it his duty 
''to rescue that valuable branch of our staples from the 
malign influence of designing men" as far as it lies in his 
power. 

In the Gazette of October 10, 1771, Moses Lindo has a 
lengthy communication in defence of the custom of packing 
Carolina indigo in the Spanish shape. ''Judges," he says, 
"never buy from outward appearance; they will examine 
its inward Quality. Therefore, there can be no Fraud in 
the Imitation. ' ' He quotes in defence of his contention the 
custom of mercers who, in order to get off their fine silks, 
are often obliged to call them French, though wholly wove 
in Spitalfields. He makes several observations on Carolina, 
Florida, and Guatemala indigo and ends by the statement 
that he has the interest of this country ' ' as disinterestedly 
as much at heart" as any native, and is resolved to spend 
the remainder of his days here, where merit will meet with 
its reward, without partiality, from the highest to the low- 
est of its inhabitants. 

In the Gazette of July 23, 1772, he advertises that it 



64 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

would afford him great satisfaction, if three or four per- 
sons, well experienced in the indigo business, would under- 
take the sorting and garbling of indigo for exportation, by 
which means that valuable produce might recover its repu- 
tation both at home and at foreign markets. His own ser- 
vices are only at the disposal of his regular patrons, whose 
names are appended. 

On August 6, 1772, there is an announcement that 
''Moses Lindo, Esq., has resigned the place of Inspector- 
General of Indico for this Province." 

On August 20, 1772, Lindo publishes a letter to Henry 
Laurens, Esq., containing his reasons for refusing to act 
any longer as Inspector-General of Indico. He would not 
seal certain classes of indigo ''and bring disgrace on the 
Seal with a Crown over G. R." He would still continue, 
however, to serve his friends, if his knowledge could be of 
any use to them. 

On November 12, 1772, he advertises again vindicating 
the action he has taken. 

The next item is a most interesting one and deserves to 
be investigated further, if only as a matter of curiosity, by 
some English-Jewish antiquarian. It occurs in the Gazette 
of March 15, 1773 : 

" Moses Lindo, Esq., his Majesty's Inspector General of Indico, having, 
about eight years ago, accidentally met with, and for a Trifle purchased, 
a Stone (among others) found in this Province, which he judged to be 
a WATER SAPPHIRE or TOPAZ, and then declared to be too valuable 
a jewel to be possessed by any other than the Queen of England, making 
a Vow, that it should be sent to her Majesty; we hear, has accordingly 
sent the same, in the Eagle Packet-Boat, by the Hands of the Right Hon. 
Lord Charles-Greville Montagi;, to be presented to her Majesty. The 
size and shape of this Stone is like Half a Hen's Egg, and the Weight 
526 Carats." 

On July 13, 1773, Moses Lindo gives a testimonial of char- 
acter to Jonas Phillips, of New York, who, it would seem. 



MOSES LINDO 65 

had become involved in some charge reflecting on his in- 
tegrity. The original is still extant.^° This interesting 
docmnent recites that Moses Lindo had "arrived in this 
Province in the Month of November, 1756, in the good vessel 
called the Charming Nancy, Commanded by Captain Wil- 
liam White, that some Three months before he left London 
he engaged in his Service to come with him to this Province 
one Mr. Jonas Phillips, that after their arrival together in 
the same Vessel here, the said Jonas Phillips lived with him 
some months and that the said Jonas Phillips was in his 
employ and that he did behave and deport himself faith- 
fully and honestly. ' ' He expresses his belief that ' ' the said 
Jonas is trustworthy even to Gold untold." This affidavit 
was accompanied by a letter in similar terms from Joshua 
Hart, of Charles Town, in whose house Phillips had like- 
wise stayed. 

On September 6, 1773, he publishes a lengthy letter to Mr. 
John Ledyard, of Melksham, in Wiltshire, pointing out 
many fallacies in the statements made abroad concerning 
Carolina indigo and showing him how he may prove his 
own statements by actual experiment, the materials for 
which he is sending him. This letter is a splendid illustra- 
tion of Lindo 's patriotic feeling and of his untiring efforts 
in behalf of the Province. 

On November 22, 1773, he makes a statement of the fight 
he is making against the combination in London against 
Carolina indigo. He recites what he has done to promote 
the welfare of the Province and refers to a recommendation 
that is to be made to the General Assembly to allow him 
a yearly salary besides fees. He has not become wealthy 
as the result of his work : ' ' Should any accident befall me 
thro ' the infirmities of age or otherwise, I am persuaded it 



'^Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, Vol. 2, pp. 
51-55. 



66 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

is not difficult for you, or any of my friends to conceive how 
very wretched a being would be Yours, &c, 

"Moses Lindo." 

He still signs himself Inspector-General of Indico, and on 
December 27, 1773, there is a notice that ''13,000 pounds 
weight of indigo, belonging to two planters, were last week 
sold by Mr. Samuel Prioleau, jun., at a dollar a pound to 
Moses Lindo, Esq., Inspector-General, who has declared 
that the whole quantity is equal if not superior to any 
French that, in the many years ' experience he has had, has 
gone through his hands, or fallen under his observation." 

Moses Lindo died in 1774. The South-Carolina Gazette, 
in which he had advertised so extensively for so many 
years, makes no mention of his death, but in The South- 
Carolina Gazette; And Country Journal of Tuesday, April 
26, 1774, we read: 

"DIED, Moses Liiido, Esq; for many years Inspector-General of In- 
dico in this Town." 

There is but one notice more and that in The South-Caro- 
lina Gazette of May 23, 1774: 

"Moses Lindo, Inspector-General of Indico, having departed this life, 
his estate and effects, consisting of Household Furniture, a Variety of 
Plate, Books, a Gold Watch, Chain and Seals, and other Articles, will 
be sold at public outcry on Saturday the 11th of June next, about Ten 
o'clock in the forenoon at the back stores of Messrs. Martin Campbell & 
Son; on the Bay" * * * 

" May 17th. 1774." 

We have thus kept track of the subject of our sketch from 
the time he landed in South Carolina till his death. Moses 
Lindo left no will. The inventory of his estate, dated May 
17, 1774, and appraised at £1,199.17.8, is recorded in the 



MOSES LINDO 



67 



Probate Office in Charleston.^i It has been a source of 
much gratification to perpetuate the memory of this public- 
spirited and patriotic Jew, who was a resident of Charles 
Town from 1756 to 1774. He is but one example of many 
of his faith who have contributed in no small way to the 
upbuilding of this great country. 



Probate Records, Book V (1772), p. 591. 




CHAPTER /F— FRANCIS SALVADOR 




"More than one hundred passengers are come, in the vessels that have 
arrived here since our last." * 

HE ''last" number of Tl%e South-Caro- 
lina Gazette, prior to the one contain- 
ing the above announcement, was dated 
November 29, 1773. Following the 
statement is a list of some of the pas- 
sengers, and on the list appears the 
name of Francis Salvador. He was a 
young English Jew, who had come to settle in the Province 
and who was destined within the brief space of not quite 
three years' residence therein to engrave his name j&rmly 
upon the pages of the history of South Carolina. But be- 
fore proceeding to tell how he accomplished this, it is neces- 
sary to give some account of the antecedents of this re- 
markable young man. 

His grandfather, Francis Salvador, was a son of Joseph 
Salvador, a Portuguese-Jewish merchant, of Amsterdam. 
Though the family was known to the commercial world by 
the name of Salvador, the name which this family had orig- 
inally borne in Portugal was that of Jessurun, or Isurune, 
Eodrigues. After the death of Joseph Jessurun Rodrigues, 
or Salvador, his son removed to England, where he was 



^ The South-Carolina Gazette, Dec. 6, 1773. 



68 




the salvador granti 
heralds' COLL^, 

Original in the possession h 
ton. Irreparably damaged b ■; 
Carolina Inter-State and W 
1902, after the photo was tal 
was made 





Ll| AND SINGULAli 



;/ 



i?acb 



/'^/'/ At^A /Y^rf 

' , ^ ^ /A' /f^ //ir/jyy/;( 

' '/■iA,/'/A 



• V ^ 



v/zwa/mtyidjiM^/f/. (/jit^e(0f 









Ill .']u\i ! Itnvti't ili' Lv > Or 

n\ rr ik- 1 ,\^ <*• ^' /• . '' ' y 



*' i 



! ARMS FROM THE 
J, LONDON 

lie College of Charles- 
'ater during the South 
' Indian Kxposition In 
ifrom which this plati- 




FRANCIS SALVADOR 69 

enfrancliised and made a free denizen by letters patent 
dated at Westminster, April 24, 1719. The father and son 
were both men of prominence and used a eoat-of-arms, but 
after coming to England the son found that under the laws 
of heraldry observed in England he could not show a valid 
title to these arms. He therefore applied, in 1744, to 
Thomas, Earl of Effingham, Deputy to Edward, Duke of 
Norfolk, Earl Marshal and Hereditary Marshal of Eng- 
land, to have the arms confirmed unto him, his descendants, 
and all descendants of his father, Joseph Salvador. The 
application was approved by his Lordship, who issued a 
warrant to the Garter and Clarenceux Kings of Arms on 
March 19, 1744, and the arms were properly confirmed by 
a grant made by these officials on June 1, 1745.^ 

The grantee of these arms, Francis Salvador, and his 
sons, Jacob and Joseph, were for many years wealthy mer- 
chants of London and were conspicuously identified with 
the ancient Spanish and Portuguese Jewish Congregation of 
that city. It is worthy of note that in the records of the 
Sjmagogue the old family name — Jessurun Rodrigues — is 
retained as late as 1764.^ 

The subject of this sketch was the son of Jacob Salvador, 
who died when his son Francis was about two years old. 
Shortly after Jacob's death his widow gave birth to another 
son, Moses. The two sons were liberally educated by a pri- 
vate tutor and the best masters, and were taught the accom- 



' This original grant was subsequently brought to South Carolina by a 
member of the Salvador family and is now preserved in the library of 
the College of Charleston. This beautiful specimen of heraldic art 
is now unfortunately ruined, having sustained irreparable damage from 
water through the carelessness of its- custodians during the South Carolina 
Inter-State and West Indian Exposition in 1902. For a transcript of this 
document see Appendix C. 

'Picciotto: Sketches of Anglo- Jewish History, pp. 161-164. Gaster: 
History of the Antient Synagogue, Bevis Marks — A Memorial Volume. 



70 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

plishments suitable to their wealth and rank. Upon coming 
of age, each of them inherited £60,000 sterling. Francis, 
after spending some time in France, returned to England 
and married his first cousin, Sarah, second daughter of 
Joseph Salvador, received with her a marriage portion of 
£13,000, and resided at Twickenham, near his mother, who 
had married Abraham Prado. Moses Salvador lived for 
many years in the Hague.* 

Unfortunate investments having reduced his fortune, and 
the earthquake in Lisbon and the failure of the Dutch East 
India Company having impaired that of Joseph Salvador, 
his father-in-law and uncle, Francis Salvador determined 
to settle in South Carolina, where Joseph Salvador owned 
a hundred thousand acres of land in Ninety Six District, 
which he had purchased from John Hamilton, of Charles 
Town, South Carolina, in 1755, for £2,000 sterling.^ In 
1769 Joseph Salvador executed a power of attorney to 
Richard Andrews Rapley, who was about to depart for 
South Carolina, to sell a part of this land for him. In 
October, 1773, Rapley sold two tracts of it, containing 1,062 
and 1,638 acres respectively, to Abraham Prado, stepfather 
of Francis Salvador. On the sixth day of the same month 
Joseph Salvador sent to Rapley a special power of attor- 
ney, by which Rapley, on May 17, 1774, in consideration of 
£1,611 currency, conveyed to '^ Francis Salvador, late of 
Twickenham in the County of Middlesex but now of the 
Province aforesaid Esqr," 921 acres of the one hundred 
thousand acre tract. Again, on May 31, 1774, by the same 
special power of attorney, Rapley conveyed to Francis Sal- 
vador, by way of mortgage, ' 'in consideration of seven thou- 
sand Lawfull money of the said Province" which Joseph 
Salvador owed him, 5,165 acres more of this land, so that 



* Drayton : Memoirs of the American Revolution, Vol. 2, pp. 347-349. 
^ Mesne Conveyance Records, Book F 3, p. 133. 



FRANCIS SALVADOR 71 

by collecting a debt and by direct purchase the accomplished 
young gentleman, who had come to cast his lot in a new and 
almost unbroken section, was now the possessor of a planta- 
tion of nearly seven thousand acres. Drayton tells us that he 
purchased slaves and began the life of a planter, living with 
his friend, Rapley, at Coronaca, in Ninety Six District.® 
His education and polished manners soon won for him a 
prominent position in his District and in the Province. He 
sjnnpathized with the popular movement in South Carolina 
against British oppression, and at the election held on Mon- 
day, December 19, 1774, for deputies to the First Provincial 
Congress of South Carolina, he was returned as one of the 
ten deputies from Ninety Six District — his friend, Rapley, 
being another J The first session of the Provincial Congress 
convened in Charles Town on Wednesday morning, January 
11, 1775, and continued in session until Tuesday evening, 
January 17th.^ Salvador was in attendance and his fine 
abilities were soon recognized, and when on Sunday, the 
15th, an election was held for members for the several elec- 
tion districts on the Committee for Effectually Carrying 
into Execution the Continental Association and for Re- 
ceiving and Determining upon Applications Relative to 
Law Processes, he was chosen one of the committee for 
Ninety Six District.^ He also attended the second session 
of the Congress in June, 1775, and was again conspicuous 
in its work. At the election held on Monday and Tuesday, 



'Drayton: Memoirs of the American Revolution, Vol. 2, p. 348. In 
the supplement to The South-Carolina and American General Gazette for 
Sept. 9, 1774, he advertised for an indigo overseer to live near Ninety Six 
and look after about thirty slaves. 

' The South-Carolina Gazette, Dec. 26, 1774. 

'^ The South-Carolina and American General Gazette, Jan. 13, 1775; 
The South-Carolina Gazette, Jan. 23, 1775; Moultrie: Memoirs of the 
American Revolution, Vol. 1, pp. 14-18. 

* The South-Carolina Gazette, Jan. 30, 1775. 



72 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

August 7 and 8, 1775, he was returned as a Deputy from 
Ninety Six District to the Second Provincial Congress,^*^ 
taking his seat when the Congress convened on Wednesday, 
November 1, 1775, and was, as in the previous Congress, 
placed upon important committees and conspicuous in de- 
bate. At the second session of the Second Provincial Con- 
gress, held in February and March, 1776, Salvador was 
again conspicuous in committee work and in debate. On 
February 6th he was placed upon a special committee to 
inquire into the state of the interior parts of the Province 
lately in commotion; to consider what measures to pursue 
to preserve the peace, secure safety, and prevent future 
commotions in that quarter, and to consider the cases of the 
state prisoners and report what measures should be pur- 
sued in relation thereto.^ ^ On February 13tli he was named 
as one of a special committee of three to extract such parts 
as they should judge proper to be generally known from 
the intercepted letters taken from Moses Kirkland and one 
written by John Stuart to the Committee of Intelligence.^^ 
On February 21st Mr. Salvador, from the first special com- 
mittee mentioned above, made a report to the Congress, but 
consideration of it was postponed,^^ and subsequently a 
part of the report was recommitted. In Congress, on Feb- 
ruary 28th, Salvador was appointed a teller for the *^Yeas" 
on the question of raising another regiment of riflemen for 
the regular service of the Revolutionary Government of 
South Carolina, and had the satisfaction of seeing the ques- 
tion carried by his side by a vote of fifty-one to thirty- 



" The South-Carolina Gazette, Sept. 7, 1775. 

" Extracts from the Journals of the Provincial Congress of South- 
Carolina, second session, held at Charles Town, Feb. 1-March 26, 1776 
(Charles Town, 1776), p. 13. 

" Ibid., pp. 29-30. 

" Ibid., pp. 51-52. 



FRANCIS SALVADOR 73 

seven.^^ On March 2d Mr. Salvador, for the special com- 
mittee, reported on the recommitted part of the original 
report, and consideration of the report was agreed upon 
for the next day. On March 3d, hefore proceeding with the 
consideration of Mr. Salvador's report, a committee of 
seven was appointed to consider ways and means of pay- 
ing for services already voted and report the next day, and 
Mr. Salvador was named as one of this committee.^ ^ On 
March 20th Mr. Salvador was placed upon a special com- 
mittee of five to report the next day what salaries were 
proper to be allowed to the several public officers.^® Dur- 
ing the consideration of the report the next day, a motion 
was made to agree to the provision fixing the salary of the 
President at £10,000 per annum, and when the question was 
put to the house Mr. Salvador was appointed teller for the 
''Nays," who won.^^ On March 26th the engrossed copy of 
the new Constitution being laid before Congress, Colonel 
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Mr. Salvador were ap- 
pointed a special committee to examine it and compare it 
with the rough draft thereof. ^^ Later in the day Colonel 
Pinckney for this committee reported that he and Mr. Sal- 
vador had carefully examined the engrossed copy of the 
Constitution and found it correct.^ ^ The new Constitution 
was adopted that day and by one of its provisions the Pro- 
vincial Congress was declared to be the General Assembly 
of the new State until the 21st of October following, ^^ thus 
making Salvador one of the members of the first General 
Assembly of the new independent State of South Carolina. 



^* Extracts from the Journals of the Provincial Congress of South- 
Carolina, second session, held at Charles Town, Feb. 1-March 26, 1776 
(Charles Town, 1776), p. 69. 

" Ibid., p. 81. " Ibid., p. 132. 

" Ibid., p. 111. " Ibid., p. 133. 

" Ibid., p. 115. "• Ibid., p. 140. 



74 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

He participated in its proceedings until its adjournment on 
April 11, 1776. 

Soon after the adjournment of the General Assembly a 
British fleet, having under convoy transports bearing a 
British army, appeared before Charles Town and began 
preparations for an attack on the town. At the same time 
British emissaries on the frontier of South Carolina began 
to instigate the Cherokee Indians to deeds of violence 
against the people of the upper part of the Province. The 
Tories and Indians in the rear were expected to cooperate 
with the fleet and army in front and crush the rebellion at 
once. The fleet and army made a combined attack on the 
28th of June and were severely defeated. The Indians 
made their onslaught on Monday, July 1st. They poured 
down upon the people of Ninety Six District, massacring 
all who fell in their way. One of the plantations they 
attacked was that of Captain Aaron Smith, on Little River. 
Two of Captain Smith's sons escaped on horseback — one 
riding to Mr. Salvador's plantation, on Coronaca Creek, 
and one to Major Andrew Williamson's plantation (White 
Hall). Mr. Salvador immediately rode to Williamson's. 
Major Williamson was then in command of the militia regi- 
ment of Ninety Six District, and he, with Salvador's assist- 
ance, immediately began to collect the militia of the neigh- 
borhood, and by Wednesday, July 3d, having collected forty 
men, marched to Smith's, whence they moved to a point 
about six miles above Captain Pickens's fort. Their force 
increased each day until the 8th, when it amounted to two 
hundred and twenty men, and they marched to Holmes's 
field, on Hogskin Creek, about four miles from the Chero- 
kee boundary line, at De Witt's Corner, and encamped. 
By the 16th Williamson's force had increased to four hun- 
dred and fifty, and he advanced to Barker's Creek. As 
Williamson had not been joined by any of the militia com- 
mands from the eastward of Saluda River, Mr. Salvador 



FRANCIS SALVADOR 75 

rode thither on Saturday, July 13th, and found Colonel 
Williams and Colonel Lisle, with detachments from their 
commands, and two companies from Colonel Richardson's 
regiment, amounting in all to four hundred and thirty men. 
This force was attacked on Monday, the 15th, but repulsed 
the Indians and Tories. Williamson's force now rapidly 
increased. He was joined by a detachment of the 3d Regi- 
ment under Captain Felix Warley and Captain John 
Bowie's company of the 5th Regiment, and on July 25th 
marched to Hencoop Creek, destroying in the meantime all 
Indian villages and corn from the Cherokee boundary line 
to their middle settlement, and on the 29th to Twenty-Three 
Mile Creek, his force now amounting to 1,151 militia and 
regulars. Having been informed by two white prisoners, 
captured by his scouts, that some white men in the service 
of the British were encamped at Oconee Creek, about thirty 
miles away, and that they had been joined by the Essenecca 
Indians, who had completely abandoned their town on the 
Keowee River, Williamson decided to march at once to their 
camp and attack them. With a detachment of three hun- 
dred and thirty men on horseback, and the two prisoners 
as guides, he set out about six o'clock on the evening of July 
31st for the purpose of surrounding the enemy's camp at 
daybreak the next morning. The Keowee River crossing 
Williamson's route, and only fordable at Seneca, obliged 
him to take the road by that village. Before he arrived at 
that point the enemy, having either learned of his march 
or expecting to ambush some of his scouts, had taken pos- 
session of the first houses in Seneca and had posted men 
behind a long fence on an eminence close to the road along 
which Williamson's detachment was to march, and, to pre- 
vent being seen, had filled up the openings between the rails 
with bushes and cornblades. When Williamson's force 
reached the spot, about half-past one o'clock in the morn- 
ing, they allowed the guides and advance guard to pass and 



76 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

then poured in a heavy fire upon Williamson's men. The 
attack, being unexpected, staggered the advance party. 
Williamson's horse was shot down and Salvador, riding 
with him, received three wounds and fell by his side, and 
before he could be found in the dark an Indian took his 
scalp — his being the only one taken. Captain Smith, son 
of the murdered Captain Aaron Smith, saw the Indian and 
could have stopped him, but thought it was Mr. Salvador's 
servant assisting his master and made no effort to stop him. 
He died forty-five minutes after receiving his wounds, sen- 
sible to the last. When Williamson returned to him, after 
defeating the enemy, he asked him if the enemy had been 
beaten, and, when answered in the affirmative, said he was 
glad of it and shook Williamson's hand, bade him farewell, 
and said he would die in a few moments. 

Thus perished, in the heyday of young manhood, one 
whose future was full of promise both to himself and to 
the young Republic.^^ ' ' The whole army regretted his loss, 
as he was universally loved and esteemed by them. ' ' ^^ 
Where he was buried we are not informed, but his body 



" Francis Salvador was only twenty-nine years of age at the time of his 
death. Mr. Hiihner, in his paper on Francis Salvador, read before the 
American Jewish Historical Society, informs us that " he was certainly no 
more than thirty-five or forty years of age at the time of his arrival." 
{Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, No. 9, p. 111.) 
His guess is somewhat wide of the mark. His age at the time of his arrival 
was twenty-six. This fact is easily obtained from the following data : His 
father, Jacob Salvador, died in 1749. (See The Gentleman's Magazine, 
Vol. 19, p. 189.) Francis Salvador was about two yeaxs of age when his 
father died. (See Drayton: Memoirs, Vol. 2, p. 347.) He was there- 
fore born in 1747. He arrived in Charles Town in December, 1773. For 
further data concerning the family of Salvador see The Gentleman's 
Magazine, Vol. 6, p. 112; Vol. 8, p. 546; Vol. 10, p. 36; Vol. 11, pp. 
554 and 608; Vol. 19, p. 189; Vol. 24, p. 484; Vol. 30, p. 249; Vol. 33, 
p. 618. 

" The Remembrancer for 1776, Part 2, p. 320. 



FRANCIS SALVADOR 77 

was doubtless taken back to his plantation at Coronaca, 
He was the first Jew in America to represent the masses in 
a popular assembly .^^ 



" See Drayton : Memoirs of the American Revolution, Vol. 2, pp. 339- 
350. Williamson's report to President Rutledge, published in Gibbes: 
Documentary History of the American Revolution, 1764-1776, pp. 125- 
126. This report as published in Gibbes is incon-ectly copied. It is 
headed " Col. Thomson to W. H. Drayton" and the date is printed " 1775." 
It should, of eoui-se^ be 1776. At the outset of this expedition Williamson 
was only major of the Ninety Six District regiment, being the senior officer 
and in command, but while on this expedition he was promoted to the 
colonelcy of the regiment, receiving his commission about August 1st, 
Captain Le Roy Hammond receiving at the same time the lieutenant- 
colonelcy. See also The [London] Remembrancer for 1776, Part 1, p. 
114, and Part 2, pp. 319-20. For some interesting Salvador correspond- 
ence see Gibbes: Documentary History, 1776-1782, pp. 24-30. 





CHAPTER F— THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 




describe the part played by the Jews 
of South Carolina — or rather by the 
Jews of Charles Town, for there is 
nothing in the records, with one or two 
exceptions, of any other Jews of South 
Carolina who saw service in the field — 
is a task quite easy and yet difficult. 
Till now the story has not been written. A few traditional 
tales, distorted according as the imagination of the story- 
teller was more or less vigorous, and still further distorted 
by Jewish editors, are all that we now possess. No attempt 
has hitherto been made to go to original sources. Hence it 
is that the traditional items that found their way into Lee- 
ser's Occident some fifty years ago have gone the rounds 
of the newspapers and the books, and have been so often 
repeated that they have come to be looked upon as narra- 
tives of fact. Read the story of the Jews of Charleston 
where you will, you will find nothing but the same old 
stories told over and over again, with variations more or 
less absurd. 

The trouble with all past writers, without exception, has 
been that they have made no attempt to ascertain the facts. 
Our present data are all of them traditions which, while con- 
taining a germ of truth, are, like all traditions, largely unre- 
liable. Fortunately for us, historical material in Charleston 
is so abundant that it is possible to write the story of the 
78 




CAPTAIN ABRAHAM MENDEZ SEIXAS, I 7 5O— I 799 

From an original oil-painting in the possession of Mr. Leopold H. Cohen, of New York 




THE R 



t^KRIOD 




(distorted 



describe the ; 1 by the Jews 

of South Carolina — or rather by the 
Jews of Charles Town, for there is 
ni feline: in the records, with one or two 
•ns, of any other Jews of South 
ho saw service in the field — 
' ' ^'flicult. 
■ ional 
^tory- 
orted 
tempt 
nee it 
ay into Lee- 
he rounds 
so often 
IP narra- 
'larleston 
e old 
...J re or 



g a gei 



tion, has 
' facts. 
e con- 
US, largely unre- 
ial in Charleston 
..V, the story of the 



QQ^I-OJ-I <eAXI32 S3a'/[3M MAHAMflA MIAT1A0 
JiuV ,ri,y. 1o .risrioD .H bloqoaJ .iM 1o nois^sseoq srfj ni gahnifiq-Iio iBnigiTO ne moil 



THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 79 

Jews of Charleston in the eighteenth century in almost as 
complete detail and with the same historical accuracy that 
one could write their history of twenty years ago. The news- 
papers are here almost complete. The records are here 
almost complete. These will furnish the historian with the 
facts, and these facts will testify as eloquently to the value 
of the Jew as a citizen as the glittering generalities and the 
specious absurdities that have till now passed current as 
history. We are far away enough removed from the scene 
to view the story in its true perspective. As before, we 
shall, wherever possible, let the records speak for them- 
selves. 

If it be the verdict of history that the Jew has been an 
important factor in the material development of every coun- 
try in which he has lived, it is equally true that he has every- 
where manifested his appreciation of the protection and 
freedom which have been vouchsafed to him by his willing- 
ness to bear the full burdens of citizenship, even to the ex- 
tent of ungrudgingly laying down his life in his country's 
defence. One needs no better illustration of Jewish patriot- 
ism than the story of the Jews of South Carolina. To ap- 
preciate the part that the Jews of this State played in the 
Revolution, however, one must possess an adequate knowl- 
edge of the history of South Carolina as well as a knowledge 
of the local field. Without this local knowledge, the writing 
of reliable local history is manifestly impossible, but this 
truth has not yet dawned upon the minds of many latter- 
day writers. 

To understand the position of the Jews of South Carolina 
in the Revolution we must understand the position of South 
Carolina in the Revolution. South Carolina was a favored 
colony. She had none of the grievances, e. g., of Massachu- 
setts. Her trade with the mother country was large. Her 
agricultural products were sold at good prices to England, 
and her industries were fostered by generous bounties on 



80 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

the part of the home government. Her only grievance was 
the question of '^lome rule," and that question was of little 
concern to the people at large. The only aggrieved ones 
were the intellectual and ambitious classes, and with such, 
a commercial population could scarcely be expected to be in 
sympathy. The masses were naturally hostile to a revolu- 
tion which threatened to disturb the quiet progress of a 
trade of which, having interests unlike those of New Eng- 
land, they had nothing to complain. 

The population of South Carolina, too, was a very mixed 
one. South Carolina was an English colony, and the Eng- 
lish are by nature loyal. So are the Scotch, and they were 
numerous. The foreign settlers were opposed to the Revolu- 
tion, and it is only what is to be expected, therefore, that 
public opinion in South Carolina should have been well 
divided. 

Not that the sentiments of the masses were always known. 
A merchant to-day, if he is wise, does not go out of his way 
to proclaim his political views to every customer who enters 
his store, yet one can talk freely with far more impunity 
to-day than he could have spoken at the beginning of the 
Revolution. The commercial population simply watched 
the course of events, awaited developments, and later on 
showed unmistakably where they stood.^ 

Jews are proverbially loyal to the ruling power. As was 
the case with the rest of the population, Jewish sentiment 
was divided. We shall see later that there were a number 
of Jews whose sentiments were known to be pro-British. 
The number of Jews who served in the field, however, and 
who rendered other service to the Revolutionary cause, in 



^ These facts are forcibly set forth in two brilliant articles from the pen 
of W. Gilmore Simms in the July and October numbers of The Southern 
Quarterly Beview for 1848 — articles which ought to be read and read 
again by all who are interested in the history of South Carolina. 



THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 81 

proportion to their total number, was phenomenally large. 
Of this the records leave no doubt. 

Before referring to these records, however, it would be 
well to glance at the militia system of South Carolina at 
the outbreak of and during the Revolution. We take note 
only of pertinent points. 

Every man between the ages of sixteen and sixty who 
was able to bear arms was compelled to enroll himself in 
some militia company. Prior to 1775 he could enroll himself 
in any company he pleased, but subsequent to November 20, 
1775, he could only enroll himself in the regiment of the 
district in which he lived.^ 

By a resolution of the Provincial Congress dated June 
17, 1775, volunteer companies of not less than fifty might 
organize themselves into companies of foot, choosing their 
own officers.^ 

By an Act of 1778 a company consisted of sixty men.* 

In the same Act it is further enacted * * that there shall not 
be formed any volunteer company in this State after the 
passing of this Act."^ 

The duties of a militiaman were '*to appear completely 
armed once in every fortnight for muster, train, and exer- 
cise," to do patrol duty, and to be drafted for a limited 
time, usually thirty or sixty days, according to the season 
of the year, when deemed necessary by the Governor or 
Commander-in-chief.® 

A man could furnish a substitute and thus be himself ex- 
empt from militia duty.'^ 



' The South-Carolina Gazette, Nov. 28, 1775. 

' Supplement to The South-Carolina Gazette, Sept. 7, 1775. 

* Statutes of South Carolina, Vol. 9, p. 667. 

• Ibid., p. 667. 

' Ibid. See also The Gazette of the State of South-Carolina, March 10, 
1779. 
' The South-Carolina Gazette, March 10, 1779. 



82 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Among those exempt from military services were cler- 
gymen and teachers.^ 

These militia laws do not seem to have been generally 
observed. We find one presentment after another of the 
grand juries calling attention to their neglect. It is worth 
remembering, too, that every man was not physically able to 
do military duty. Many were excused. Moultrie himself 
tells us this in referring to those who surrendered after the 
siege.^ 

Before proceeding with the story it would be well to indi- 
cate the present status of our knowledge of this most inter- 
esting chapter of American Jewish history. It may teach a 
useful lesson to those who undertake to write history. 
Here, then, is the latest production on the subject, printed 
under the auspices of the American Jewish Historical So- 
ciety and the author, Leon Hiilmer, Esq., A.M., LL.B., the 
Curator of the Society. It is taken from the article 
''Charleston" in Volume 3 of The Jewish Encyclopedia 
(New York, 1902) and is presented without abridgment: 

''During the struggle for independence the Jews of 
Charleston distinguished themselves by their patriotism. 
Not a single case of Toryism was to be found among them,^^ 
while many instances of devotion to the cause of indepen- 
dence are recorded. The majority did good service in the 
field, mainly as officers." The most prominent Jew at the 



'Statutes of South Carolina, Vol. 9, p. 620. 

• * * * " This threat brought out the aged, the timid, the disaffected, and 
the infirm, many of them who had never appeared during the whole siege." 
* * * a J g^^ ^-^Q column march out, and was surprised to see it so large, 
but many of them we had excused from age and infirmities." — Memoirs, 
Vol. 2, pp. 108-9. 

'" This is not true, as will be clearly shown. 

" The only officer in the Revolution among the Jews of South Carolina 
was Captain Abraham Seixas, who fought as a lieutenant of the Con- 
tinental Line in Georgia. 



THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 83 

outbreak of the war was Francis Salvador, who resided near 
Charleston^ 2 and whose remains are interred in the old 
Charleston Cemetery.^^ Salvador was a member of the Co- 
lonial Assembly^* as early as 1774,^^ and of the Provincial 
Congress as well. He was one of the leading patriots of the 
South. 

* ' In 1779 a special corps of volunteer infantry was organ- 
ized for the defence of the city,^^ and this regiment was com- 



" Francis Salvador did not reside near Charles Town, but at Ninety Six, 
which is in the northwest of the State, almost as far from Charles Town as 
one could get without leaving South Carolina. 

" Francis Salvador's remains are not interred in the old Charleston 
Cemetery, It is Joseph Salvador who is buried here, — the uncle and 
father-in-law of the patriot, — and he is buried, not in the old cemetery, 
but in the Da Costa burial-ground in Hanover Street. 

" There never was such a body in South Carolina as the " Colonial As- 
sembly." There was a " Commons House of Assembly of the Province of 
South Carolina," but Salvador was not a member of that body. The last 
election held prior to the independent government established on March 
26, 1776, was held during the latter part of 1772, — before Salvador came 
to South Carolina, — and the first election for the General Assembly, 
created by the Constitution of 1776, took place in October, 1776 — after 
Salvador's death. (See The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical 
Magazine for January, 1902.) 

" Salvador was not a member of any legislative body in 1774. He was a 
Deputy to the Provincial Congress of 1775, and also to the second Pro- 
vincial Congress of 1775-6. 

"This company, referred to by all previous writers, is a myth. Abun- 
dant reason for this opinion will be given in the text. The reference is to 
Captain Richard Lushing^on's Company of the Charles Town Regiment 
of Militia, which regiment had been in existence since 1738. This com- 
pany, consisting of about sixty men, included possibly twenty Jews. We 
have several references to Lushington's Company in the literature. In 
The Gazette of the State of South-Carolina of Nov. 11, 1778, there are the 
names of twelve members of this company, of whom but two are Jews. 
In the same Gazette for March 10, 1779, five more names are given and 
only one is a Jew, So that out of seventeen men who served in this com- 
pany at the time it is supposed to have been organized, there were only three 



84 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

posed almost exclusively of Israelites.^ '^ Among its mem- 
bers were Daniel N. Cardozo, Jacob I. Cohen, and Isaiah 
Isaacs.^^ The regiment subsequently fought under General 
Moultrie at the battle of Beaufort. Among those who served 
in the field may be mentioned Jacob De La Motta, Jacob 
De Leon, Marks Lazarus, and Mordecai Sheftail, who was 
Commissary-General for South Carolina and Georgia,^^ but 
who must be considered as a resident of Savannah, rather 
than of Charleston.2" Major Benjamin Nones, a French 
Jew in Pulaski's regiment, distinguished himself during the 
siege of Charleston and won the praise of his commander 
for gallantry and daring." ^^ 



Jews. We have the names of twenty-five of Lushington's men who were 
not Jews, and others will doubtless be brought to light. If further proof 
is needed that there was no volunteer company organized in 1779, it is 
sufficient to refer to the Militia Act of 1778, which expressly prohibited 
the organization of volunteer companies after its passage. 

" The transition from a " corps" (sic) to a regiment, in two lines, is 
really too violent even for historical romance. A regiment, composed al- 
most exclusively of Jews, and the majority officers! 

" By Daniel N. Cardozo is probably meant David N. Cardozo. We have 
no record of Jacob I. Cohen as a member of Lushington's Company, and 
who Isaiah Isaacs is we cannot imagine. 

" " Sheftail" should be Sheftail. Mordecai Sheftail was not Commis- 
sary-General for South Carolina and Georgia. He was " Deputy Com- 
missary-General of Issues for the Southern Department," i.e., to the 
Continental army assigned to the Southern Department. The Commis- 
sary-General of South Carolina was a State officer of militia and this 
office was held by Thomas Farr, Jr. 

** He was a resident of Savannah and cannot be considered as anjrthing 
else. 

" The author has dealt at length with the article " Charleston" in The 
Jewish Eneyclopcedia in a review of that article published in The [Charles- 
ton] Sunday News of Dec. 14, 1902, which has been reprinted in pam- 
phlet form. The article " Charleston" is a historical curiosity. Con- 
sisting of less than a thousand words, it contains more mistakes than one 
would ordinaiily find in a volume of a thousand pages, and such mistakes 



THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 85 

Such is history as ''made to order" to-day. The day is 
past, however, when such writing can be allowed to pass un- 
challenged. 

Let us now look at the records and see what they have to 
tell. These records are by no means as incomplete as we 
have hitherto been led to imagine. We have so many side 
sources of information that we may claim that it is possible 
to present a picture of the part that the Jews of South Caro- 
lina played in the Revolution with almost absolute fidelity. 
"We must, however, dismiss completely the fictions of the 
early writers. 

What are these side sources of information? We have 
first of all the Record and Pension Ofiice and the Bureau of 



as could not have been made had the article been entrusted to anyone in 
the slightest degree familiar with the subject. There is scarcely a state- 
ment that is correct. The writing of this review was anything but a 
pleasant task, but it was a public duty. The time is fast approaching 
when the complete story of the Jews in America will have to be written. 
The Jewish Encyclopcedia is going to furnish much of the material for 
the future historian. This work has been widely heralded as the acme 
of accuracy. In the department of American Jewish Histoiy, however, 
it is far from perfection. The best that can be said of it is that it is 
not worse than some other encyclopaedias, and some of them are bad 
enough. 

It should be noted here that the author's review has given rise to an 
interesting controversy with the writer of the article. This gentleman's 
reply, together with the author's rejoinder, appeared in The [Charleston] 
Sunday News of Feb. 8, 1903. This rejoinder was suppressed in The 
American Israelite and The American Hebrew, both of which published 
Mr. Hiihner's communication. In marked contrast to the unfairness of 
these papers was the attitude of the Jewish Comment, which published the 
rejoinder in full abstract. That such an original contribution to the his- 
tory of South Carolina might not be hidden away in two obscure religious 
weekly papers and thus perhaps be lost to posterity, the author has re- 
printed both Mr. Hiihner's reply and his own rejoinder in his Pamphlet 
Reprints. These can be consulted in many of the large public Libraries 
and in the libraries of the leading historical societies of this country. 



86 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Pensions at Washington. We have a vast number of Revo- 
lutionary records in this State. There is that wonderful 
Emmet Collection in the New York Public Library. There 
are a number of contemporary diaries available to us. 
There are the tombstones in our cemeteries and the files of 
the newspapers, which rarely fail to mention military ser- 
vices in the obituary notices of deceased patriots. We have, 
finally, a list that is fairly complete of the Jews who lived 
in South Carolina during the Revolutionary period, and we 
can account for the vast majority of them. We can now pro- 
ceed to deal with the records intelligently. 

The first real fighting in which the Charles Town militia 
were called into service was the battle of Fort Moultrie, in 
June, 1776. There were only a few militia in service on 
Sullivan's Island, Fort Moultrie being garrisoned princi- 
pally by South Carolina regulars. There were quite a num- 
ber of Jews in the Charles Town militia. Who they were 
we shall see later. Several of them saw service at Fort 
Moultrie. 

Simms, in his History of South Carolina, has preserved 
a most interesting reminiscence of the battle of Fort Moul- 
trie in a letter from Joseph Johnson, the author of the well- 
known Traditions and Reminiscences, to Colonel Wade 
Hampton, dated 27th June, 1842. Here is an extract from 
the letter : 

" When the fire from Fort Moultrie first began to slacken for want of 
powder, it was proposed to Colonel Moultrie by the commissary, De 
Lion,^^ that some refreshment should be served out to the men, who had 
been on duty ever since daylight. This being approved, a rum cask 



^ It would be interesting to know who this " De Lion" was. The only 
man of this name of whom the records make mention is Isaac De Lyon, 
but he was a Tory and he appears to have settled in Charles Town in 
1779. Nor can the name be a misprint for De Leon. Jacob De Leon 
was only twelve years old at the time. 



THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 87 

sawed into two parts was brought oi;t on the platform and filled with 
rum and water, the usual drink of the inhabitants and the rations of the 
troops." " 

The result of the battle of Fort Moultrie was to insure 
undisturbed peace to South Carolina from June, 1776, to 
February, 1779. Trade went on pretty much as usual. The 
people married and gave in marriage, and beyond internal 
dissensions on account of the Loyalists there is nothing to 
be noted of interest. 

Between 1776 and 1778 Richard Lushington was promoted 
to be captain in the Charles Town Regiment of Militia. His 
company included nearly all of the Jews of Charles Town 
who fought in the Revolution, and that for reasons we have 
already seen : Soldiers had to enroll themselves in the dis- 
trict in which they lived. Richard Lushington 's district ex- 
tended on King Street, from Broad Street to Charles Town 
Neck, above the modern Calhoun Street. King Street was 
then, as now, a principal business street, and most of the 
Jews had their stores there. It would be an easy matter 
to compile a list of Jews who lived in King Street, but this 
would serve no useful purpose. The newspapers show that 
quite a number of Jews lived in other streets. Of the names 
of men in Lushington 's Company that have come down to 
us the Jewish names are in a decided minority. 

Lushington 's Company took part in several engagements. 
It fought in the battle of Beaufort in February, 1779. Here 
Joseph Solomon was killed.^* The Charles Town militia 
likewise took part in the attempt to recapture Savannah in 
the same year. Here David Nunez Cardozo distinguished 
himself.^^ 



'^ Simms : History of South Carolina, 2d edition, Charleston, 1842, p. 
342. 

" Gazette of the State of South-Carolina, March 10, 1779. 

'" " The deceased served as a Subaltern Officer in the militia of South 
Carolina during a great part of the Revolution, until made a prisoner 



88 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

That the Jews both of Charles Town and Savannah had 
done their full duty to the patriot cause is attested by a 
splendid piece of uncontradicted contemporary testimony. 
It occurs in a letter in The South-Carolina and American 
General Gazette of December 3, 1778. Mrs. Crouch's paper 
containing the libel is no longer in existence, and while the 
attack has come down to us by reason of the reply, we have 
in this instance, at least, no cause to regret it. The style of 
the letter is quaint, but its contents are telling : 

"MR. WELLS, 

" On perusing Mrs Crouch and Go's paper of the 1st instant, I was 
extremely surprised to find, in a piece signed An American, a signature 
sufficient to lead every honest and judicious man to imagine, that whatever 
was said in so publick a manner, should be ingenuous and true, assertions 
directly contrary. Here are his words: 

" ' Yesterday being by my business posted in a much frequented comer 
of this town, I observed, in a small space of time, a number of chairs and 
loaded horses belonging to those who journeyed, come into town. — Upon 
inspection of their faces and enquiry, I found them to be of the Tribe 
of Israel — who, after taking every advantage in trade the times admitted 
of in the State of Georgia, as soon as it was attacked by an enemy, fled 
here for an asylum, with their ill-got wealth — dastardly turning their 
backs upon the country when in danger, which gave them bread and pro- 
tection — Thus it will be in this State if it should ever be assailed by our 
enemies — Let judgment take place.' 

" I am apt to think, Mr. Printer, that the gentleman is either very blind, 
or he is willing to make himself so; for I am well convinced, had he 
taken the trouble of going closer to the chairs, he would have found that 
what he has thus publickly asserted was erroneous and a palpable mistake. 



of war in 1780. He was also attached to the Forlorn Hope when the 
lines of Savannah were attacked by the combined forces of Gen. Lincoln 
and Count de Estaing." — From inscription on his tombstone, Jewish 
Cemetery, Coming Street. 

" He marched with the Grenadier corps from Charleston to the Lines 
before Savannah, and as first non-commissioned officer of Capt Boquet's 
company, volunteered and led the Forlorn Hope in the assault on the 
British lines." — Obituary notice in The Charleston Courier, July 10, 1835. 



THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 89 

as he might have been convinced they were of the female kind, with their 
dear babes, who had happily arrived at an asylum, where a tyrannical 
enemy was not at theirs or their dear offsprings heels. I do, therefore, in 
vindication of many a worthy Israelite now in Georgia, assert, that there 
is not, at this present hour, a single Georgia Israelite in Charles Town; 
and that so far to the contrary of that gentleman's assertion, I do declare 
to the Publick, that many merchants of that State were here on the 22d 
ult, and on being informed of the enemy landing, they instantly left this, 
as many a worthy Gentile knows, and proceeded post haste to Georgia, 
leaving all their concerns unsettled, and are now with their brother citi- 
zens in the field, doing that which every honest American should do. 

" The truth of this assertion will, in the course of a few days, be known 
to gentlemen of veracity, who are entitled to the appellation of Ameri- 
cans. The Charlestown Israelites, I bless Heaven, hitherto have behaved 
as staunch as any other citizens of this State, and I hope their further 
conduct will be such as will invalidate the malicious and designing fallacy 
of the author of the piece alluded to. 

" I am. Sir, Yours, etc, 

"A real AMERICAN, 
and 
True hearted ISRAELITE. 

" Charlestown, Wednesday, December 2, 1778." 

We next meet with Lusliington's Company at the siege of 
Charles Town in 1780. Here our information concerning 
the Jews who fought in the militia is most complete. The 
original papers of General Lincoln, who was in command 
of the American army in South Carolina in 1780, are still 
in existence and are to be seen in the ''Emmet Collection" 
in the New York Public Library.^^ 

The defence of Charles Town is unique in the history of 



*° The documents in this collection relating to the siege of Charles Town 
have been incorporated into the Year Book, City of Charleston, for 1897, 
To Ex-Mayor Courtenay and to Ex-Mayor Smyth the people of South 
Carolina are under lasting obligations for the making available to stu- 
dents of this vast mass of priceless material. The accompanying cuts, 
in reduced fac-simile, are reproduced through the courtesy of Ex-Mayor 
Smyth. 



90 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

beleaguered cities. That it withstood a siege of two months 
against such overwhelming odds must excite the admiration 
of all who read the story. Its doom was sealed from the 
first, but not until provisions had given out and all the am- 
munition was practically spent ; not until the British were 
within twenty yards of the American lines, and every hope 
of assistance was cut off, was there ever a thought of sur- 
render. But the inevitable came at last. All hope being 
gone, and further resistance being impossible, to avoid a 
useless slaughter the prmcipal inhabitants of Charles Town 
and a number of the country militia petitioned General Lin- 
coln to surrender. These petitions have come down to us, 
and on them are many Jewish names. There are three lists, 
one of civilians, containing three hundred names appended, 
including a number of Jews; another of country militia, 
with one hundred and eleven names, but no Jews, and a 
third, of country militia, with three hundred and forty-six 
names appended, including a number of Jews. The two peti- 
tions that contain the names of Jews, with their fac-simile 
signatures, are here reproduced. One of these signers, 
Joseph Myers, it will be seen, tried to make "his mark" in 
script Hebrew. From his Hebrew signature ''Joseph" he 
appears to be almost as illiterate in that language as he was 
in English. 

I. 

" To the Honorable Major General Lincoln — 

" The Humble petition of divers Inhabitants of Charlestown in behalf 
of themselves and others, their fellow citizens — 

" Sheweth 

" That your petitioners being inf orm'd the difficulties that arose 
in the Negotiation yesterday, and the day preceding, related wholly to the 
Citizens, to whom the British Commanders offer'd their estates, and to 
admit them to their parole as Prisoners of War; and your petitioners 
understanding it as an indisputable proposition, that they can derive no 
advantage by a perseverance in resistance; with every thing that is dear 
to them at stake, they think it their Indispensable duty, in this perilous 






CU'^^^^- 



'^/It^/^ 



f^^jt^^j^y^^ y*^^'^'^^f^ -^'^*,^t^^,-^'^ '^ yCu. ^7^SW/» /J^^ 4CPj 
^^<:^^^ ^*r;<^ii^ ^y^ Cl/C'^t^^^ /^ ^^^^C^^ ,^;;?^^<%.,j:2:2?<C~----~«*<>^ 

4tii»^t^ ^ /^ g^-» -« ^t^ f^Ta .^Cj ^ y^^^ •^I*»>r ^.f^ /C4^/i ^/ft^t^.^4u:j»y'*f^ 

SIGNATURES OF JEWS DURING THE SIEGE OP CHARLES TOWN IN I "8o 
Originals in the Emmet Collection, New York PuMic Library 







V»* ^rft*<*^ent^ 









THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 91 

situation of affairs, to request your Honor will send out a flag, in the 
name of the people, intimating their acquiescence in the terms propounded. 
" Charlestown, 10th May, 1780." 

[Three hundred names are attached to this petition. Among them are:] 

Markes Lazarus, Solomon Aaron, Philip Minis, Is Da Costa, Jr., Joseph 

Solomons (x.), Gershon Cohen, Jacob Jacobs, Zadok Solomo, Meyer 

Moses, Joseph de Palacios, Philip Hart, David Sarzedas, Abraham Moses, 

Joseph De Palacios, Joseph Myers (x.). 

II. 

" To the Honorable Major General Lincoln 

" The Humble petition of divers Country Militia on behalf of them- 
selves and others their fellow citizens — 

" Sheweth 

" That your petitioners being inf orm'd the diflBculties that arose 
in the negotiation yesterday and the day preceding related wholly to the 
Citizens to whom the British commanders offered their estates and to 
admit them to their parole as prisoners of war, and your petitioners 
understanding it as an indisputable proposition that they can derive no 
advantage from a perseverance in resistance, with every thing that is dear 
to them at stake, they think it their indispensable duty in this perilous 
situation of affairs, to request your Honor will send out a Flag in the 
name of the people intimating their acquiescence in the terms proposed." 

[Here are appended the names of field-officers and men — in all three 
hundred and forty-six names, among which are the following:] 

Philip Moses, Abraham Cohen, Myer Salomons, Moses Harris, Philip 
Jacob Cohen, Jacob Moses, Juda Abrahams, Moses Cohen, Emanuel Abra- 
hams, Samuel Polak, Samuel Jones, Barnard Moses, Junr., J. Cohen, 
Samuel Mordecai. 

We have on this last petition the names of fourteen 
Charles Town Jews who served in the militia during the 
siege. There are several others whose names have come 
down to us. 

A Revolutionary ''Orderly Booli" in the New York Public 
Library^^ that covers a period of several months, beginning 



Discovered among the uncalendared MSS. and identified by the author. 



92 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

with March, 1780, makes mention of the following Jews as 
members of the Charles Town Regiment of Militia : David 
Sarsadas (Sarzedas), Myers Solomon, Frederick Jacobs, 
Philip Hart, Sampson Simon (Simons), Phillip Minas (Mi- 
nis), Zodiack Solomon, and Solomon Polock. 

Of these, David Sarzedas had seen service in Savannah. 
His widow was afterwards pensioned.^^ He came to Charles 
Town together with several other Savannah Jews after the 
fall of that city in 1779. 

Philip Minis likewise came to Charles Town in 1779 and 
was a resident of that city for several years. He had ren- 
dered service to the Revolutionary cause in Georgia, and 
was one of those mentioned in the Disqualifying Act of 
Georgia passed in May, 1780, ''disqualifying the parties in- 
dicated, and rendering them ever afterwards incapable of 
holding or exercising any office of trust, honor or profit 
within the limits of Georgia. ' ' ^^ 

Markes Lazarus saw service in 1776, 1779, and 1780. He 
was a sergeant-major and was one of the petitioners to Clin- 
ton in 1780. His record is preserved among those of appli- 
cants for pensions in the Bureau of Pensions at Wash- 
ington.^^' 

David Nunez Cardozo was also a sergeant-major. We 
have already taken note of him. 

Abraham Seixas was a captain of militia in Charles Town, 

^ See A Census of Pensioners for Revolutionary or Military Services 
* * * (Washington, 1841.) 

"'Jones: History of Georgia, Vol. 2, pp. 421-3. The name of Philip 
Jacob Cohen is likewise found on this list. 

^ " Mr, Lazarus was an actor in some of the eventful scenes of the 
Revolution and earned the distinction of a single-minded and zealous 
patriot." — Obituary notice in The Southern Patriot, Nov. 7, 1835. 

The Census of Pensioners shows the following Jewish names: Rachel 
Lazarus (Mrs. Markes Lazarus), Sarah Cardozo (Mrs. David N. Car- 
dozo), Rebecca Cohen (Mrs. Gershon Cohen), Judith Abrahams (Mrs. 
Emanuel Abrahams), Dr. Sarzedas, and Moses Harris. 



THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 93 

but fought as a lieutenant in the Continental Line in Geor- 
gia. His prayer-book, now in the possession of the author, 
contains several pages of family records in his own hand- 
writing, and relates, among other things, that he was * ' ban- 
ish 'd from Chs Town as disaffected to British Govt and ar- 
rived in Philada, 29th May, 1782." ^i He returned to 
Charleston after peace had been declared. 

Joseph Solomon, we have already seen, was killed at the 
battle of Beaufort. 

Jacob Cohen, we are told in the Diary of Josiah Smith, Jr., 
was ' ' one of the prisoners on parole, that were sent on board 
the prison ship Torbay and Schooner Pack Horse, the 17th 
of May, 1781." It is worthy of note that his name is not 
mentioned in any of the lists of these prisoners in Garden, 
Ramsay, Drayton, Gibbes, or McCrady. It is confirmed, 
however, by a British list of these prisoners on file in Wash- 
ington.^^ 

"In the Diary of Josiah Smith, Jr., he is mentioned in the following 
interesting note: 

"November 1782. Mordeeai Sheftal of Georgia having found Friends 
in Philadelphia to Assist him in the purchase of a Shallop, Something 
less in Size than Mr. Savage's, by application thro, a friend at New 
York, he also readily obtained a Flagg and Passports from Admiral 
Digby and was allowed to take with him about 100 Bairils of Flour, 
Bread, &c, for Savannah, and having fully Stuffed his vessel I may truly 
Say, with Goods and Passengers he departed hence on the Instant, 

besides his own family, there was Ab. Sexias and family, Capt. Wm. 
Hall and Wife, Capt Albuoy and wife, and some Single Men, amount- 
ing in all to Persons to whom I most heartily wich a safe and 
• Speedy Passage." (P. 163.) 

"Boogher: Gleanings of Virginia History (Washington, D. C., 1903), 
pp. 226-227. 

Curious, indeed, is the mistake that has been made in connection with 
this Jacob Cohen. In 1839 the heirs of Captain Jacob Cohen (Cowen), 
of Cumberland County, Virginia, memorialized the 26th Congress for 
compensation for the service of their father as captain of a com- 
pany of troopers of the Virginia Continental Line. This British list 
of prisoners confined on the British ship Torhay was filed, together with 



94 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

There is but one name more and the story is complete as 
far as our present knowledge of the records goes. The name 
is that of Joseph Marques or Marquise, a member of the 
6th Regiment, South Carolina Line.^^ 

There are a few other names that have come down to us 
traditionally. They are mentioned here merely because they 
have gone the rounds of the newspapers and the books, and 
are stamped as quasi-authoritative by the American Jewish 
Historical Society. 

Mordecai Manuel Noah, of South Carolina (1747-1825), is 
said to have served with General Marion and also on the 
staff of General Washington.^* He is represented as having 
contributed £20,000 to the Revolutionary cause. 

Jacob De La Motta is said to have been a captain on Gen- 
eral Pulaski's staff. ^^ It would be interesting to know who 
this Jacob De La Motta was. The records do not show this 
name till long after the Revolutionary period. 

Emanuel De La Motta, we are told, ' ' served in the Revo- 
lution and in the War of 1812. In recognition of his valor 
as displayed in battle he was promoted from the ranks to 
a military position of honor. ' ' ^^ Confirmation of this story 
is lacking. 



an enormous number of exhibits and depositions, in substantiation of 
the claim. The exhibits prove conclusively that there was a Captain 
Jacob Cohen in the Virginia Continental Line, but there is no evidence 
whatsoever that he is the Jacob Cohen of the Torbay. All of these 
prisoners belonged to the militia of North and South Carolina. The claim 
was rightly disallowed. (See Congressional Globe, First Session 26th 
Congress, p. 239.) Jacob Cohen, of the Torbay, was the son of Moses 
Cohen, the first Chief Rabbi of the Congregation Beth Elohim, and was 
the President of this Congregation in 1790, who wrote the historic letter 
to Washington. 

'^ The South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine for April, 
1904, pp. 87-8. 

** Wolf : The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen, p. 51. 
'"Ibid. "Ibid. 



THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 95 

Israel De Lieben is also supposed to have risen from the 
ranks ' Ho a military position of honor and trust. ' ' ^^ 

Jacob I. Cohen, we are informed, ''went to Charleston in 
1783 [sic] and during the campaign which followed, took 
part as a volunteer soldier in the Continental army, serving 
under Moultrie and Lincoln. Frequent references to Mr. 
Cohen are found in the Madison Papers, and his valuable 
services are repeatedly adverted to. ' ' ^^ 

Under the heading ''South Carolina Jewish Patriots" 
Mr. Kohler reprints from The Occident ^^ the oft-repeated 
story of a company of soldiers who did good service in the 
defence of Charleston Harbor and who were nearly all, if 
not all, Jews.'*'^ The original writer of the paragraph says : 
*'The names of Daniel W. Cardozo, Jacob I. Cohen, Sr., and 
Isaiah Isaacs, we think, must have been on the roll of that 
company. * * * Sheftall Sheftall, Isaac N. Cardozo, a 
brother of David, and Colonel Bush, occur to us just now 
as brave soldiers in the Revolution." ^^ 

Jacob De Leon, we are informed, was "a distinguished 
officer of the War of the Revolution.^- He served as captain 
on the staff of General DeKalb, and when the latter was 
mortally wounded at the battle of Camden, S. C, De Leon, 
in company with Major Benjamin Nones and Captain Jacob 
De La Motta, of the staff, carried De Kalb from the field." ^^ 



" Wolf : The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen, p. 50. 

" Ibid., p. 47. 

™ The Occident, Vol. IG, p. 142. 

*" Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, Vol. 4, p. 96. 

" Daniel W. Cardozo is probably David Nunez Cardozo, we do not 
know of any Isaiah Isaacs in South Carolina, Sheftall Sheftall belonged 
to Savannah, Isaac N. Cardozo is not of record, and Colonel Bush be- 
longed to Pennsylvania. 

" Wolf : The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen, p. 50. 

" This story of Captain Jacob De Leon is one of the many myths of 
the Jews of South Carolina. The most diligent inquiry and research, 
continued for many months, failed to discover the date of Jacob De 



96 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Leaving tradition, let ns now return to the records. Be- 
fore resuming, however, let us make this observation, — com- 
monplace, in truth, but ignored by latter-day writers, — that 



Leon's birth or death, or the place of his burial. He was followed up 
in the records till 1828, when all trace of him was lost. His tombstone 
was finally discovered by the author in an old, abandoned cemetery in 
Columbia, S. C. The inscription reads as follows: 

" Sacred | to the Memory of | Mr. Jacob De Leon j who | Rendered 
up his Spirit to | Him who gave it on the | 29th September 1828 | aged 
64 years | Eternity how long." 

Jacob De Leon might thus possibly have been at the battle of Camden, 
but that he was a captain on De Kalb's staff is hardly imaginable. The 
story that De Leon, De La Motta, and Nones carried the wounded De 
Kalb from the field is mythical on its very face. There was no battle 
fought in the Revolution that has been described in such detail and 
by eye-witnesses as has the battle of Camden. The accounts agree in 
all essential details. De Kalb was shot and at once captured hy the 
British. It is difficult to see how his own staff officers could have car- 
ried him from the field. (See Lossing: The Pictorial Field-Booh of the 
Revolution, Vol. 2, pp. 461 et seq. See also Kapp : Life of De Kalb, 
pp. 234-6. See also the account by Colonel 0. H. Williams, an eye- 
witness of the battle, in A Narrative of the Campaign of 1780 in the 
appendix to Johnson's Life of Nathanael Greene, Charleston, 1822.) 

The origin of the tradition is not difficult to account for in this ease. 
On the occasion of the visit of Lafayette to the United States in 1824-5, 
De Kalb's body was removed, re-interred, and a monument raised over 
his remains by the citizens of Camden. The corner-stone of this monu- 
ment was laid by General Lafayette, and the ceremonies were conducted 
under the Masonic auspices of Kershaw Lodge, of which Dr. Abraham 
De Leon was master at the time. (See Voice of Masonry and Tidings 
from the Craft, Vol. 1, No. 23, Louisville, Ky., 1859.) From Abraham 
De Leon, who took part in the ceremonies at the re-interment of De Kalb 
at Camden, to Jacob De Leon, who carried De Kalb from the field at 
Camden, is not an unintelligible transition. 

It may be worth while to note here an interesting item in reference 
to the re-interment of De Kalb. A writer in the Baltimore Sun (1886) 
tells that at the battle of Camden six of the officers were Masons. Among 
these were several from the Maryland Line, and Major Benjamin Nones, 
of Philadelphia. After the death of De Kalb, who was a Mason, 



THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 97 

an entire population never fights. Many are physically un- 
able to fight, and these will always form a goodly portion of 
a population ; others are not sufficiently interested to fight, 
while not caring to run away ; and still others, having fam- 
ilies dependent upon them, cannot afford to fight. That 
there were Jews in Charles Town who did not take any 
active part in the Revolution is evidenced by the minutes of 
testimony of a Court of Inquiry, held in 1783, which were 
discovered by the author, under very peculiar circumstances, 
in the Secretary of State's Office in Columbia.'''' The events 
that led up to this Court of Inquiry are worthy of note. 

After the evacuation of Charles Town by the British in 
1782 the city again came into the possession of the Ameri- 
cans. During the period of British occupation many of 
those who formerly, perhaps, had favored the patriot cause 
had gone back to their allegiance. It was now the patriots ' 
inning. Feeling ran very high in Charles Town. In 1782 
a Confiscation Act was passed, and a committee was ap- 
pointed to examine into the standing of every man in town. 
Many were banished forever and others were called before 
the committee to give an account of themselves. The Min- 
utes of Testimony to which we have just referred relate to 



the brethren assembled and buried his remains with Masonic ceremonies. 
At the time of the erection of a monument over the remains, many 
years afterwards, Major Nones, who was present at the first burial, 
was appealed to in order to locate the forgotten grave, which had become 
level and the headboards rotted, so that it was difficult to locate the exact 
spot. A full account of this stoiy will be given by Messrs. Kirkland and 
Kennedy in their forthcoming history of Camden. 

" See The Sunday News, Nov. 29, 1903. These minutes of testimony 
are contained in a bundle of papers consisting of ten quarto sheets, each 
of them folded separately into four, thus exhibiting eight narrow pages 
of writing. The sheets are not in very good condition and are written 
in a small, crabbed, and illegible hand, with many abbreviations. The 
lines are close together and notes are added between the lines. They are 
to be deciphered only with great difficulty. 



98 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

proceedings before this committee. The papers bear the 
date of February and March, 1783, and contain a nmnber 
of Jewish references which are here reproduced. It will be 
observed that each man who comes before the committee 
brings one or more witnesses to testify to his character. For 
the rest, the documents shall speak for themselves. Here 
are the items in the order in which they occur : 

" JEWS. 

" Henry Moses. 

" Samuel Levy. 

" Montague Simons. 

" Hyam Solomons. 

" Levy Solomons. 

" Mordicai Lyon. 

"HENRY MOSES. Came in 18 months since from N. York, is a 
Prussian. Never assisted the British. Has been 3 years in America. 
Gershon Cohen believes this Petitioner to be an honest man. Mr. Jacobs 
says he has had a good deal of dealing with Petitioner, he is an honest 
man. 

" SAMUEL LEVY. Came 18 months agone. He is by birth a Ger- 
man, came from England to N. York & from thence here. He has not 
taken an active part, did intend to go out 18 months agone but had no 
opportunity. Mr. Cohen says this man came as a sutler with a Hessian 
General and left him. Thinks him an honest man. Jacobs says same of 
Levy. 

"MONTAGUE SIMONS. Native of London. May will be 2 years 
since his arrival in America, (this town.) His motive for coming here 
was to join his 3 Brothers in this town — has not taken a part with the 
British. Cohen says this is true, believes he is honest. Jacobs says same 
as of Cohen. 

" HYAM SOLOMONS. Has arrived about 4 months in this town, he 
was clerk to Messrs McGilvary and Struthers in West Florida. After 
the reduction of Florida he came and lived in Georgia with Mr Wm 
Struthers and came to Chas Town to sell a cargo of skins and remit the 
money. Was born in England but came out young, remembers little of 
that country. Cohen says this man is a man of good character. 

" LEVY SOLOMON. A German, arrived about 2 years since in York 
and came from thence to this place. He has not interfered, but has 
minded only his shop. Mr. Cohen says he came from Germany with a 



THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 99 

Hessian General, and left him, wishing to stay in this country. Jacobs 
has known petitioner from a child, he is an honest man. 

"MORDICAI LYON, a Polander, has been 14 months in Chas Town 
with a wife & child — is a taylor, has done nothing against the American 
canse, had enough to do to maintain his wife & children. Mr. Cohen 
says this is tnie, he is an inoffensive man. Jacobs says this is an honest 
man, & attentive to his work." 

In the second folder, and dated February 20, 1783, we 
have the followmg: 

" WOLF & others. 

"MOSES SIMONS. 

"HENRY HARRIS. 

" Mr Gershon Cohen knows these Petitioners to be honest men. Simons 
keeps shop. Arrived in May last 12 month. Harris is a taylor, an honest 
inoffensive man. Mr. Jacobs says these petitioners are honest men." 

In the fifth folder there is a very amusing item. — ' ' David 
Cameron's Case." 

" * Moses with the big nose' testifies that he knew Cameron, that he 
is an industrious man, &c, &c. Mr Abrahams gives similar testimony." 

There is only one more reference and that is in the eighth 
folder, where Mr. Gershon Cohen appears to testify for 
William Cox. 

There were other Jews in Charles Town who did not fight, 
but who rendered equally valuable service to the cause. It 
should be remembered that during the siege of Charles Town 
there was no lack of fighting men, and most of the early 
writers have noted the fact that if there had been more men, 
the only purpose they could have served would have been to 
make provisions scarce in a shorter time. Of men who ren- 
dered good service to the American cause and who were not 
fighters we have also documentary evidence. 

In The North American Revieiu for July, 1826, page 73, 
Isaac Harby, referring to the Jews of the Revolution, writes : 



100 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

''My maternal grandfather contributed pecuniary aid to 
South Carolina, and particularly to Charleston, when be- 
sieged by the British. My father-in-law was a brave grena- 
dier in the regular American army, and fought and bled for 
the liberty he lived to enjoy and to hand down to his chil- 
dren." The maternal grandfather of Isaac Harby was Meyer 
Moses and his father-in-law was Samuel Mordecai. To the 
services rendered by Meyer Moses, General Sumter testified 
in after years in a letter to Franklin J. Moses, a grandson 
of the Jewish patriot, who had died in 1787. This letter and 
a testimonial of similar purport were till quite recently to 
be seen in Columbia, in the collection of Sumter MSS. They 
are no longer there, however. The following is the testi- 
monial : *^ 

" South Mount, October 11, 1831. 
" I certify that I was well acquainted with Myer Moses, Esq, Merchant 
in Charleston, So. Ca. I understood and believed that he was friendly 
and attached to the American cause during the Revolution. I further 
understood and believe that his treatment to the American wounded and 
prisoners were such as to entitle him to the good wishes and gi-atitude 
of all those who had the success of the Revolution at heart. After the 
fall of Charleston his treatment to the wounded and prisoners who were 
taken and sent to Charleston was extremely friendly and humane, they 
being in the greatest possible distress. Moreover I have understood and 
believed that on these occasions he expended a considerable sum in re- 
lieving them. 

(Signed) " THOS SUMTER." 

Mordecai Myers, of Georgetown, was another Jew who 
furnished supplies to the American army.^^ 

We have already referred to the division of sentiment 
that existed among the population of South Carolina and of 



" The author is indebted to Mr. Altamont Moses, of Sumter, for the 
copy. 

"See Gibbes: Documentary History (1781-2), pp. 182-3. See, how- 
ever, also Gibbes (1776-1782), p. 160, "Gen Marion to Col. P. Horry." 



THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 101 

Charles Town at the outbreak of and during the Revolution. 
The Gazettes print the names of some who "embarked 
under an unhappy delusion" for other parts.^^ We read of 
many who ''left the State to join the enemies thereof."^® 
Charles Town, in fact, was full of British sympathizers — 
witness the large lists of petitioners to Clinton, of address- 
ors of Cornwallis, and of Clinton and Arbuthnot. In con- 
versation with Moultrie, after the surrender. Captain Roch- 
fort, a British officer, remarked: ''Sir, you have made a 
gallant defence, but you had a great many rascals among 
you who came out every night and gave us information of 
what was passing in your garrison." ^^ Many at first, nat- 
urally enough, were very careful as to how they betrayed 
their real sentiments. When Charles Town surrendered, 
however, they did not hesitate to show what their senti- 
ments really were. Others, thinking that South Carolina 
would finally remain a British province, and hoping to save 
their property, sincerely returned to their allegiance. Still 
others were by necessity compelled to accept British pro- 
tection.^^ 

Referring to the Jewish merchants, Ramsay remarks: 
"While prisoners, they were encouraged to make purchases 
from the British merchants who came with the conquering 
army, and after they had contracted large debts of this 
kind, were precluded by proclamation from selling the 
goods they had purchased, unless they assumed the name 
and character of British subjects." ^^ This could only 
have been the case with a minority. The majority did not 



*' Gazette of the State of South-Carolina, July 8, 1778. 
" Ibid., Nov. 24, 1779. 
"Moultrie: Memoirs, Vol. 2, p. 108. 

*" Ramsay : The History of the Revolution in South Carolina, Vol. 2, 
pp. 120 et seq. 
" Ibid. 



102 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

take protection or swear allegiance, but left Charles Town 
after the surrender. 

About August or September, 1780, many citizens of 
Charles Town presented a petition to the Commandant set- 
ting forth ' ' that they were very desirous to show every mark 
of allegiance and attachment to his Majesty's person and 
Government, to which they were most sincerely well 
affected, and, therefore, humbly prayed that they might 
have an opportunity^ to evince the sincerity of their profes- 
sions." This petition was referred to ''gentlemen of known 
loyalty and integrity, as well as knowledge of the i^ersons 
and characters of the inhabitants, in order to report the 
manner in which the Memorialists had heretofore conducted 
themselves." This committee reported favorably in the 
cases of one hundred and sixty-six citizens, including the 
following Jews : Joseph Myers, Saul Simons, Abraham Al- 
exander, Moses Eliazer, Philip Cohen, Marcus Lazarus, 
Philip Moses.^2 

Of these Marcus (Markes or Marks) Lazarus and Philip 
Moses had been soldiers in the war, and for some or other 
reason now swore allegiance. Abraham Alexander was 
the minister of Beth Elohim, and the Synagogue Consti- 
tution of 1820 (Rule XX) tells us that Rabbi Moses 
Eleizar was "a learned man in the laws of God, and until 
his death had taught the youth of this congregation and 
manifested unremitted zeal to promote religion in this 
country. ' ' 

There is no evidence to show and no reason for supposing 
that these men were not expressing their real convictions 
when they, together with many of the most prominent citi- 
zens of Charles Town, signed the petition to Sir Henry Clin- 



°' The Boyal South-Carolina Gazette, Sept. 21, 1780. The original 
oaths of allegiance are still in existence and can be seen in the British 
State Paper OflSce, London. 



THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 103 

ton.^^ Some of them had doubtless been loyal from the 
start, and as for those who had taken an active part in the 
war, they felt that they had fought a good fight, but that 
now "the game was uj:*" — to use the language of common 
parlance. And why blame them for returning to their alle- 
giance? Was it not most natural! Who, living in Charles 
Town in 1780, could have dreamt that subsequent events 
would take the turn they did? Those who refused to take 
protection were deprived of every means of making a living. 
The only alternative was starvation. Judging by the num- 
ber and character of those who took protection, the senti- 
ment must, indeed, have been very strong that the Eevolu- 
tion would prove a failure and that South Carolina would 
finally remain a British province. It is most natural that 
under the circumstances men should strive to save the little 
property that remained to them. 

The Royal Gazette and The Royal South-Carolina Gazette, 
published during the period of British occupation, show the 
following Jews as doing business here during that period : 
Joseph Abrahams, Jacob Jacobs, Delyon and Moses, Isaac 
Delyon, Gershon Cohen, Emanuel Abrahams, Abraham 
Cohen, Abraham Da Costa. 

Of these Emanuel Abrahams, Abraham Cohen, and Ger- 
shon Cohen had fought in the war. All of these men, how- 
ever, must either have taken protection after the surrender 
or have been known to have been well affected or at least 
not openly hostile to the British cause. Most of them had 
been doing business right along since 1779. Those whose 
sentiments were known to have been hostile were sought out 



"It is worthy of note that in a subsequent petition for protection of 
two hundred and eleven citizens, published in The Royal Gazette of July 
11, 1781, nothing is said about the petition being referred to a conunittee 
of citizens of known loyalty and integrity, etc. In this second petition 
such a reference was unnecessary. The petitioners had been admittedly 
anti-British. 



104 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

by the British and banished. Among these was Isaac Da 
Costa, Sr., whose estates we have seen were promptly seized 
and confiscated by the British and himself banished.^^ We 
have likewise seen Jacob Cohen put on board a prison ship. 

Isaac Delyon was a known Tory and his property was 
amerced after the Revolution.^^ He came here in 1779. 
There would doubtless have been other amercements, but 
the records do not show any wealth among the Jews who 
remained here in business during the period of British occu- 
pation. 

Levi Sheftall was at first a patriot, but afterwards a Loy- 
alist.^^ At the outbreak of the Revolution he was living in 
Savannah, where he was appointed a Commissary "to pro- 
vide necessaries for the several companies of men that are 
ordered out upon duty at and about Savannah." He came 
to Charles Town in 1779. 

Myer Franks, of Ninety Six District, was another Jewish 
Tory, of whom an interesting tradition has been preserved : 

"After killing Edward Hampton, the Tories thought it prudent to 
leave a neighborhood in which they had committed so many murders. 
The next day Captain John Barry raised a company of militia, and 
started in pursuit of the ' Bloody Scout,' but did not overtake them. 
Whilst on the pursuit, in Laurens District, they came to the house of 
an old Tory, by the name of Franks, who had a very bountiful supply 
of bacon on hand. The Whigs feeling quite hungry, and not having 
tasted food for twenty-four hours, thought there was no harm in quarter- 
ing themselves for a short time in the smoke-house of an enemy. Con- 
sequently, they not only made free use, for the time being, of the old 
Tory's bacon, but provided themselves with rations for several days. 
David Anderson acted as commissary on this occasion, and took the 
responsibility of judging how much would be a proper supply for the 
company. It is said that he proved quite a liberal caterer, and that 



'* The Royal Gazette, March 10, 1781. Also ibid., March 14. 
°'^ Sabine : American Loyalists, p. 255. See also Statutes of South 
Carolina, Vol. 6, p. 633. 
^' Collections of the Georgia Historical Society, Vol. 5, Part 1, p. 30. 



THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 105 

Franks's smoke-house required neither lock nor key after the Whigs left 
it. This was in 1781. In 1783 peace was concluded, and the independence 
of the countiy acknowledged. Some years afterwards the people in the 
upper country, who had been long without law, found the Circuit 
Court re-established in Ninety Six District. One of the first cases brought 
in this court was docketed by Myer Franks vs. David Anderson — tres- 
pass. Many years had passed by, and many things forgotten in the 
Revolution, but not the taking of Myer Franks's bacon." * * * 

" Be this as it may, Myer Franks brought suit for his bacon, as soon 
as the luxury of the law was allowed him, by the establishment of the 
court at Ninety Six. He thought it rather troublesome to bring suits 
against all who had helped to eat his bacon; or may have been advised 
by his counsel to begin with the agent in the business. He, therefore, 
singled out Anderson, the commissary, as the object of his legal ven- 
geance. The case was called, and a host of witnesses were in attendance, 
to prove the fact t i the part of the plaintiff, and the use to which the 
bacon had been appropriated by the defendant. After getting through 
the testimony, his honor, the presiding judge, ordered the case to be 
stricken from the docket, and left Mr. Franks to brood over his not 
having ' saved his bacon,' and to lament that the royalists had not con- 
quered the rebels." " 

Concerning these Loyalists, it should be remarked here 
that there was just as much true patriotism in them as there 
was in the most ardent Revolutionists. Their conduct was 
actuated by just as high motives. What they did was done 
according to their best judgment of what was for their coun- 
try's good, and it required the highest courage to show de- 
votion to principle amid the opposing current of popular 
opinion. 

In the Columbia records there are many thousands of 
''indents" or certificates, entitling the holder to payment 
of sums due for services rendered or supplies furnished m 
the war. There are a few made out in favor of Jews and 
these are principally for supplies. The dates of these in- 



" Johnson : Traditions and Reminiscences, pp. 454-5. This story was 
originally printed in The Orion, Vol. 3, pp. 218-9. The facetious ending 
is Johnson's and is not in the original. 



106 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

dents explain the reason. They are nearly all for services 
rendered subsequent to 1780. After May, 1780, the Charles 
Town militia were prisoners on parole and very few after- 
wards took the field. Some did, but there were special rea- 
sons in their cases. We can account fairly well for the 
Jewish population.^^ 

After the fall of Charles Town the British compelled all 
the inhabitants either to swear allegiance or to discontinue 
business.^^ As many seem not to have regarded the British 
proclamation, more stringent measures were enacted, and 
those who refused to take protection were expelled. Many 
of the Jewish merchants left for Philadelphia, and in 1782 
we find ten Charles Town Jews in the list of original mem- 
bers of the Mickveh Israel Congregation of that city.^° 
There were others, doubtless, whose names do not appear on 
this list. They all came back, however, after peace had been 
restored. 

Thus far, then, for the records of this most interesting 
period of American history. We believe that the facts as 
here given represent a well-nigh complete statement of the 



°* TLe following indents are made out to Jews and those with Jewish 
names: Philip Hart (A, No. 224), Abraham Cohen, Georgetown (D. 
67), Joseph Markess (V. 199), Solomon Pollock, an express rider (N. 
1470), Lieutenant Abraham Meyers (?) (V. 198 and R. 259), Moses 
Harris (S. 579, T. 380, and V. 514), J. N. Hart, Georgetown (?), Joshua 
Jacobs (?) (M. 482 and X. 2561), Joshua Jones (?) (K. 53). Those 
marked as doubtful we have not been able to prove Jews or to the 
contrary, 

^' " No person now a prisoner on Parole in Charles Town, shall have 
the liberty of exercising any profession, trade, mechanick art, business 
or occupation" * * * — Revolutionary Documents, Library of Congress, 
No. 55. 

*° Morals: Jews of Philadelphia, p. 15. The following are the names 
referred to: Isaac Da Costa, Sr., Isaac Da Costa, Jr., Samuel Da Costa, 
Philip Moses, Israel Jacobs, Jacob Cohen, Ezekiel Levy, Abraham Sas- 
portas, Abraham Seixas, and Solomon Aaron. 



THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 107 

story, and that little remains to be revealed by future re- 
search. The traditional tales of the Jews of South Carolina 
in the Revolution have in them, like all traditions, an ele- 
ment of truth. This element of truth we have essayed to 
discover. If we have destroyed myths, we have put facts in 
their place, and the facts are no less pleasing than the fic- 
tions. We have no more, it is true, the ''remarkable fact" 
of ''a regiment composed almost exclusively of Jews and 
mainly officers," ''whose names have unfortunately been 
lost, ' ' but we have the names of at least thirty-four Jews of 
South Carolina whose services to the cause of independence 
are matters of record. 

Of Lushington's Company of King Street Jews enough 
has been said. There is not the slightest difficulty in ex- 
plaining the tradition. 

Nearly all the Jews of Charles Town who saw service in 
the Revolution fought in Lushington's command. We have 
seen why this was the case. From the number of Jews in 
this company it got the name of the "Jew Company." 
Forty years afterwards, time enough for legend and fancy 
to have had full play, we find the writers and speakers — and 
there was some excuse for them — referring to Lushington's 
Company of Jews. In furnishing material for a plea for 
toleration for the Jews of Maryland, in 1826, a little exag- 
geration was surely pardonable. There is no such excuse, 
however, for those who undertake to write history. 

And is not the tale that the facts unfold glorious enough ? 
The Jews of South Carolina furnished the Revolution with 
Francis Salvador, one of its must trusted leaders. In pro- 
portion to their numbers they furnished at least as many 
men as did their neighbors, and gave as freely of their means 
to the cause. Is it not enough? 




CHAPTER K/— JOSEPH SALVADOR 




HE subject of this sketch was a man 
with a most remarkable career, and in 
whose latter end pathos and tragedy 
were largely commingled — Joseph Sal- 
vador, the uncle and father-in-law of 
Francis Salvador — a prince among 
men, as he was a prince among mer- 
chants, who, overtaken by misfortune, came to Charleston 
in his old age and died here some two years after his 
arrival. 

We are mainly indebted to Picciotto for our knowledge 
of the Salvador family. Of the later history of that family, 
however, that writer knows nothing. We shall let Picciotto 
speak for himself, and supplement his account by the facts 
revealed in the records in Charleston. Here, then, is his 
story. It would be a pity to spoil it by presenting it in muti- 
lated paraphrase : 

"Among the most distinguished families of that Congregation* during 
the eighteenth century, we must mention the family bearing the name 
of Jessurun Rodrigries. They had originally come over from Holland, 
bringing with them considerable sums of money, which they had invested 
principally in commerce, and they ranked as merchant princes among 
the Jews. The most noted scion of that lineage was Joseph Jessurun 
Rodrigues, to whom we have already adverted by the appellation of 



' The Spanish and Portuguese Congregation at Bevis Marks, London. 
108 




TOMBSTONE OV ^LVADOR (1716-I786), DA Ci 

CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA 



'^^*4y^?A^- 



mSM^^^f/^^ 





,.H AFTER K/— JOSli 



!-=<^ 




chants, who, o 
in his old age ^i. 

arrivTil 



HE subject of this sketch was a man 
with a most remarkable career, and in 
whose latter end pathos and tragedy- 
were largely commingled — Joseph Sal- 
vador, the uncle and father-in-law of 
ir,.-, ^o[^ Salvador — a prince among 
as he was a prince among mer- 
raisfortune, came to Charleston 
' some two years after his 

w^ledce 



I'.i : <.>. 1 '« L vi ijlll H.-< 



'.'. I'ai.^i 



his 
it ki muti- 



the 
of J 



er from Holland, 



.,i p 1 



sy'iiM : j.i'v>. (II wiiuui *> t ji..'\'. .(11 



A'/ilSOSthJ HTJOo fViOTiddiiAHj 



irun 
< aviQTzat/OT 



^The Spanish and Portuguese Cor.: 
108 



at Bevis Marks, London. 



JOSEPH SALVADOR 109 

Joseph Salvador, under which guise the world knew him. He took a lead- 
ing part in the affairs of his Synagogue and he was ever to the fore 
when the sufferings of poor humanity were to be relieved. He was 
president of the Congregation, and one of the most efficient members of 
the original Committee of Portuguese Deputies. Notwithstanding the 
extensive financial and mercantile transactions in which he was engaged, 
he devoted a portion of his time to the improvement of the condition 
of the needy. He not only gave largely to all existing institutions, but 
was ever seeking new plans for conquering the hydra-headed evil of 
pauperism. Now he would help to establish a new society, like that 
intended to assist Jewish young men in earning their livelihood by hard 
work, and which, unfortunately, was unsuccessful. At another time he 
would be found asking permission of the Wardens to enter into a specu- 
lation on behalf of some deserving families in humble circumstances. He 
was always a liberal donor to the necessitous. Joseph Jessurun Rodrigues 
was a partner in the well-known house of Francis and Joseph Salvador, 
which, after the death of Sampson Gideon, repeatedly negotiated loans 
for the British Government. We cannot tell at precisely what period the 
name of Salvador was first adopted, but certainly it must be in the early 
part of the last century, though it does not occur in the Synagogue regis- 
ters until about 1760. 

" Personally, Joseph Salvador, to style him by the most familiar desig- 
nation, was popular, and enjoyed considerable repute among Jew and 
Gentile; albeit, when he appeared in a theatre on one occasion after the 
passing of the Naturalization Bill in 1753, he and his party were hooted, 
and were constrained to withdraw, to the utter disgrace of the civilized 
and Christian audience. The principal part of his career was accom- 
panied by unbounded prosperity. He had vastly increased the wealth 
he had inherited, and he was the first Jew who had been appointed Director 
of the East India Company. He constructed a handsome house in White 
Hart Court, Bishopsgate-street, which bore until recent times, if it does 
not still bear, his name; and in the northeast corner of one of the cellars 
may yet be seen the foundation-stone, with an inscription laid upon it 
by his daughter, Judith Salvador. He also was the owner of a country 
residence, with an extensive park, at Tooting. 

" Joseph Salvador was less fortunate in his latter days. Misfortunes 
began to befall him. He lost heavily in consequence of the earthquake 
at Lisbon, he holding much property in various shapes in that city, though 
this did not appear to affect him much. It was the failure of the Dutch 
East India Company that brought ruin on him, and that proved almost 
a calamity to many of the rich Portuguese Jews of England and of Hoi- 



110 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

land. This disaster was a great blow to those communities, from which 
they found it difficult to recover. As for Joseph Salvador, he never 
raised his head again. All his available property in Europe little by 
little disappeared, and his last days were spent in obscurity. The family 
were still possessed of some tracts of land in America, which were in 
charge of a steward. A nephew of Joseph Salvador, Francis, determined 
to undertake a voyage to the new continent. It is said that Mrs. Joshua 
Mendez Da Costa, a daughter of Joseph Salvador, gave up a part of 
her marriage settlement to furnish funds for the expedition. Francis 
started to retrieve the family fortunes. In due course letters came ad- 
vising his safe arrival to the new continent, and announcing his intention 
of seeking his property. He never wrote again. A long silence ensued, 
and then it was reported that the unhappy Salvador had been murdered 
and scalped by Indians! 

"It is related that in 1802 an American arrived in Amsterdam and 
waited upon Mrs. Texeira de Mattos, Salvador's eldest daughter, and 
offered her $10,000 to sign a deed giving up all claim on the American 
property. The lady declined the transaction. In 1812 the stranger once 
more returned and repeated his offer. He alleged that he was the grand- 
son of Salvador's former steward; that the land in Mr. Salvadoi-'s time 
had been a tract of barren forests and utterly valueless; that now it was 
covered with villages and towns and that he himself had a good holding 
title thereto. Finally he added that, during the War of Independence, 
British subjects had forfeited all their rights to property in the United 
States, and that she could advance no claim whatever to the land. Under 
these circumstances Mrs. Texeira De Mattos, who was eighty years of 
age at that time, and who had not the slightest idea as to the State or 
part of the Union in which the demesne was situated, accepted the sum 
tendered and signed the required assignment, which thus conferred a valid 
selling title on the descendant of the steward. The last male representa- 
tive of the family of Salvador or Jessurun Rodrigues was a member of 
Lloyd's, and is believed to have died about 1830. In this manner ter- 
minated that ancient and honorable lineage." ' 

Let us now look at the Charleston records and see what 
they have to tell. They will enable us to separate the facts 
from traditions which, while containing an element of truth, 
are largely erroneous. 



■Picciotto: Sketches of Anglo-Jewish History, pp. 161-4. 



JOSEPH SALVADOR 111 

First, as to the date at which the name of Salvador was 
adopted. We have already referred to the ' * grant of arms ' ' 
from the Heralds' College, London, to Francis Salvador, 
the grandfather of the Revolutionary patriot.' In his appli- 
cation for this grant of arms, in 1744, Francis Salvador 
states that he is a son of Joseph Salvador, late of Amster- 
dam, and that he was made a citizen of England (as Francis 
Salvador) in 1719. It is worthy of note, however, that in 
the records of the old Bevis Marks Synagogue, London, the 
names of Jessurun Rodrigues, Jacob Jessurun Rodrigues, 
and Joseph Jessurun Rodrigues occur in the lists of mem- 
bers between 1760 and 1764.^ It would thus seem that the 
name of Salvador had already been adopted by the family 
in Amsterdam — possibly even in Portugal in their commer- 
cial transactions, while they still retained the original name 
of Rodrigues or Jessurun Rodrigues in the Synagogue. It 
is not unreasonable to surmise that Salvador was the Ma- 
rano name of the family.^ 

We have seen that when misfortune overtook Joseph Sal- 
vador he was still possessed of land in South Carolina — in- 
deed, he was a very extensive land-owner, for he owned no 
less than 100,000 acres. The history of this land is very 
interesting. 

In the Mesne Conveyance Records, Volume F 3, page 133, 
we have the deed of Joseph Salvador's purchase of this land 
recorded. It is dated November 27, 1755. John Hamilton, 



^ For a transcript of this document see Appendix C. 

* Gaster : History of the Antient Synagogue. A Memorial Volume 
(London, 1901). 

" During the Inquisition, thousands of Jews in Spain and Portugal 
were compelled, outwardly at least, to adopt Christianity. They were 
called Christaos Novos, or Neo-Christians. The name is derived either from 
maran atha, meaning " accursed" or " damned," or from the Spanish 
word marano, which means " hog." The name was applied opprobriously 
by the Portuguese to the Jews because they did not eat pork. 



112 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

late of the Parish of St. George, Hanover Square, in the 
County of Middlesex, but now of Charles Town, in the Prov- 
ince of South Carolina, in consideration of £2,000 sterling, 
money of Great Britain, sells to Joseph Salvador, of Lime 
Street, merchant, 100,000 acres of land situated at Ninety 
Six, in the Province of South Carolina. We hear nothing 
further of this land till 1769, when Joseph Salvador gives 
Eichard Andrews Rapley, then on his departure into foreign 
parts, his power of attorney to look after his interests in 
South Carolina and to sell some 45,000 acres.^ The records 
show that Rapley succeeded in disposing of a good portion 
of this land. 

The first transaction on record occurs after the arrival of 
Francis Salvador in South Carolina. In Volume 4, page 
12, we have a mortgage recorded from Joseph Salvador 
per Rapley to Francis Salvador of 5,160 acres of land at 
Ninety Six. It is dated May 31, 1774, though the trans- 
action was concluded before Francis Salvador left Eng- 
land, in October, 1773. On October 29, 1773, Joseph Sal- 
vador per Rapley sells to Abraham Prado, Francis Salva- 
dor's stepfather, 1,062 acres for a consideration of 
£2,124, lawful currency of South Carolina."^ On the same 
date he sells to Abraham Prado 1,638 acres more.^ On May 
16, 1774, he sells to Francis Salvador 921 acres.^ On May 
24, 1774, he sells 1,480 acres to Mathew Edwards.^^ On 
June 20, 1774, he sells to Andrew Williamson 1,795 acres.^^ 
On February 23, 1775, Joseph Salvador conveys to Rebecca 
Mendes Da Costa 20,000 acres of land to satisfy a judgment 



'Mesne Conveyance Records, Vol. F 4, p. 243. 

' Ibid., p. 191. 

' Ibid., p. 200. 

" Ibid., Vol. M 4, p. 286. 

'" Ibid., p. 358. 

" Ibid., p. 362. 



JOSEPH SALVADOR 113 

which she had obtained against him.^^ On March 2, 1775, 
there is a deed executed between Joseph Salvador of the 
first part, and Phineas Serra, Moses Isaac Levey, Emanuel 
Baruk Louvado, Nathan Modigliani, Solomon D'Anynilar, 
Samuel Haine, Joseph Franco, David Franco, Jacob Con- 
salo, Rebecca Mendes Decosta, Benjamin D'Anynilar, 
Jacob Franco, Francis Franco, — all of London, — who had 
advanced and lent to him the sum of £3,000 in certain pro- 
portions. He makes over to them 59,900 acres of land ex- 
cepting such tracts as had been already sold by Rapley, his 
attorney, and the tract secured to Rebecca Mendes Da 
Costa.i3 

On March 31, 1775, he sells to John Lesley 450 acres.^* 
On December 8, 1777, he sells to Nicholas Eveleigh 3,022 
acres.^'^ On April 13, 1778, he sells to Benjamin Mitchell 
300 acres.i*' On April 29, 1778, he sells 1,480 acres to Nicho- 
las Eveleigh.^ ^ Also another tract of 3,900 acres,^^ and a 
third tract of 1,048 acres.i» On October 6, 1779, he sells to 
John McCord 500 acres.^o On November 3, 1779, he sells 
1,013 acres to Thomas Sanders.^^ The last recorded deed is 
dated April 21, 1783, when Joseph Salvador, ''having occa- 
sion for the sum of £1,000, mortgages his plantation, ' Corn- 
acre,' of 5,160 acres, to William Stephens, of Lime Street, 
London, Packer." ^2 

In 1783 Joseph Salvador was still in London. All his 
transactions till now have been made per Richard Andrews 



" Mesne Conveyance Records, Vol. T 4, p. 1. 

"Ibid., Vol. N 7, p. 140. This deed was not recorded till August 29, 
1804, — long after Joseph Salvador's death. 
" Ibid., Vol. Z 4, p. 286. " Ibid., p. 241. 

" Ibid., Vol. Y 4, p. 236. " Ibid., p. 243. 

" Ibid., Vol. Z 4, p. 282. ^ Ibid., Vol. K 5, p. 57. 

" Ibid., Vol. Y 4, p. 238. " Ibid., Vol. N 5, p. 201. 

=" Ibid., p. 81. 



114 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Rapley, his attorney. He had been living on the money he 
obtained from the sale of his lands in South Carolina, — com- 
paratively little, in truth, — but it is pleasant to know that 
he must have had enough to live comfortably. We have ac- 
counted for every acre of his vast estate. All that is left to 
him now is a mortgaged plantation. 

In 1784, when Joseph Salvador was sixty-eight years of 
age, he came to South Carolina. On April 3, 1784, there is a 
deed recorded in Charleston of Joseph Salvador, ''now of 
Ninety Six District, ' ' revoking his former letters of attor- 
ney to Richard Andrews Rapley.^^ It is surely pathetic to 
think of a man at his time of life coming to a new world to 
seek the wreckage of his former fortune. He did not remain 
long, however, at Ninety Six, for on August 9, 1785, we find 
a power of attorney recorded from William Stephens to 
Joseph Salvador, ' ' now of Charles Town. ' ' ^^ 

Of his life and doings in Charleston we know nothing, for 
the records are silent. We should indeed like to know 
something of how he spent the last months of his life. Let 
us hope that he spent them happily. He did not live long 
after his arrival here. In The Charleston Morning Post and 
Daily Advertiser of Saturday, December 30, 1786, there is 
the following notice of his death : 

''Yesterday died, JOSEPH SALV ADORE, Esq; aged 86 years. He 
was formerly a most eminent merchant in England, being one of those 
who furnished that Government with a million of money in two hours' 
notice, during the rebellion in the year 1745; and likewise was one of 
the gi'eatest landholders in this country .''^ 



'^ Mesne Conveyance Records, Vol. K 5, p. 135. 

'' Ibid., Vol. S 5, p. 143. 

^ The Charleston records are manifestly in error in the matter of the 
age of Joseph Salvador. In The Gentleman^s Magazine for 1812, Part 1, 
there is a full genealogy of the families of Mendes and DaCosta. In 
that most interesting chapter there occurs the following entry : " Joseph" 
[Salvador] " bom 21 Jan. 1716, died at Charles-town, Carolina, 29 Dec. 



JOSEPH SALVADOR 115 

Joseph Salvador is buried in the old Da Costa burial 
ground at Hanover Street. He rests next to his friend, 
Isaac Da Costa. Here is all that is left of the inscription 
on his tombstone, the dashes showing where the edges of 
the slab are broken : 

" — cred to the memory o — 
Isurune Rodrigues other — 
— oseph Salvadore of Coron — 
Fort 96 in the Province of 
Carolina and late of Tooting 
in the Kingdom of Grate B — 
he was one of the Elders — 
of the Portugeuse Jewish — 
He likewise was F. R. S. — 
Governer of several Hos — 
He was a respectable — 
bearing misfortunes with — 
& resignation to the will of — 
Almighty God trusting in h — 
Departed this transitory lif — 
Eve of Sabath 8 of— 
5547 which answers — 
of December 1786 — 
May his soul enj — " 

Thus died this ' ' representative of generosity, kindliness, 
and courtliness," as Picciotto calls him. His will, made on 
October 7, 1782, whilst he is still in London, is recorded 
here in the Probate Court.^^ He bequeathes all his real 
estate in Great Britain or elsewhere, together with his plan- 
tations, etc., in South Carolina, to his daughters, Abigail 
Salvador, Elisebah Salvador, Sosannah, otherwise Susan- 
nah, Salvador, and William Stephens, of London, packer. 



1786, aged 70 years 11 months; and was buried in the Jew burial-ground 
there" (p. 22). Joseph Salvador would thus have been sixty-eight yeai'S 
of age when he came to South Carolina. 
■■"Book Wills, 1786-1793, pp. 66-73. 



116 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

In addition, he gives £1000 to each of the above-named 
daughters. He leaves £100 in trust to William Stephens 
to be paid to such person or persons as his daughter, Judith 
Mendes Da Costa Salvador, wife of Mr. Joshua Mendes Da 
Costa, shall appoint by note or writing, or in default of 
such direction, to herself for her own and separate use. 
He also leaves to her an annuity of £50 a year. He leaves 
to Sarah Salvador, widow of Francis Salvador, Esq., £10, 
and £100 to William Stephens. To his grandson, Jacob 
Salvador, he leaves £100, when he becomes twenty-one, and 
to his granddaughters, who may be living at the time of 
his decease, £200. He leaves £100 to the Portuguese Jews' 
Synagogue of the city of London. The residuary estate is 
to go to his daughters. ? 

In a codicil made at Charleston on November 11, 1786, he 
adds his ''worthy friend Joseph DaCosta" to the list of 
his executors. He leaves to him in trust £100 sterling 
"to pay the same to the Portuguese Congregation in the 
city of Charleston, known by the name of Beth Ek)him 
Unveh Shallom, or the House of the Lord and Mansion of 
Peace," and to Mr. Gershon Cohen £20 sterling for the 
German Jewish Congregation in the city of Charleston, 
known by the name of Beth Elohim, or House o£ the Lord.^^ 
To his clerk, Michael Hart, he leaves £100 sterling. 



'" This reference to a German- Jewish congregation in ChairUston in 
1786 is not without its difficulties. Apart from this reference in the will 
of Joseph Salvador, we know no place where such a German-Jewish con- 
gregation is mentioned. Though there are many bequests in contemporary 
wills to Beth Elohim, there is not a single one to a German- Jewish con- 
gregation. This is remarkable in view of the fact that with few exceptions 
these bequests were made by those who were not Portuguese Je%^s by birth. 
None of the contemporary writers who have referred to the Charleston 
Jewish community know of more than one congregation , and place of 
worship. Besides this, there is the fact that in the ei^l/teenth century 
the custom was not usual among the German Jews of giving names to con- 



JOSEPH SALVADOR 117 

There is another codicil added on December 27, 1786. 
Joseph Salvador is on his death-bed. He cannot sign his 
name any more, but makes his mark. It reads as follows : 
** Fifty pounds more to Mr Michael Hart, my clerk; twenty- 
five pounds to Mrs Jane Davis; twenty pounds to Mr 
Charles 'Brown and a hundred pound to Mrs Sary Da Costa, 
widow. ' ' 

The subsequent history of the Salvador estate is some- 
what uncertain. Picciotto's story of the American's visit 
to Mrs. Texeira De Mattos is probably apocryphal. It is 
strange that Joseph Salvador does not mention her in his 
will. The story is highly improbable for reasons that are 
self-evident. We know, however, that there was considera- 
ble litigation in after years about those lands, which have 
always been known as ''the Jews' lands." It is impossible 



gregations or synagogues. And if they gave such a name to a congregation 
in Charleston, would they have given the same name as that which the 
Portuguese Congregation bore? And, finally, there is no reason for the 
existence of such a congregation here in 1786. All writers have taken 
particiilar pains to emphasize the fact of the prejudice or antagonism 
that existed between the German and Portuguese Jews. There is no trace 
of such prejudice or antagonism in the history of the Jews of South 
Carolina prior to 1800. German and Portuguese Jews intennarried freely, 
and the only lines of demarcation between them were the natural dis- 
tinctions of birth and education. As a matter of fact, except at the very 
beginning of the communal hjistory of Beth Elohim, German Jews have 
always formed a decided majority. When the eight corner-stones of the 
" New Synagogue" were laid in 1792, of the eight men who laid them — 
Israel Joseph, Philip Hart, Lyon Moses, Isaac Moses, Emanuel Abrahams, 
Mark Tongues, Hart Moses, and Abraham Moses, Sr. — seven were German 
Jews, and of the Committee of Arrangements on this occasion — Daniel 
Hart, Gershon Cohen, and Moses C. hevy — all three were German Jews. 
We do not care to be dogmatic in the face of record evidence, but it 
looks as if there were some mistake here. Is " Charleston" a copyist's 
mistake for some other place ? The " Return Books" are no longer in 
existence, so that we cannot say positively. Until further evidence is 
forthcoming we must continue to doubt. 



118 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

to ascertain the details to-day, for the records of Ninety Six 
District and of its successor, Abbeville District, now Abbe- 
ville County, in which it was situated, were burnt many 
years ago.^^ 

Thus ends the singular story of the checkered career of 
a noble philanthropist. We are proud to perpetuate his 
memory and proud to think that his ashes now mingle with 
those of our own beloved dead. 



'^ The late Judge McGowan wrote an article on the subject of these 
'•' Jews' lands" many years ago, we believe, in the News and Courier. The 
reference is, unfortunately, not at hand. 




I 



I 




JACOB COHEN ('I-4I-1808 ), PRESIDENT OF THE CONGREGATION BETH ELOHIM 

IN 1790 
From an original oil-painting in the possession of J. Quintus Cohen, Esq., of New York 



lo-day , 

•essor, . 

11 it was 



AROT 



TATA 



;ly yix 
Abbe- 
many 



..~j liie singular 
1 :;ilanthropist. \. 
and proud to think tl i 
^e of our own beloved dead. 



of 
his 
ith 



an wTote an article on tiie ,suDjt>ct oi these 
ago, we believe, in the News and Courier. The 
•^nce is, unfortunately, not at hand. 



t/iHOja HT3a vtoiTAoa^ionoD 3HT io Tvi3ai83Jjq ,(8081-1^^1) naHOQ aODAI 

oq'\i VII 

•Ato / waK lo ,,pea .nsdoD aujniup .( 'io noiasaaaoq srij ni sdilaieq-Iio Isnigho ns rnoi"? 




CHAPTER K//— i783-i«oo 




HE period from the end of the Revo- 
lution to the year 1800 is interesting 
to the student, as the period of the most 
rapid growth and development in the 
history of the Jewish community in 
South Carolina. Nothing very re- 
markable happened during this period, 
nor were there any Jews here of special prominence. 
There were some Jews, however, who afterwards became 
very distinguished. Most of those who had left during the 
period of British occupation returned in 1783, or shortly 
after. The Jews had suffered in common with their neigh- 
bors, and many of them, comparatively wealthy before the 
Revolution, had to begin the battle of life over again. 
Many of them engaged in the ''vendue," or auctioneer and 
brokerage business. They seem to have possessed the con- 
fidence of the coimnunity and to have soon regained their 
former flourishing condition, a circumstance that roused 
the envy of their less successful competitors, for we find 
more than one spiteful reference to them in the Gazettes 
of this period — a sure sign of hard times.^ 

Commercially, South Carolina recovered rapidly from 
the effects of the Revolution, and in the years succeeding 
that epoch-making event there was a great influx of Jewish 



^ See, e.g., Gazette of the State of South-Carolina, Sept. 8, 1785. 

119 



120 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

population. Jews came here from everywhere — from Eng- 
land, Germany, Holland, Denmark, France, Russia, Poland, 
Cura§oa, Jamaica, St. Eustatius, St. Domingo, Newport, 
New York, and Philadelphia. In 1800, or shortly there- 
after, Charleston had the largest Jewish population in 
America. 

Communally, too, we notice a great development during 
the period under consideration. From 1750 to 1757 the 
small Congregation worshipped in a small wooden building 
in Union Street, near Queen Street. From 1757 to 1764 
they assembled for worship at 318 King Street, near Hasell 
Street, in a house "standing back in the yard." In 1764 
they purchased the old burial-ground on Coming Street 
from Isaac Da Costa.^ In the same year the Synagogue 
was removed to a building in Beresford Street, near King, 
where they remained till 1780, when they rented a lot and 
brick building in Hasell Street from Joseph Tobias. This 
building had been occupied as a cotton-gin factory, and was 
now altered and arranged as a place of worship. It was 
known as the ''Old Synagogue." This property, with an 
adjoining lot, was afterwards purchased from the estate of 
Joseph Tobias in 1792.^ This was not the site, however, 
on which the present Synagogue stands. The site of the 
"New Synagogue" was bought from Susannah Quince in 
1791.4 

In 1784 the Hebrew Benevolent Society was established 
— a society that is still in existence and carries on the be- 
neficent work of its founders.^ 



''Mesne Conveyance Records, Vol. C 3, p. 108, 

' Ibid., Vol. M 6, pp. 45 and 48. 

*Ibid., Vol. H 6, p. 98. The various sites of the buildings where the 
Congregation Beth Elohim worshipped are discussed in Shecut: Essays, 
p. 30; The Occident, Vol. 1, pp. 338-9; Year Booh, City of Charleston, 
1883, p. 302. 

° For a history of this Society see Appendix D. 



1783-1800 121 

In 1791, we are informed, the Congregation had increased 
to fifty-three families, nmnbering upwards of four hundred 
persons. In this year it became incorporated by an Act of 
the Legislature.*^ A copy of the petition for incorporation 
is still preserved.'^ The original is no longer in existence. 
It is entitled : ' ' The petition of the Wardens and Elders of 
the Jewish Congregation in Charleston, called Beth Elohim 
or House of God." 

The following account of the ^ ' New Synagogue ' ' is taken 
from the Year Book, City of Charleston, 1883, pages 306-8 : 

" In January, 1792, the Synagogue being too small for the increased 
number of members, the Congregation purchased the adjoining lot from 
the heirs of Nicholas Trott, former Chief Justice of the Province, and 
determined to erect a larger place of worship. A subscription was com- 
menced for this purpose, and the members contributed most liberally. 
The necessary amount was soon raised, proposals issued, and the contract 
made with Messrs. Steedman & Horlbeck. The building with the orna- 
mental work and cupola cost $20,000. The committee who procured the 
subscription and superintended the erection of the edifice were Messrs. 
Jacob Cohen, Gershom Cohen, and Philip Hart. To the indefatigable 
exertions of these gentlemen, who frequently advanced large sums from 
their individual purses, was the Congregation indebted for the beautiful 
building they afterwards possessed. 

" Friday, the 14th day of September, 1792, was the day appointed for 
the ceremony of laying the corner-stones of the sacred edifice. On that 
day the Congregation assembled in the ' Old Synagogue,' and after Divine 
service proceeded in procession to the spot where the new building was 
to be erected. Eight marble stones were laid — one at each corner of the 
building, and one at each corner of the porch. Each stone bore the name 
of the person laying it, also the date and an inscription in Hebrew and 
English. The first stone was placed in the East by Mr. Israel Joseph, 
and the second in the West by Mr. Philip Hart. These two gentlemen 
having contributed very generously to the building fund the Congregation 
awarded them this honor. The pri\dlege of laying the other six was dis- 
posed of at auction, privately, and was secured by the following gentle- 
men, at the annexed prices: Mr. Lyon Moses the third at £15; Mr. 



' Statutes of South Carolina, Vol. 8, pp. 161-3. 
' The Occident, Vol. 1, pp. 384-5. 



122 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Isaac Moses the fourth for £13; Mr. Emanuel Abrahams the fifth for 
£18 ; Mr. Mark Tongues the sixth for £9 6s. ; Mr. Hart Moses the sev- 
enth for £8 10s., and Mr. Abraham Moses, Sr., the eighth for £8 7s. The 
Committee of Arrangements having charge of the ceremony, in their report 
to the Vestiy speak in glowing terms of its having been ' conducted by 
the rules and regulations of the ancient and honorable fraternity of Free- 
masons.' 

" In 1794 the Synagogue was completed, and on Friday, the 19th of 
September of that year, the consecration took place, at which solemn and 
imposing ceremony Governor Moultrie, the civil and military officers of 
the State, the municipal authorities, the clergy and citizens, attended. At 
the consecration and at every succeeding anniversary the highest honors 
were awarded to Israel Joseph and Philip Hart as the principal bene- 
factors to the building, to Lyon Moses for presenting a set of beautiful 
brass chandeliers, and to Messrs. Jacob Cohen and Gershom Cohen for theii 
zeal and energy in superintending the work until its completion. In 
1799 the Congregation, at the suggestion of Mr. David Lopez, opened a 
subscription for the purpose of erecting a handsome ' ark.' The sum 
required was soon realized, and a chaste and beautiful one built, the con- 
struction of which with its rich and graceful drapery added greatly to 
the beauty of the building. 

" The ceremony of the erection of the ark was similar to that of laying 
the corner-stones of the Synagogue. Eight stones were deposited under 
each column of the ark. The one under the southwest corner contained 
the following inscription: 

" ' This marble laid under the S. W. column of the Achal of " Beth 
Elohim," on the 9th of Elul, 5550, by David Lopez, one of the committee 
under whose superintendence this Achal was planned and erected by the 
liberal contribution of the members. 

" '7w perpetuam rei memoriam.' " ' 

We must now go back a little. The Federal Government 
was established in 1789, and in 1790 the Jewish community 
of Charleston addressed the following letter of congratula- 
tion to General Washington on his elevation to the Presi- 
dency : 



* A short account of the ceremonies at the consecration of the Synagogue 
is given in The South-Carolina State Gazette of Sept. 20, 1794. 



1783-1800 123 

" Charleston, S. C, July 15th, 1790. 
"To the President of the United States: 

" Sir : We presume to divert your attention for a few moments from 
the more important matters which require it, in order to express the sincere 
desire and Lively gratitude we experience, in common with our fellow- 
citizens in your election to and acceptance of the exalted office of President 
of the United States. As soon as the Federal Government was instituted, 
the eyes of your fellow-citizens throughout the States were drawn towards 
you; their unanimous voices at once proclaimed you the most worthy 
to preside over it, and their anxious wishes awaited your consent to assume 
your proper station. The spontaneous effusions of heartfelt satisfaction 
which burst forth, the unstudied plaudits which universally and publicly 
resounded on the occasion, seemed to us to obviate the necessity of any 
particular address. But as these have been presented to you from different 
classes and sects of our fellow-citizens, as additional attestations of your 
eminent deserts, and their well-assured prospect of increasing happiness 
from your wise and virtuous administration, we are desirous even thus 
late not to appear deficient in this respect, especially as every day which 
has intervened has tended to realize what we so fondly anticipated. Vari- 
ous, extensive and invaluable are the benefits which your fellow-citizens 
have derived from the glorious revolution which, under Providence, you 
have been the principal instrument in effecting. To them it has secured 
the natural and inalienable rights of human nature — all the requisite privi- 
leges and immunities of freedom, and has placed within their reach peace, 
plenty, and the other blessings of good government. To the equal partici- 
pation and enjoyment of all these, it has raised us from the state of 
political degradation and grievous oppression to which partial, narrow, 
and illiberal policy and intolerant bigotry has reduced us in almost every 
other part of the world. Peculiar and extraordinary reason have we, 
therefore, to be attached to the free and generous Constitution of our 
respective States, and to be indebted to you, whose heroic deeds have 
contributed so much to their preservation and establishment. In a degree 
commensurate to its wise and enlarged plan, does the general government 
attract our regard, framed on principles consentaneous to those of the 
Constitution of the different States, and calculated by its energy to em- 
brace and harmonize their various interests, combine their scattered powers, 
cement their union, and prolong their duration. They have already felt 
their salutary effects. The great exploits you performed while you com- 
manded in chief the armies of the United States, during the arduous and 
perilous conflicts which purchased their freedom; the toils, fatigues and 
dangers you surmounted during that glorious warfare, entitled you to 



124 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

honorable exemption from public services, and to spend the remainder of 
your valuable life under the shade of your well-earned laurels in sage 
retirement and dignified repose, to which your truly magnanimous dis- 
position invited, and for the pure and rational enjoyment of which your 
conscious virtue fitted you. But the infancy of the Federal Government 
particularly required your fostering care, and invoked the aid of your 
virtues to animate its friends and reconcile its adversaries. The genuine 
authority which you alone possessed, which has its source in virtue, and 
is built on the sure basis of merited esteem and implicit veneration, and 
which once recognized, has more irresistible sway than arbitrary power 
itself, was requisite to launch the Federal Government on its new and 
untried voyage into the ocean, clear of rocks and quicksands, and with 
favorable gales. Your consummate prudence and firmness were necessaiy 
to trace out to your successors the courses they should steer, your example 
to enlighten, excite, and strengthen them. When laudable ambition had 
nothing more to tempt you with, when fame had wearied itself in trum- 
peting your renown; yielding to the disinterested impulses of vmiform 
protestations, and the urgent invocations of your fellow-citizens, you 
quitted your peaceful and pleasurable mansion to involve yourself in the 
cares and fatigues which now throng on you ; and you have shown yourself 
as eminently qualified to preside at the helm of government, as at the 
head of armies. While historians of this and every age shall vie with 
each other in doing justice to your character, and in adorning their pages 
with the splendor of your endowments, and of your patriotic and noble 
achievements; and while they cull and combine the various good and 
shining qualities of the Pagan and modern heroes, to display your char- 
acter, we, and our posterity, will not cease to chronicle and commemorate 
you, with Moses, Joshua, Othniel, Gideon, Samuel, David, Maccabeus, and 
other holy men of old, who were raised up by God for the deliverance of 
our nation. His people, from their oppression. May the Great Being, our 
universal Lord, continue propitioi;s to you and to the United States; 
perfect and give increase and duration of prosperity to the great empire 
which He has made you so instrumental in producing. May He grant 
you health to preside over the same, until He shall, after length of days, 
call you to eternal felicity, which will be the reward of your virtues in the 
next, as lasting glory must be in this world. 

" I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

"JACOB COHEN, 
"President Congregation 'Beth Elohim.' " 

To this letter the President made the following reply : 



1783-1800 125 

" To the Hebrew Congregation, at Charleston, S. C. : 

" Gentlemen : The liberality of sentiment toward each other, which 
marks every political and religious denomination of men in this country, 
stands unparalleled in the histoi-y of nations. 

" The affection of such a people is a treasure beyond the reach of cal- 
culation, and the repeated proofs which my fellow-citizens have given of 
their attachment to me and approbation of my doings, form the purest 
source of my temporal felicity. The affectionate expressions of your 
address again excite my gratitude and receive my warmest acknowledg- 
ment. 

" The power and goodness of the Almighty, so strongly manifested in 
the events of our late glorious revolution, and His kind interposition in 
our behalf, have been no less visible in the establishment of our present 
equal government. In war He directed the sword, and in peace He has 
ruled in our councils. My agency in both has been guided by the best 
intentions and a sense of duty I owe to my country. 

" And as my exertions have hitherto been amply rewarded by the appro- 
bation of my fellow-citizens, I shall endeavor to deserve a continuance 
of it by my future conduct. 

" May the same temporal and eternal blessings which you implore for 
me, rest upon your congregation. 

" G. WASHINGTON." 

The Charleston community likewise joined the Jewish 
Congregations of Philadelphia, New York, and Richmond 
in the following letter, to which Washington replied in the 
exact words of his letter to the Congregation at Charleston : 

"The address of the Hebrew Congregations in the cities of Philadelphia, 

New York, Bichmond, and Charleston, to the President of the United 

States : 

" Sir : It is reserved for you to unite in affection for your character 
and person every political and religious denomination of men, and in this 
will the Hebrew Congregations aforesaid yield to no class of their fellow- 
citizens. 

" We have hitherto been prevented by various circumstances peculiar 
to our situation from adding our congratulations to those which the rest 
of America have offered on your elevation to the chair of the Federal 
Government. Deign, then, illustrious sir, to accept this our homage. 

" The wonders which the Lord of Hosts hath worked in the days of 
our forefathers have taught us to observe the greatness of His wisdom 



126 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

and His might throughout the events of the late glorious Revolution; 
and, while we humble ourselves at His footstool in thanksgiving and praise 
for the blessing of His deliverance, we acknowledge you, the leader of 
American armies, as His chosen and beloved servant. But not to your 
sword alone is present happiness to be ascribed; that, indeed, opened 
the way to the reign of freedom, but never was it perfectly secure until 
your hand gave birth to the Federal Constitution and you renounced the 
joys of retirement to seal by your administration in peace what you had 
achieved in war. 

" To the Eternal God, who is thy refuge, we commit in our prayers 
the care of thy precious life; and when, full of years, thou shalt be 
gathered unto thy people, ' thy righteousness shall go before thee,' and 
we shall remember, amidst our regret, ' that the Lord hath set apart the 
godly for Himself,' whilst thy name and thy virtues will remain an indeli- 
ble memorial on our minds. 

"MANUEL JOSEPHSON. 

" For and in behalf and under the authority of the several Congrega- 
tions aforesaid. 
" Philadelphia, December 13, 1790." * 

The character of the Jewish conununity in 1790 may be 
judged by the following incident, which has been preserved 
to us in The Occident. In that year a constitutional con- 
vention was held in Columbia and in the election of dele- 
gates to that convention the Jews took an active part. 
Grateful for the assistance which the Jews had rendered 
him, one of the elected delegates sent the following commu- 
nication to the Vestry: 

" To the Vestry of the Jewish Congregation : 

" Gentlemen : I feel myself greatly obliged by the assistance I received 
from you and the members of your Congregation at the late election. If 



' The letter of the Jews of Charleston to Washington is to be found in 
the Year Book, City of Charleston, 1883, pp. 303-5. Washington's reply 
to the individual letter is printed in the Tear Book for 1884, pp. 280-1, 
and the reply to the joint letter in Wolf's The American Jew as Patriot, 
Soldier and Citizen, pp. 58-9. The original reply to the Charleston 
Congregation was probably burnt in the great fire of 1838. 



1783-1800 127 

the enclosed can serve the poor, or be of any use in any respect to the 
CongTegation, I request their acceptance of it, to be applied in any such 
manner as they shall think proper. I shall be glad of any future oppor- 
tunity of rendering any service to the Congi-egation. Your obliged and 
humble servant, 

" CHRISTOPHER KNIGHT." 

The following reply, re-enclosing the order for 50 guineas, 
was sent to Mr. Knight : 

"Mr. C. Knight: 

" Sir : Your favor of the 2Gth ultimo, with the enclosed acceptance for 
fifty guineas, has been laid before our body, for which token of esteem 
we are extremely obliged to you, but when we consider the motive that 
has induced you to offer it, consistent with the tenor of your letter, we 
cannot on any consideration think of accepting it, as it may be suggested 
at some future period that the members of our community were to be 
bought. We have, therefore, thought necessary to return it, assuring you, 
we shall entertain a deep sensibility of your good intentions. We remain 
your obedient servants, 

"JACOB COHEN, 
" President of the Congregation K. K. B. E." '" 

The Jews of South Carolina do not appear to have taken 
any very prominent part in public life during this period, 
and this is not to be wondered at. There are a few refer- 
ences, however, to Jews who held public office. Solomon 
Cohen was Postmaster in Georgetown in 1794,^^ and was 
Tax Collector in 1798.^- Abraham Cohen was Postmaster 
in Georgetown from 1797 to the time of his death in 1800.^^ 
He was the secretary of the Winyah Indigo Society in 
1798,^^ and was one of the Commissioners on Streets and 



•" The Occident, Vol. 1, pp. 339-40. 

" The South Carolina and Georgia Almanac for 1794. 

" The Georgetown Gazette, May 22, 1798. 

"Ibid., Dec. 13, 1800. The Postmasters mentioned may have occupied 
their positions prior to the dates here given, but the authoritative sources 
of reference, beyond those quoted, are not at hand. . 

" Ibid., Nov. 27, 1798. 



128 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Markets in 1799.^^ Moses Myers, of Georgetown, was 
Clerk of the Court of General Sessions and Common Pleas 
in 1798.^^ Eleazer Elizer was Postmaster in Greenville 
in 1794. Abraham Mendez Seixas was one of the magis- 
trates of the City of Charleston and Warden of the Work 
.House in 1797. He occupied this position at the time of his 
death in 1799.^'^ Dr. Levi Myers was a member of the Leg- 
islature in 1796, and prior to 1800 was appointed Apothe- 
cary-General of the State, a position that he occupied till 
his death, in 1822. 

Nor do we find many Jews in the professions during this 
period. Moses Myers, of Georgetown, was admitted to the 
Bar in 1793 — the first Jewish attorney in South Carolina.^^ 
Abraham Myers, also of Georgetown, was admitted in 
1796.^^ Dr. Sarzedas was a practising physician in Charles- 
ton in 1795 — the only Jewish physician in Charleston in his 



" The Georgetown Gazette, Feb. 20, 1799. 

" Ibid., May 22, 1798. 

" The following note, in the handwriting of his son, is taken from the 
prayer-book of Captain Abraham Seixas, in the possession of the author: 

" 9th April, '99 — Corresponding with the 4th of Nisan 5559. Departed 
this Life, my Hond. Father Abraham Mendes Seixas, Esqr. Aged 49 
years & 26 Days at 12 o'Clock in the Day (Tuesday) after an Illness of 
4 Days, during all which Time he was continually deranged in his Mind, 
at the time he Died he was Magistrate of the City & Warden of the 
Work House, Parnas Presidenta of K. K. Beth eloim and Trustee for 
the same, his Corpse was taken from the House on Wednesday after 
noon 4 o Clock, & carried to the snogar and all round the outside, while 
prayers was sung adapted to the occasion after once going round, it was 
carried in & Lodged in front, while the Kinah of Kol al le lah was sung, 
from thence to the Bet Hayim were he was Intered at 5 o Clock. A 
greater Number of People never was seen at a Funeral in Charleston 
before among our Profession my Father was Born in New York & came 
to Charleston in June 1774 which place he has resided in ever since." 

" O'Neall : Biographical Sketches of the Bench and Bar of South Caro- 
lina, Vol. 2, p. 602. 

"Ibid. 



1783-1800 



129 



day .2*' After 1800, however, the Jews of Charleston played 
a conspicuous part in art, in science, and in literature, to 
all of which they made eminent contributions. They at- 
tained considerable prominence commercially, however, 
principally in the ''vendue" business. One of these ''ven- 
due masters" has left us an advertisement, which gives us 
a good insight into the miscellaneous nature of an auction 
and brokerage business of those days. This advertisement 
is unique — there is nothing like it in the Gazettes: 



" ADVERTISEMENT. 



"ABRAHAM SEIXAS, 
All so gTaeious, 
Once again does offer 
His service pure 
For to secure 
Money in the coffer. 



" The young ones true. 
If that will do, 
May some be had of him 
To learn your trade 
They may be made 
Or bring- them to your trim. 



" He has for sale 
Some negi'oes, male, 
Will suit full well grooms. 
He has likewise 
Some of their wives 
Can make clean, dirty rooms. 



" The boatmen great, 
Will you elate 
They are so brisk and free; 
What e'er you say. 
They will obey, 
If you buy them of me. 



" For planting, too, 
He has a few 
To sell, all for the cash. 
Of various price. 
To work the rice 
Or bring them to the lash. 



"He also can 

Suit any man 

With land all o'er the State; 

A bargain, sure, 

They may procure 

If they dont stay too late. 



"His name occurs as an M.D. in a list of subscribers to The Traiteur, 
Charleston, 1795. There is an earlier mention of a Jewish physician in 
Charleston, in the Columbia records. It occurs in a " Bill of Sale of 
negroes from Nathan Levy, * pysician,' to Meyer Moses, merchant." It 
is dated April, 1772. (Columbia Records, Book PP, 1771-4, p. 193.) 



130 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

" For papers he By note or phiz, 

Will sure agree, What e'er it is 

Bond, note or publick debt; That they have got to sell 

To sell the same 

If with good name " He surely will 
And buyer can be met Try all his skill 

To sell, for more or less, 

" To such of those The articles 

As will dispose Of beaux and belles, 

He begs of them to tell ; That they to him address." '^ 

The Jewish community is now a large and prosperous 
one. It will soon be at the zenith of its greatness. It is 
already the largest, the most cultured, and the wealthiest 
Jewish community in America.^^ 



^' The South-Carolina State Gazette, Sept. 6, 1794. 

*^ The following interesting reference to the Jews of Charleston of 
this period is to be found in Winterbotham : A Historical, Geographical, 
Commercial and Philosophical View of the United States of America 
(New York, 1796), Vol. 1, p. 394: 

" The Jews in Charleston, among other peculiarities in burying their 
dead, have these: After the funeral dirge is sung, and just before the 
corpse is deposited in the grave, the coffin is opened, and a small bag 
of earth, taken from the grave, is carefully put under the head of the 
deceased; then some powder, said to be earth brought from Jerusalem, 
and carefully kept for this purpose, is taken and put upon the eyes of 
the corpse, in token of their remembrance of the Holy Land, and of 
their expectations of returning thither in God's appointed time. The 
articles of their faith are well known, and therefore need no description. 
They generally expect a glorious return to the Holy Land, when they 
shall be exalted above all the nations of the earth. And they flatter 
themselves that the period of their return will speedily arrive, though 
they do not venture to fix the precise time." 




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SH BOOK FOR THE YEAR I 8oO 
cth Klohim, recovered by the author 




CHAPTER F///— 1800-1824 




EFORE discussing this most interest- 
ing period in the history of the Jews 
of South Carolina, it would be well to 
glance at the Jews of the United States 
in the year 1800. 

At the beginning of the nineteenth 
century there were only a few, small, 
scattered communities of Jews in the United States. The 
total Jewish population did not exceed, if indeed it repre- 
sented, a total of 2,500 souls, though there are writers 
who have made a somewhat higher estimate of the Jewish 
population of that period. There was the Congregation 
Shearith Israel, of New York, the oldest of them all. Then 
there was the Congregation Yeshuat Israel, of Newport, 
R. L, or whajt was left of it — for most of the Jewish popu- 
lation had departed with the decadence of its commerce 
after the Revolution. There was the small Mickveh Israel 
Congregation, of Savannah, and the Congregation that bore 
the same name at Philadelphia. There was the Beth Sha- 
lome Congregation of Richmond, Va., and possibly a small 
Congregation at Lancaster, Pa. And, finally, there was the 
largest community of all — K. K. Beth Elohim of Charles- 
ton, S. C. We are fortunately to-day in possession of the 
records of this last Congregation, recovered by a peculiar 
accident in the summer of 1902. Without these records, 

131 



132 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

this wondrously interesting chapter could not have been 
completely written.^ 

First, then, as to the conunnnity itself. In the year 1800 
there were, in round numbers, about one hundred Jewish 
heads of families in Charleston. The total number of Jew- 
ish souls was about five hundred. There were also a few 
Jews scattered through the State, notably in Jacksonbor- 
ough, Pon Pon, Camden, Georgetown, Beaufort, and Black 
Mingo. By 1824 their number was considerably increased. 

During this period the Jews were to be found in every 
branch of trade and commerce. They were principally mer- 
chants, store-keepers, shop-keepers, vendue-masters, brok- 
ers, and auctioneers. They were likewise well represented 
in the arts and professions. In public life, too, their influ- 
ence was considerable. 

The following is a fairly complete Directory of the Jews 
of South Carolina for 1800-1824:2 

Aaron, ^olomon (1800). Abendanone, Jacob.^ 
Aarons, Moses (1811). " , Joseph (1800). 

Abendanone, David (1800). Abrahams, Abraham, 

, Hyam (1801). " , " S.* 



^ See Elzas : A History of Congregation Beth Elohim, of Charleston, 
S. C, 1800-1810. Compiled from Recently Discovered Records. (Charles- 
ton, S. C, 1902.) 

^ This Directory is compiled from newspaper files, synagogue archives, 
directories, and almanacs scattered in public and private libraries in this 
State, many of which are exceedingly rare and inaccessible to the public. 
Tliere are many doubtful names in the records. Only such names have 
been included as could positively be identified through the many sources 
of information now available. Names which are manifestly those of 
transients have been excluded. The dates in brackets are the years in 
which these names are first found in the records of Beth Elohim. It 
will be observed that practically every Jew who lived in Charleston was 
a contributor to the Congregation. The Synagogue compelled every Jew 
to support it, under the severest penalties. (See Constitution of 1820, 
§12.) 

' Directory for 1809. " Ibid. Edisto. 



1800-1824 



133 



Abrahams, Elias (1814). 
" , Emanuel (1802). 
" , Hyam (1802). 
" , Hyman. 

, Isaac (1800). 
" , Israel. 

, Jacob (1800). 
" , Levy J." 
" , Moses (1800). 
" , Samuel." 
Abrams, Moise (1800). 
Aguilar, Joseph (1804). 
Albergo, Judah (1800). 
" , Moses (1801). 
Alexander, Abraham (1800). 
" , " , Jr. (1800). 
« , Alexander (1818). 
" , Judah (1800). 
" , Moses (1800). 
Amesquita, R. D. (1811). 
Aronson, Woolf (1800). 
Audler, E. (1814). 
" , Myer (1817). 
" , Sol. (1823). 
Azevedo, B. C. D'. (1805). 
" , Isaac D'. (1800). 
" , M. Cohen D'. (1819). 
Azuby, Abraham (1800). 
Barnard, Alexander (1806). 
Barnet, Barnet (1801). 
" , Moses (1818). 
Barrett, Abraham (1803). 
" , Isaac (1814). 
" , Jacob (1818). 
" , Judah (1802). 
Benjamin, Philip (1823). 
Bernard, M. 

' Directory for 1809. 
° Ibid. Edisto. 
' Georgetown. 



Bramson, Jacob (1823). 
Brandon, David (1805). 
Buley, Jacob (1806). 
Canter, Abraham (1801). 
" , Benjamin (1802). 
" , David (1800). 
" , Emanuel (1800). 
" , Isaac (1800). 
" , Jacob (1800). 
" , John (1802). 
" , Jonathan (1800). 
" , Joshua (1800). 
Cantor, David (1800). 
" , Jacob (1800). 
Cardozo, David (1800). 
" , Isaac N (1818). 
" , Jacob N. (1807). 
Carvalho, D. N. (1811). 

" , E. N. D. (1807). 
Cohen, Abraham (1800).' 
" (1810).' 

" , Jr. (1800). 
" A. (1823). 
Barnard (1800). 

" , Jr. (1819). 
Barnet (1802). 
Benjamin (1801). 
Esdaile P. (1825). 
Gershon (1800). 
" (1807).' 
Hartwig (1815). 
Henry (1800). 
Hyam (1807). 
Isaac (1814)." 

" S. (1823). 
Isdel (1818). 
Jacob (1800). 

Edisto. 

Son of Philip Cohen. 
" Beaufort. 



134 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 



Cohen, Jacob, Jr. (1802). 
" (1818)." 
" D. (1809). 
" I. (1806). 
John." 

Jonas (1818). 
Joseph (1801). 
Judah (1823). 
Lewin (1818)." 
Lewis (1818). 
Mordeeai (1800). 

S. (1809). 
Moses (1800). 
Myer M. 

Nathaniel (1823)." 
Philip (1800). 
Samuel (1804). 
Solomon (1800)." 
" Jr. (1800). 
" I. (1803). 
Wolf (1803). 
Coleman, Benjamin." 

" , Sylvester (1804). 
Corre, Jacob (1805). 
Cortissoz, Emanuel (1819). 
Da Costa, Aaron (1802). 
" , Isaac (1800). 
" , Joseph." 
Daniels, Henry (1818). 
Davega, David.^^ 
" , Isaac (1818). 
" , Moses (1803). 



David, Jacob." 
Davis, Davis (1805). 
" , George (1818). 
" , H. (1823). 
" , Israel (1800). 
"• , Moses (1814). 
De Jongh, J. 
De La Motta, Emanuel (1800). 

, Jacob (1811). 
De Leon, Abraham (1811). 
" , Jacob (1800). 
" , M. H. (1814). 
De Lieben, Israel (1800). 
De Lyon, Isaac (1802). 
De Pass, Abraham.^" 
" , Jacob (1823). 
" , Joseph (1808). 
" , Ralph (1800). 
De Young, M. H. (1819). 
Elizer, Eleazer (1800). 
" , EUsha.-'' 
" , Isaac (1800). 
Ellis, Myer (1818). 
Emanuel, Emanuel (1800). 
" , Isaac (1806). 
" , Michael (1801). 
" , Nathan (1803). 
Emsden, August (1818)." 
Etting, Elkan (1801). 
Ezekiel, Emanuel (1818).'' 
riorance, Jacob (1819). 
« , Levy (1811). 



Directory for 1806. 
' Georgetown. 
Directory for 1806. 



" Columbia. 

"Directory for 1813. 

" Georgetown. 

"Directory for 1802. 

^^ Cheraw. Buried Charleston Cemetery. 

'* Directory for 1807. '' Directory for 1806. 

^^ Directory for 1802. "' Georgetown. 

** Killer of cattle for the Congregation Beth Elohim. 



1800-1824 



135 



Florance, Lewis (1818). 
" , Zachariah (1802). 

Frideburg, (1807). 

Goldsmith, Abraham (1802), 
« , Isaac (1803). 
« , I. M. (1809). 
« , Morris (1810). 
" , Moses (1802). 
« , Richard (1818). 
" , Samuel (1804). 
" , Solomon (1804). 
Gomez, Elias (1802). 
" , Isaac D. C. (1805). 
" , Jacob (1800). 
" , Lewis.*" 
" , P. H." 
Goodman, M., Dr. (1805). 
Green, David (1818). 
Harby, G. W. (1820). 
" , Isaac (1806). 
« , Solomon (1803). 
Harris, Andrew (1800). 
" , Hyam (1800). 
" , Jacob (1800). 
" , " , Jr. (1800). 
^" , Moses (1800). 
Hart, Daniel (1800). 
" , Henry (1801). 
" , Joseph (1802). 
" , Leo (1804). 
" , Levi (1812). 
" , Mathias (1803). 
" , Moses (1811). 
" , Naphthaly (1801). 
" , Nathan (1802). 
" , Simon M. (1800). 
" , Solomon (1803). 
Henry, Barnard (1807). 

"Directory for 1803. 
" Directory for 1802. 



Henry, Jacob (1823).'" 

" , Joel (1809). 

" , Maurice L. (1801)." 
Hertz, Alexander (1804). 

" , H. M. (1802). 

" , Jacob (1809). 
Heydenfeld, Jacob (1808). 
Hunt, Solomon (1823). 
Hyam, Daniel (1818). 
Hyams, David (1800). 

" , Henry (1814). 

" , Isaac (1808). 

" , Mordecai (1812). 

" , M. K. (1822). 

" , Samuel (1800). 

" , Solomon (1800). 
Hyman, B. (1823). 
Isaacks, Abraham (1802). 

" , " , Jr. (1800). 

" , A. M. (1800). 

" , Michael (1819). 

" , Sampson (1804). 

" , Solomon (1803). 
Jackson, Montagu (1811). 
Jacobs, Abraham (1800). 

" , Barnard (1800). 

" , Fisher (1823). 

" , Hyam (1800). 

" , Hyman (1802). 

" , Jacob (1806). 

" , Levi (1818). 

" , Moses (1823). 

" , Myer (1811). 

" , Samuel (1805). 
Jones, Abraham (1800). 

" , Samuel (1800). 
Joseph, A. (1811). 

" , Barnet (1802). 

''Directory for 1806. 

" Living in Georgetown in 1812. 



136 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 



Joseph, Daniel M. (1818). 
" , Henry (1818).^ 
" , Isaac (1818). 
" , Israel (1800). 
" , Joseph (1800).=* 
" , Lazarus (1802). 
" , Levy (1810). 
" , Lizer (1800).'" 
" , Moses (1818). 
" , Samuel (1802). 
" , Sol. M. (1800). 
Judah, Jacob (1800). 
Labat, A. C' 

" , David (1800). 
" , Isaac C. 
Lazarus, Aaron (1800). 
Benj. D. (1823). 
Henry (1814). 
Isaac (1804). 
Jacob (1805). 
" , Jr. (1814). 
" B. (1823). 
Joseph (1803). 
Joshua (1823). 
Marks (1800). 
Michael (1811). 
Moses L. (1818). 
Simon (1800). 
Lee, Joseph (1818). 

Lemmon, (1823). 

Levin, Emanuel (1819). 
" , Lewis (1808). 
" , " , Jr. (1818). 
Levy, Abraham (1811). 
" , " L. (1818). 



Levy, Barnard (1818). 

" , Chapman (1819).'' 

" , David (1801). 

" , Eleazer.'' 

" , EUas (1814). 

" , Emanuel (1800). 

" , George (1818). 

" , Hart (1800). 

" , Hayman (1818)." 

" , Jacob (1800). 

" , " C. (1811) . 

" , " L. (1814). 

" , Jonas J. (1818). 

" , Judah B. (1818). 

" , Lyon (1800). 

" , Mordecai (1809). 

" , Moses (1805). 

" , " C. (1800). 

" , Nathan (1800). 

" , Reuben (1800). 

" , Samuel (1801). 

" , Sam. L. (1818).'' 

" , Simon (1802). 

" , Solomon (1803). 

" , " , Jr. (1803). 

" , Uriah (1823). 

" , Zachariah (1800). 
Lewis, David (1804). 
Lindo, Charles (1818). 
Lipman, A. (1810). 
Lobell, Moses (1803). 

Loevenstein, (1818). 

Lopez, Aaron (1800). 
" , Abraham (1800). 
" , David (1800). 



^ Georgetown. 
''Georgetown in 1823. 
'" Georgetown. 
"Directory for 1816. 



Camden. 

Directory for 1803. 

Camden. 

Columbia. 



1800-1824 



137 



Lopez, John.'" 

" , Joseph (1804). 

" , Moses (1819). 

" , Samuel (1800). 
Lyon, Isaac (1805)." 

" , Joseph (1818). 

" , Levy (1804). 

" , Mordecai (1800). 

" , Moses (1806). 

" , Solomon D. (1809). 

" , William (1818)."" 
Lyons, Isaac (1815). 

" , Jacob (1823). 

" , Joseph (1818). 
Mairs, Levy (1823). 

" , Simon (1803). 
Manheim, Israel (1801). 

, Sol. (1800). 
Marchand, Levy (1819). 
Marks, Alexander (1804). 

" , Elias.'" 

" , Hyam (1800). 

" , Humphrey (1802). 

" , Joseph.*" 

" , Mark (1804). 

" , Solomon (1805). 

" , S. M. (1800). 
Massias, Abraham (1804). 
" , A. A. (1819). 
" , Sol. H. (1802). 
Melhado, Benjamin (1800). 
" , David (1801). 
" , Emanuel (1803). 
Mendez, Aaron (1802). 
Moise, Aaron (1800). 



Moise, Aaron, Jr. (1818). 
" , Abraham (1823). 

" , " ,Jr. 

" , Benjamin (1805). 

« , Cherry (1800). 

" , Hyam (1802). 

" , Isaac (1823). 

" , Jacob (1818). 
Monsanta, M. R. (1805). 

" , Rodrigues (1804). 
Morales, Jacob (1800). 
Mordecai, David (1801). 
" , Goodman (1809). 
" , Isaac (1823). 
" , Jacob. 
" , Joseph. 
" , Noah (1810). 
Morley, N. (1810). 
Morris, Aaron (1811). 

" , Henry (1802). 

" , Simpson (1809). 
Morse, Solomon (1818). 
Moses, Abraham (1800). 

" , " , Jr. (1814). 

" , Andrew (1810). 

" , Chapman (1805). 

" , David (1804). 

" , Daniel L. (1815). 

" , Fishel (1803). 

" , Franklin J. 

" , Hart, Jr. (1818). 

" , Henry (1803). 

" , Isaac (1800). 

" , " , Jr. (1800). 

" , " C. (1802). 



'"Directory for 1809. 

" The distinction between Lyon and Lyons is not always clearly made 
in the records of Beth Elohim. 
""Pineville. '"Directory for 1802. 

''Directory for 1816. 



138 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 



Moses 


Isaiah (1800). 


Nathan, Henry (1812). 


« 


" , Jr. (1804). 


" , Isaiah (1819). 


u 


Israel (1806). 


" , Moses." 


(I 


J. C.*^ 


" , Nathan (1803). 


ti 


Joseph (1802). 


" , Solomon (1800). 


t( 


Levy (1803). 


Nettling, Solomon (1802). 


11 


Lyon (1800). 


Noah, Mordecai (1811). 


ti 


Moses L. (1818). 


" , Uriah (1811). 


ti 


Myer (1800). 


Offen, Jacobus V. (1810). 


u 


Philip (1818). 


Oppenheim, H. W. (1823). 


i( 


Reuben (1818). 


Ottolengui, Abraham (1808). 


u 


Simon. 


Peixotto, S. C. (1819). 


u 


Solomon (1800). 


Perrera, Jacob (1800). 


li 


" , Jr. (1808). 


Phillips, Aaron (1809)." 


Moss, 


Joseph (1823). 


" , Abraham (1809). 


Motta 


Isaac (1800). 


" , Benjamin (1800). 


u 


, Judah A. (1802). 


" , " L (1819). 


Myers 


, Abraham (1801). 


" , David (1800). 


u 


, Israel (1800). 


" , Jacob (1808). 


(( 


, Jacob (1801). 


" , Philip (1818). 


u 


, Levi (1805)." 


" , Solomon (1803). 


(I 


, Lewis (1802). 


Pinto, David (1808). 


it 


, Michael (1801). 


Pollock, Joseph (1823). 


u 


, Mordecai (1804). 


" , Levy (1809). 


ti 


, Moses (1801)." 


" , Solomon.*" 


ti 


, Samuel (1800). 


Pool, Isaac (1800). 


il 


, Solomon (1801)." 


Rees, (1819). 


Naar, 


Moise (1801), 


Ricardo, Benjamin (1800). 


ti 


Mordecai." 


" , Joseph (1801). 


Natha 


a, A. M. (1804)." 


" , Ralph (1802). 


(( 


, David (1800). 


Riverra, Abraham R. (1801). 



"Directory for 1818. 

^Georgetown in 1805 and Charleston in 1814. 
*' Georgetown. "Directory for 1802. 

" Georgetown. 

** The names Nathan and Nathans are not kept distinct in the records 
of Beth Elohim. 

"Directory for 1816. '"Directory for 1802. 

''' Beaufort in 1812. 



1800-1824 



139 



Kodrigues, Abraham (1800). 
" , Moise.'" 
" , Theodore. 
Russel, Moses (1818). 
" , Samuel (1802). 
" , Solomon (1801). 
Sacedote, Joseph C. (1818). 
Salamon, Levy (1805). 
" , Lewis." 
" , Salamon." 
Sampson, Elias (1805). 
" , Heniy (1819). 
" , Joseph (1818). 
" , Michael (1805). 
" , Sami;el (1823). 
Samuel, Hyman."' 

" , Joshua (1810). 
Sarzedas, David." 

" , " , Jr." 
Sasportas, Abraham (1800). 
Seixas, Isaac M. (1800). 
" , Jacob (1823). 

Simon, Michael (1805). 
Simons, Israel (1801). 

" , Montague (1800). 

" , Moses (1800). 

" , Sampson (1800). 

" , Samuel (1800). 
Simpson, Jacob (1823). 

" , Michael (1806). 



Sirqui, Joseph (1804). 
Slowman, Abraham (1819). 
Solomon, Aaron (1809). 
« , Abraham (1818). 
" , Israel (1818).°' 
" , Lewis (1818). 
Solomons, Alexander (1802). 
" , Benjamin (1802). 
" , Chapman (1802). 
" , Hart (1804). 
" , Israel (1800). 

, Joseph (1800). 
" , Judah. 

, Levy (1800). 
" , Mark (1805). 
" , Nathan (1802). 
" , Sampson (1819)." 
" , Solomon (1805). 
Spitz, L A. (1818). 
Suares, David I. (1801). 
" , Isaac (1804). 
" , Jacob (1800). 
" , " , Jr. (1809). 
" , " L (1800). 
Tobias, Abraham (1811). 
" , Isaac (1800). 
" , Jacob (1800). 
" , Joseph (1800). 
Tongue, Abraham (1802). 
Torres, Abraham (1801). 



""Directory for 1806. 

" Ibid. 

°' Ibid. The names Salaman, Solomon, and Solomons are not differen- 
tiated in the records of Beth Elohim. 

''Directory for 1806. 

"Directory for 1816. 

"Georgetown. The distinction between Solomon and Solomons is not 
carefully made in the records of Beth Elohim, nor is the author able to 
distinguish between these names. 

'" Georgetown. 



140 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Valance, Moses (1801). Waterman, S. A. (1823). 

Valentine, Abraham 0. Weissenberger, (1818). 

" , Samuel (1823). Woolf, Isaac (1806). 

Waage, Mordecai G. (1802). Zemach, Abraham (1801). 
Warner, William (1819). 



Of this large and flourishing community most of its mem- 
bers, as we have already stated, followed commercial pur- 
suits. A more than ordinarily large percentage, however, 
found scope for their efforts in fields outside of commerce. 
The following brief and necessarily incomplete notes will 
furnish an idea of their multifarious activities during this 
period. 

Myer Moses was a member of the Legislature in 1810. 
Chapman Levy, of Camden, represented Kershaw in 1812, 
and was Senator from Kershaw in 1818. 

Joshua Canter and John Canter were portrait and min- 
iature painters. 

Joshua Canter came to Charleston from Denmark in 
1792. He had received his education as an artist under a 
professor of the academy at Copenhagen. He painted and 
taught drawing for many years in Charleston. He was 
here as late as 1822. ''He was devotedly attached to the 
art, and possessed talents which, under more favoring cir- 
cumstances, and with that professional competition which 
he did not find at that time in South Carolina, might have 
raised him to a higher standing among artists than he actu- 
ally enjoyed. He died in New York. ' ' ^^ 

John Canter (1782-1823) was likewise a portrait and min- 



" Dunlap : History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in 
the United States, Vol. 1, pp. 426-7. 

" He made great exertions to create a correct taste in drawing among 
our citizens, in which he succeeded. His productions possess consider- 
able merit." — Mills: Statistics of South Carolina, p. 466. 



1800-1824 141 

iature painter who attained considerable distinction. He 
was also a well-known drawing teacher.^^ 

David Sarzedas, Sr,, had been practising as a physician 
in Charleston since 1795. He was still practising in 1822; 
Isaac Da Costa was a physician in 1809; Dr. Levi Myers 
removed to Charleston from Georgetown in 1812, and after 
practising there for some time returned to Georgetown; 
Jacob De La Motta, who afterwards became very distin- 
guished, was a physician in 1810, and Abraham De Leon, 
who afterwards settled in Camden, was practising in 
Charleston in 1813. Zachariah Florance was a dentist in 
1802. 

Moses Myers, of Georgetown, was Clerk of the Court of 
General Sessions and Common Pleas from 1800 to 1817. 
He was Prothonotary of Georgetown in 1806; Chapman 
Levy, of Camden, was admitted to the Bar in Columbia in 
1806; Abraham Moi'se, afterwards a distinguished lawyer, 
was admitted in Charleston in 1822, and Solomon Cohen 
at Columbia in 1823. 

Eleazer Elizer was a Notary Public in 1803. He was the 
compiler of the Charleston Directory for that year. He 
was a Justice of the Peace in 1813 ; Lyon Levy was a Jus- 
tice Q. U. in 1806; Isaac C. Moses was a Justice of the 
Peace in 1819, and Moses K. Hyams in 1823. 

Isaac Harby, dramatist, critic, and journalist, had done 
his best work and had almost completed his career during 
this period; Mordecai M. Noah, romantic dreamer and ''the 
most graceful paragraphist in the United States," had 
begun his public career as an editor of a paper in Charles- 
ton ; ^^ Jacob N. Cardozo was editing The Southern Patriot, 

** Sheeut : Medical and Philosophical Essays, pp. 53-4. 

^ For the romantic career of this remarkable mau see Wolf : Mordecai 
Manuel Noah — A Biographical Sketch. (Philadelphia, 1897.) See also 
The Asmonean, March 28, 1851. Some interesting stories are told about 
him in The Jewish Messenger for June 25, 1897. Mr. G. A. Kohut has 



142 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

and was already an acknowledged authority on statistics, 
banking, and political economy. 

Abraham Jacobs was a tutor in 1804; Abraham Otto- 
lengui, afterwards a prominent merchant, started his career 
as a teacher in 1807, and Abraham Tongue was a school- 
master in the same year; Isaac Harby taught school in 
1809; Mrs. R. J. Ricardo conducted a school of music in 
1810; David Cardozo was a free school teacher in 1812, 
and master of Free School No. 1 in 1813 ; Myer M. Cohen 
established his '^ Academy" in 1824, and the distinguished 
Elias Marks founded his famous "Columbia Female Acad- 
emy" about the same time. 

Dr. Levi Myers was Apothecary-General of the State 
throughout this period to the time of his death in 1822; 
Lyon Levy was clerk to the State Treasurer in 1806, Dep- 
uty State Treasurer in 1813, and State Treasurer from 
1817 to 1822. 

Lizar Joseph was Coroner for Georgetown in 1821. 

Lewis Gomez was Turnkey of the jail in 1802, and J. M. 
Seixas, Master of the Workhouse in the same year ; Moses 
Solomon was a Constable in 1802, Nathan Hart in 1821, and 
Solomon Moses in 1822; Samuel Hyams was Crier of the 
Court in 1816 and Keeper of the Jail in 1822 ; Morris Gold- 
smith was Deputy Marshal in 1819 ; Henry Goldsmith was 
Deputy Registrar in Equity in 1822; Elisha Elizer was 
City Deputy Sheriff of Charleston in 1806, and Mark Marks 
and Solomon Moses, Jr., Deputy Sheriffs in 1822. 



published a most interesting literary autobiography of him in Publica- 
tions of the American Jewish Historical Society, No. 6, pp. 113-121. In 
No. 11 of the Publications, pp. 131-7, G. Herbert Cone, Esq., publishes 
some " New Matter relating to Mordecai M. Noah." See finally Daly : 
Settlement of the Jews in North America, pp. 96 et seq., and Morals: 
Eminent Israelites of the Nineteenth Century, pp. 255-258. There is a 
notice of his appointment as Consul at Tunis in the City Gazette of 
March 29, 1813. 



1800-1824 143 

Abraham Alexander was a clerk in the Charleston Cus- 
tom House in 1802, and Auditor in 1809; David Cardozo 
was Lumber Measurer in 1802 and for more than twenty 
years afterwards; Israel Myers was Import Inspector in 
1802. 

Jacob Cantor was an interpreter and translator of lan- 
guages in 1802 ; so was S. H. Massias ; Isaac Cardozo was 
an accountant in 1813; so was Abraham Tobias in 1822, 
who afterwards became a prominent merchant. Manning 
Cantor was a comedian. 

Isaac Lyons, Isaiah Moses, Barnet A. Cohen, and Morde- 
cai Cohen were planters. 

Myer Moses was a member of the ''South Carolina 
Society for the Promotion of Domestic Arts and Manu- 
factories" in 1809. He was a Commissioner of Free 
Schools in 1811,^*^ a Director of the Planters and Me- 
chanics' Bank in 1811, he was one of "a Committee of 
Twenty-one for Adding to the Defences of the City" in 
1813, and a Commissioner of Public Schools in 1823. 

Solomon Cohen was a director of the Bank of the State of 
South Carolina, in Georgetown, in 1819. 

Philip Cohen was a member of the Board of Health from 
1819 to 1823 ; Mordecai Cohen was a Commissioner of the 
Poor House from 1811 to 1818, a Commissioner of Streets 
and Lamps in 1817, a member of the Board of Health in 
1819, and a Commissioner of Markets from 1819 to 1823. 

In military affairs — as in every other period of the his- 
tory of South Carolina — the Jews played a not unimportant 
part. Myer Moses was a captain in the 1st Battalion of 



^ Not " Commissioner of Education," as stated in The Jewish Encyclo- 
ptsdia, art. " Charleston." There was no such office in existence at the 
time. Nor was he, as stated in that article, one of the first Commis- 
sioners. This office had been in existence for over a hundred years before 
he was elected to it. The writer of the article is in utter confusion con- 
cerning the personality of this Myer Moses. 



144 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

South Carolina Volunteers in 1809 — afterwards promoted 
to major. Philip Cohen was lieutenant in the same com- 
pany, and Solomon I. Cohen, ensign; J. C. Levy was sec- 
retary of the Charleston Riflemen from 1811 to 1813 ; Elias 
Levy was 2d lieutenant of the Charleston Neck Rangers 
in 1822.«i In the War of 1812 Jacob De La Motta served 
as surgeon in the regular army;®^ Abraham De Leon 
served as surgeon's mate;*^^ Abraham A. Massias was a 
captain — promoted to major in 1814.®^ Hyam Cohen was 
commissioned 2d lieutenant of Rifles in 1812 and was pro- 
moted to 1st lieutenant of the 1st Rifle Regiment in 1814.^^ 
Levi Charles Harby was a midshipman in 1807, in the 
United States Navy, and was captured by the British 
during the war.^^ Myer Moses was a captain of militia 
in this war; so was Chapman Levy, of Camden.^^ Jacob 
Cohen enlisted at Savannah, Ga., on January 22, 1815, and 
served as a private in Captain William F. Bullett's com- 
pany of the Georgia militia.*^^ 

In Freemasonry the Jews of South Carolina have always 
taken a prominent part. We have seen Isaac Da Costa a 
member of a Masonic lodge in Charleston in 1753. We have 
seen, likewise, that he established the "Sublime Grand 
Lodge of Perfection" in that city in 1783. In an old volume 
of minutes, kept in French, of La Candeur Lodge, dated 
1798, there are no less than twelve Jews whose names are 
inscribed as visitors during that year.^^ The Supreme 

"^ These data are compiled from newspaper files and almanacs in the 
Charleston Library. 

"Heitman: Historical Register (1789-1903), p. 365. 

"" Ibid., p. 366. ■" Ibid., p. 696. 

■^ Ibid., p. 315. 

**Wolf : The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen, p. 83. 

"' O'Neall : Bench and Bar, Vol. 2, p. 282. 

"^ Taken from a " Military Declaration" on file in Washington. 

"^ Minutes of La Candeur Lodge. — Collections of the Home of the Tem- 
ple, Washingion, D. C. 



1800-1824 145 

Council of the Thirty-third Degree for the United States of 
America, Scottish Rite Masonry, originated in Charleston 
in ISOIJ^ The first Register of the Supreme Council, sent 
out in 1802, included among its officers and members: 
Emanuel De La Motta, Treasurer-General of the Holy 
Empire; Abraham Alexander, Secretary-General of the 
Holy Empire ; Israel De Lieben and Moses C. Levy, Grand 
Inspectors-General. In 1806 Lodge No. 9 was a Jewish 
lodge. Emanuel De La Motta was Worshipful Master; 
David Brandon, Senior Warden; Samuel Hyams, Junior 
Warden ; Cherry Moise, Treasurer, and M. L. Henry, Sec- 
retary.'^^ David Labat was Treasurer of Lodge No. 45, a 
French lodge — La Reunion Frangaise. Isaac Canter was 
Secretary of the Grand Lodge, Israel De Lieben Hospitaller 
Brother, and David Labat Tyler. 

So much, then, for the record of the Jews of South Caro- 
lina commercially, professionally, politically, and socially. 
It is in truth a remarkable record. The Jewish community 
is now at its zenith.'^^ 



'" For a history of Scottish Rite Masoniy see Richardson : Centennial 
Address. (Washington, D. C, 1901.) See also Allocution of the Acting 
Grand Commander, etc. (Washinglon, D, C, 1901.) 

" This lodge is now known as Friendship Lodge, No. 9. 

" The following are two interesting references in the literature to the 
Jews of Charleston at this period: 

" The Jews of Charleston enjoy equal literary advantages with the 
other members of the commuuit3^ Most of the parents being rich, the 
prejudice is here despised which confines the important object of educa- 
tion to the tenets of religion; and the Hebrews can boast of several 
men of talents and learning among them. Those Jewish children who 
are intended for professions receive a handsome classical education. There 
is now in the city an academy, where the French, Italian, Latin, and 
Greek languages are taught, together with other branches of learning. 
The Rev. Carvalho, mentioned above, also teaches the Hebrew and Span- 
ish languages." — From a letter written by Mr. Philip Cohen, a merchant 
in Charleston in 1811, and printed in Hannah Adams's History of the 
Jews, p. 465 (Boston, 1818). 



146 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Not less interesting and equally remarkable is the story 
of the religious development of the Jews of South Carolina 
during this period, for it was during this period that those 
events were gradually shaping themselves which were later 
to exercise an enormous influence upon the evolution of 
American Judaism, an influence that has hitherto not been 
sufficiently recognized — if, indeed, it has been recognized 
at all. It was in Charleston, in 1824, that the first great 
intellectual movement was born among the Jews of Amer- 
ica. This movement will be the object of our next consider- 
ation. 



" In the province of South Carolina, especially in Charles Town, there 
were, as my friend Leo de Blogg wrote me in 1816, very many Jewish 
scholars who especially devoted their attention to the teaching of the 
Hebrew language. Their former Rabbi was called Carvalo, formerly a 
teacher in the Jewish school at New York. This man was very active 
and organized a school where instruction was given in Latin, French, 
English, and Spanish, besides Hebrew." — Sol. Ephr. Blogg: ^dificium 
Salomonis (Hanover, 1831). 




CHAPTER /^— THE REFORMED SOCIETY OF 

ISRAELITES 




E have discussed at length the per- 
sonnel of the Jewish community in 
Charleston during the first quarter 
of the nineteenth century. We re- 
peat here the statement that at the 
beginning of the nineteenth century 
the Jewish community of Charles- 
ton was the largest, the most cul- 
tured, and the wealthiest Jewish community in America — 
a statement that is not without bearing upon the subject of 
our present study. 

To understand the historical development of Judaism in 
South Carolina we must remember that Beth Elohim of 
Charleston was practically an offshoot of the old Spanish 
and Portuguese Jewish community of Bevis Marks, Lon- 
don. True, in 1800 the Portuguese Jews in Charleston were 
already in a minority, but Bevis Marks had left its imprint 
on the synagogue so indelibly that for nearly half a century 
thereafter the ritual followed was that of the Portuguese 
communities *'as practised in London and Amsterdam." 

Let us now try to get a glimpse of the Charleston com- 
munity ecclesiastically in the year 1800. "We can give no 
better picture of it than that furnished by an English writer 
of the parent community in a series of articles which he 
contributed to The [London] Jewish Chronicle of Decem- 

147 



148 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

ber 28, 1900, and January 4, 1901, entitled, ''A Hundred 
Years Ago. ' ' Here is what he has to tell of it : 

" The Jews were strictly orthodox. * * * Members of congregations 
were ruled with a rod of iron. The most venial offence was punished 
with a fine, failure to pay which might be visited with severer penalties 
still. Members were frequently called before the Kahal [congregation] 
and made to explain their conduct or apologize for it. * * * In Bevis 
Marks the government was far more autocratic than in the German con- 
gregation and it is an oft-told tale how the tyrannous character of their 
Ascamot [by-laws] had the effect of driving Isaac D'Israeli and many 
another from the fold of the community. Among the Portuguese the 
penalty for establishing or even attending a Minyan [assembly for prayer] 
within the city of London and its suburbs, except during the week of 
mourning, was excommunication. Anyone even knowing of such a meet- 
ing and not informing the Mahamad [Board of Elders] of it, was liable 
to the same penalty. And as late as the year 1822 a gentleman was 
visited with the utmost rigors of the law because he ventured to have 
a Minyan at his house on the first night of Pentecost, followed by prayers 
in the early morning. He and his fellow-worshippers were deprived of 
their seats in synagogue, their names were erased from the list of Yehidim 
[voting members], they were relegated to certain places at the back of 
the reading desk, disqualified from being called up to the law, declared 
ineligible for two years for any pious duties, and finally fines of £40 
and £20 respectively were inflicted upon them. * * * It was a punish- 
able offence to offend the President, to stir up public opinion against 
the action of the Elders or the Mahamad, to strike a person either in the 
synagogue or the court-yard, to strike or insult anyone in the burial- 
ground or its precincts. * * * Such offences were variously punished 
by fine or deprivation of rights. * * * Anyone openly desecrating the 
Sabbath ceased to be a Yahid. A person who married out of the faith 
was excluded from being a Yahid and from all the offices and honors of 
the synagogue. * * * Then there was a whole system of fines in vogue, 
for refusing to accept office, for refusing to be called up, for not attend- 
ing synagogue when due to be called up, for not attending congregational 
or committee meetings, for not being present to answer to one's name 
when it was called, or leaving before the meeting was over without the 
President's permission. * * * The wonder is that people could be found 
willing to submit to such extraordinary penalties. The synagogue must 
have had an immense hold upon people in those days to exact so entire 
a submission. It could only have wielded such a power so long as it 



REFORMED SOCIETY OF ISRAELITES 149 

remained the centre of the social life of the community. A defiance of 
its ruling would have involved a social ostracism, the fear of which must 
have exercised as strong a deterrent as the religious penalties that would 
have been incurred by contumacy. Nor is it difficult to understand why, 
in eai'ly times, the synagogue should have desired to maintain so strict 
a rule. Some such imperium in imperio was necessary in the interests 
of the Jewish community. The synagogue authorities felt themselves in a 
measure responsible to the political powers for the good behavior of their 
coreligionists. The position of English Jews was not yet consolidated. 
The footing on which they had been admitted into this country was still 
somewhat insecure, they enjoyed but scant liberties. A single false step 
might retard their emancipation, or endanger the liberties already won. 
With the gi-owth of a new order of things, this regime has passed entirely 
away." ^ 

We have presented the story of the Spanish and Portu- 
guese community in London in considerable detail and we 
have done so for very good reasons. In the first place, if 
for ^'London" we substitute '^ Charleston," we shall have 
an absolutely accurate picture of the Jewish community in 
that city in the year 1800 and for twenty-four years there- 
after. And in the next place, we have in this narrative a 
key to the origin of the great intellectual movement, which 
was born in Charleston in the year 1824, to which we have 
already referred, and of which we must now write at some 
little length. 

South Carolina was not England. In 1800 Jews in Eng- 
land were excluded from all civil, municipal, and political 
offices. No Jew could become a freeman of the city of Lon- 
don. Jews were thus precluded from opening retail shops 
and even from plying handicrafts within the precincts of 
the city proper. In South Carolina, from the day of its 
settlement, the Jew has never labored under the slightest 
civil or religious disability whatsoever. In this respect 
South Carolina was unique among the British provinces. 
It took the Jews of England over one hundred and fifty 
years to win by steady fighting, step by step, the civil and 

' The Jewish Chronicle, Jan. 4, 1901. [Editorial.] 



150 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

religious equality that were guaranteed to the first Jew who 
set foot on South Carolina soil. Is it to be wondered at that 
the Jew in an atmosphere of perfect civil and religious free- 
dom should develop far more rapidly and in a different way 
from that in which he developed in the stifling atmosphere 
at home ? 

The Jews of South Carolina at the beginning of the nine- 
teenth century present, indeed, a curious picture. The Jew 
is by nature essentially conservative. Left to himself he 
modifies his ideas and his practices very slowly. Wherever 
he goes he carries the traditions of his old home with him 
and clings to these traditions as tender memories of bygone 
days. He had come originally to South Carolina, a child 
of the old Spanish and Portuguese community in London. 
It must have seemed strange to him, who was accustomed 
to speak ''with bated breath and whispered humbleness," 
to find a land where his brethren in faith labored under no 
disabilities and where they even occupied positions of the 
highest trust. Yet here he was, living the old life under 
new skies, where circumstances were so different and where 
his whole environment was changed. What was a natural 
life to him in England became an artificial life in South 
Carolina, and it was only a question of time when he was 
compelled to adapt himself to his environment or to pay 
the penalty which isolation invariably entails. 

The personnel of the Jewish community in Charleston 
comes into evidence here and enables us to understand the 
subsequent course of events. In the early years of the nine- 
teenth century Beth Elohim numbered among its members 
the most intellectual men among the Jews of America; 
many, too, whose fathers had lived here before them, and 
who by their industry and by their integrity had made the 
name Jew respected. The Jew was a man here. The syna- 
gogue did not, as in England, have to feel itself responsible 
to the political powers for the good behavior of its mem- 



REFORMED SOCIETY OF ISRAELITES 151 

bers. The position of the Jew was assured and that posi- 
tion had been strengthened by the conduct of the Jew him- 
self. The regime of Bevis Marks, which had been in vogue 
in South Carolina for at least seventy years, was now an 
anomaly. The Jews of South Carolina had outgrown that 
regime, and when this fact once became patent there were 
not wanting men with courage enough to take the first great 
step in the direction of progress. 

And now, before speaking of the reform movement of 
1824, we would protest against the prevailing conception 
that this movement came into existence in consequence of 
** early tendencies towards laxness and irreligion" and ''to 
stem the tide of already existing disloyalty and irreligion, 
which were enormous in volume before the reform move- 
ment took hold." "We confess that we once held this view 
ourselves, but further investigation has convinced us that 
it is erroneous. 

We are fortunate, indeed, in that we possess to-day a 
copy of the Constitution of the Congregation Beth Elohim 
of the j^ear 1820. ^ This furnishes a good idea of the com- 
munity religiously, as regards its internal economy, just 
before the time when reform was born. Read along with it 
the anniversary address of Isaac Harby before the Re- 
formed Society of Israelites,^ and the article in The North 
American Review for July, 1826 (pages 67-79), and the 
picture is complete. 

The following extracts from the Constitution of 1820 are 
worthy of careful note by the student of the development 
of American Judaism : 



* This document has been reprinted in full by the author from a 
unique copy in the possession of J. Quintus Cohen, Esq., of New York, 
to whom he is under obligation for the transcript. Before reprinting, 
he carefully compared this transcript with the original. 

' A Selection from the Miscellaneous Writings of the late Isaac Harhy, 
Esq. (Charleston, 1829), pp. 57-87. 



152 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

" The Paruass Presidenta shall have the sole direction in the Synagogue, 
during divine service, and all officers under pay shall be under his control. 
* * * He shall be authorized to call before the Private Ad junta any 
person or persons, who may misbehave either in Synagogue, its enclosures 
during divine sei-vice, or other legal occasions of meeting, and moreover 
shall make it his indispensable duty to support, protect, and defend this 
Constitution, and call any one to account who shall violate the same." — 
Rule VI. 

" And if any new and unforeseen case shall arise and come before them, 
for which this Constitution does not expressly provide, they shall be em- 
powered to investigate the same, according to their best judgment and 
discretion, and if necessary for the good example and advantage of this 
Congregation, the said Private Adjunta shall place the offenders under 
disabilities, and inflict a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars; and all 
persons whatsoever coming under the penalty of the laws, shall absolutely 
be deprived of their honors, rights, and privileges, in and out of Syna- 
gogue, until he, she, or they comply with the fine, disabilities, or other- 
wise be reconciled to the Congregation." — Rule VII. 

"No person or persons shall be sanctioned to combine for the purpose 
of erecting any other Synagogue or for uniting in any other unlawful 
Minyan, within five miles of Charleston; nor shall any person or per- 
sons, under the jurisdiction of this Congregation, be permitted, under 
any pretence whatever, to aid, join, or assist at any such unlawful Minyan 
or Combination. 

" All strangers arriving here, who do not, after the lapse of time affixed 
by the Constitution, become members of the Congregation, shall be liable 
to all the penalties and restrictions that members are subject to, and shall 
not be admitted members, until such restrictions are removed. And if 
any person under the jurisdiction of this Congregation, be guilty of such 
an atrocious offence, as either to be concerned, aid, or assist as aforesaid, 
he shall on sufficient proof thereof before the Private Adjunta, forfeit 
all his rights and privileges in this Congregation, and be subject to a 
fine not exceeding two hundred dollars; and such offender or offenders, 
shall never be reinstated into his or their rights and privileges, and more- 
over be deprived the right of burial inside of the Beth Hiam, until he 
or they by themselves, executors, or administrators, relations, or friends, 
pay up and settle the fine that may be inflicted. And any person or 
persons placing themselves into such predicament, shall incur the penalty, 
inasmuch as the same, either in joy or in sorrow, shall extend to the whole 
family under his or their control and jurisdiction." — Rule VIII. 

" All Israelites now in Charleston, who are not Yachidim, and such as 



REFORMED SOCIETY OF ISRAELITES 153 

may arrive hereafter, after one year's residence shall be bound to sub- 
scribe to the subscription list, and provide themselves and wives (if any) 
with seats as aforesaid. * * * This law embraces all persons indiscrimi- 
nately above twenty-one years of age, under an obligation, as before stated, 
to give their support towards this CongTegation." — Rule XII. 

" No person being called to the Sephar, having Portos-Hechal, or going 
up there to offer, shall leave the same, without offering at least one shilling 
for the Parnass Presidenta, and prosperity of the Congregation, nor shall 
any ridiculous or unusual offering be permitted. 

" Any person offending in either of these cases, shall be called before 
the Private Adjunta, and at their discretion fined, or dealt with according: 
to the nature and aggravation of the offence, and shall continue under all 
disabilities in and out of Synagogue, until such decision is complied with." 
—Rule XIII. 

" This Congregation will not encourage or interfere with making prose- 
lytes under any pretence whatever, nor shall any such be admitted under 
the jurisdiction of this Congregation, until he, she, or they produce legal 
and satisfactory credentials, from some other Congi-egation, where a 
regular Chief, or Rabbi and Hebrew Consistory is established; and, pro- 
vided, he, she, or they are not people of color." — Rule XXIII. 

" Any person or persons being manned contrary to the Mosaical Law, 
or renouncing his or their religion, shall themselves and their issue, never 
be recognized members of this Congi-egation ; and should such person or 
persons die, they shall not be buried within the walls of the Beth-Hiam, 
unless he, she, or they shall have reformed, at least one year previous to 
his or their death, and undergone such penance as is prescribed by the 
laws of our Holy religion. 

" Nor shall any person, desirous of consummating a marriage with any 
female who has lived as a prostitute, or kept a disorderly house, be per- 
mitted such marriage under the sanction of this Congregation, but should 
such person or persons so marry without its jurisdiction, and after having 
lived some years a moral and decent life, he or they shall be entitled to 
the same right of becoming Yachidim as all strangers arriving in this 
city."— Rule XXIV. 

" Any person or persons publicly violating the Sabbath, or other sacred 
days, shall be deprived of every privilege of Synagogue and the services 
of its officers. He or they shall also be subject to such fine and penalties 
as the Parnassim and Adjunta may deem fit, nor shall he or they be re- 
admitted to the privileges aforesaid, until he or they shall have paid the 
fine and suffered the punishment to be inflicted under this law." — Rule 
XXV. 



154 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

This Constitution of 1820, then, reveals the Sjmagogue 
as a severely autocratic institution. It controlled its mem- 
bers, both within the Synagogue and without. Of this we 
have likewise additional documentary evidence.^ The Con- 



* The author is indebted to Mr. H. Harby, Jr., of Sumter, for the fol- 
lowing original papers relating to the case of The State vs. Solomon 
Moses — Assault. : 

" Simon M. Hart : Was engaged as a member of the Benevolent Society 
in burying the dead during the last fall, when defendant came to the 
place & insisted upon assisting. Witness told him he should not do so 
unless he had permission from the Society. Deft, immediately raised 
his fist & struck witn. in the face. Deft, had before threatened that he 
wd. have revenge on him. Guilty. Fined one dollar, in consideration of 
the defendant having made amends by order of the Heb. Congregation." 
(May, 1802.) 

Here is the part of the Synagogue in the transaction: 

"Sir 

" The following is taken from the Minute Book of the Adjunta 25 
Chisvan 5562 — 

" Resolved unanimously that said Solomon Moses, for the said very 
unwarentable Conduct at Mr. Abm. Torres house be fined in the sum of 
Three pounds, and that he make such Concessions as this adjunta shall 
dictate on the Teba, Just before taken out the Sepher, and that he be 
depriv'd of all his rights and privilidges untill he fully complies with this 
resolve. I furnish you with the Copy of the Resolve. 
" By Order of P. Pr.— 

"ISAAC D'AZEVEDO, Secty. 

" Charleston, 2d Novr. 1801. 

" Received the amount of above fine in full. 

"D. CARDOZO, Gabay. 
"Mr. Solomon Moses." 

The following affidavit was exhibited at the trial: 

" State op South Carolina 

" Personally appeared Solomon Moses who being duly Sworn made Oath 
and Saith that he paid the Sum of Three pound and begged Pardon in 



REFORMED SOCIETY OF ISRAELITES 155 

gregation was orthodox in its ritual and observance. Its 
members kept the Sabbath and the other sacred days, and 
attended the services regularly. The discipline of the Syna- 
gogue compelled allegiance in these respects. The Syna- 
gogue did not encourage the making of proselytes and vis- 
ited with severe penalties those who might marry out of 
the faith. The ritual was that of the Spanish and Portu- 
guese Jews. A portion of the service was conducted in 
mongrel Spanish, which no one understood. Even Hebrew 
was not sufficiently understood by the congregation gen- 
erally to make the service intelligible. The service was 
long and unattractive, and had to be hurried if the hours of 
worship were not to be unduly protracted, which they often 
were. Decorum was bad. There was no discourse or reli- 
gious instruction of any kind except on special occasions. 
Such was the state of affairs in the Synagogue in Charles- 
ton in 1824, when forty-seven members of Beth Elohim pre- 
sented a petition to the vestry asking for a revision of the 
ritual. It was the first step that had been made in the direc- 
tion of reform among the Jews of America. What the 
memorialists sought is seen from the following extracts 
from the petition itself : 

" Your memorialists seek no other end than the f uti;re welfare and 
respectability of the nation. As members of the great family of Israel, 
they cannot consent to place before their children examples which are 
only calculated to darken the mind and withhold from the rising genera- 
tion the more rational means of worshipping the true God. 

" It is to this, therefore, your memorialists would, in the first place, 
invite the serious attention of your honorable body. By causing the 
Hazan, or reader, to repeat in English such part of the Hebrew prayers 



the Sinogogue for the offence that he was then Charged with and that 
be is now restored to his full right and privilege of the Hebrew Con- 
gregation as per his Letters & Receipt. 
" Sworn to and Subscribed before me this 12 of May 1802 

"JOHN JOHNSON J. P." 



156 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

as may be deemed necessary, it is confidently believed that the congre- 
gation generally would be more forcibly impressed with the necessity of 
Divine worship, and the moral obligations which they owe to themselves 
and their Creator; while such a course would lead to more decency and 
decorum during the time they are engaged in the performance of religious 
duties. It is not every one who has the means, and many have not the 
time, to acquire a knowledge of the Hebrew language, and consequently 
to become enlightened in the principles of Judaism. What then is the 
coui-se pursued in all religious societies for the purpose of disseminating 
the peculiar tenets of their faith among the poor and uninformed? 

" The principles of their religion are expounded to them from the pul- 
pit in language that they understand; for instance, in the Catholic, the 
German, and the French Protestant churches; by this means the ignorant 
part of mankind attend their places of worship with some profit to their 
morals and even improvement to their minds; they return from them 
with hearts turned to piety, and with feelings elevated by their sacred 
character. In this consists the beauty of religion — when men are invoked 
by its divine spirit to the practice of virtue and morality. * * * 

" With regard to such parts of the service as it is desired should undergo 
this change, your memorialists would strenuously recommend that the 
most solemn portions be retained, and everything superfluous excluded; 
and that the principal parts, and if possible all that is read in Hebrew, 
should also be read in English (that being the language of the country), 
so as to enable every member of the congregation fully to understand 
each part of this service. 

" In submitting this article of our memorial to the consideration of 
your honorable body, your memorialists are well aware of the difficulties 
with which they must contend, before they will be enabled to accomplish 
this desirable end; but while they would respectfully invite the attention 
of your honorable body to this part of their memorial, they desire to rest 
the propriety and expediency of such a measure solely upon the reason 
by which it may be maintained. * * * 

" Your memorialists would next call the particular attention of your 
honorable body to the absolute necessity of abridging the ser^nce gener- 
ally. They have reflected seriously upon its present length, and are con- 
fident that this is one of the principal causes why so much of it is hastily 
and improperly hurried over. * * * 

"According to the present mode of reading the Parasa [Pentateuch] 
it affords to the hearer neither instruction nor entertainment, unless he 
be competent to read as well as comprehend the Hebrew language. But 
if, like all other ministers, our reader would make a chapter or verse 



REFORMED SOCIETY OF ISRAELITES 157 

the subject of an English discourse once a week, at the expiration of the 
year the people would, at all events, know something of that religion which 
at present they so little regard." ' 

The petition was sensible, moderate, and dignified, but 
the vestry laid it on the table without discussion and thus 
deprived the petitioners of the right of appeal, a right that 
was expressly provided for in the Constitution. [Rule VII.] 
By so doing it violated in spirit, if not in letter, that Con- 
stitution which it had sworn to defend. It is absurd to claim 
that the vestry believed that the proposed changes struck 
at the fundamental principles of Judaism. No one who 
reads the petition can imagine any such thing. The vestry 
was satisfied with things as they were and that was enough. 
It was the regime of Bevis Marks still. But that petition 
was signed by men who represented the intellect of the 
community and they were not willing that their proposals 
should be thus kept even from discussion by any such mean 
subterfuge. 

On November 21, 1824,^ a meeting was called and the 



" Harby's " Anniversary Address," in Miscellaneous Writings, pp. 61-2. 

' The actual date of the organization of the Reformed Society of Israel- 
ites is a matter only of surmise. Goldsmith's Directory for 1831 gives 
the date Jan. 16, 1825; so does the Constitution of the Society. Writing 
to Mr. Jefferson on Jan. 14, 1826, Isaac Harby says : " Our Society 
commenced with about a dozen membezrs; it already (within a year) can 
enumerate about fifty." {Select Writings, p. 36.) Harby's Discourse, 
delivered Nov. 21, 1825, was delivered before the Society " on their first 
Anniversary." {North Am. Rev. for July, 1826, p. 67.) The title-page 
of the prayer-book of the Society reads : " Founded in Charleston, South 
Carolina, November 21, 1825." A careful search of all the files of news- 
papers for 1824-5 has failed to discover any reference to the Society 
earlier than Nov. 22, 1825 — the first anniversary meeting. Inasmuch as 
these anniversary' meetings were held on Nov. 21st of each year or 
thereabouts, we may take it with reasonable certainty that the prelimi- 
nary organization of the Society took place in November, 1824, while 
pennanent organization was not effected till Jan. 16, 1825. 



158 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

'^Reformed Society of Israelites" organized. The Society- 
started with about a dozen members. In two months its 
numbers had increased to thirty-eight, and in July, 1826, 
exceeded fifty. In 1826 Beth Elohim had seventy subscrib- 
ing members, representing about three hundred souls ; and 
the Society fifty members, making with their families over 
two hundred souls. "The Jews born in Carolina," writes 
Isaac Harby in 1826, "are mostly of our way of thinking on 
the subject of worship, and act from a tender regard for the 
opinions and feelings of their parents in not joining the 
Society." 7 

Apart from what we know of the almost patriarchal gov- 
ernment in the family that obtained among the Jews of 
South Carolina in the early days, the above figures show 
how utterly at variance with the facts is the statement that 
this first reform movement was either small or insignificant 
— consisting of a mere handful, as one writer over-confi- 
dently puts it. Even the late Nathaniel Levin could only see 
in the Society a movement in which ' ' a spirit of innovation 
raised its miscreant front among our people," * * * "a 
Society that did not increase in numbers and which, after 
a few years of sickly existence, became extinct. ' ' ^ 

As a matter of fact, the best and most influential people 
in the community were in the Society and a large number 
of those who were not actually affiliated with it were in 
sympathy with its aims. No writer till now seems to have 
deemed it worth his while to ascertain the names of the 
people who constituted the Society and who directed it. 
Beyond the names of Isaac Harby and David N. Carvalho 
we do not find, in the scant literature which we possess on 
the subject, a single name associated with it. Thus has the 
history of the past come down to us. But such historical 



The North American Review, July, 1826, p. 74. 
The Occident, Vol. 1, pp. 436 and 439. 



REFORMED SOCIETY OF ISRAELITES 159 

writing will no longer pass muster. We must be in posses- 
sion of facts if we would pass judgment. 

We have thus endeavored to trace, in its proper setting, 
the origin of the reform movement in America. It was an 
indigenous movement, a ** spontaneous impulse towards 
better things," "not produced either by foreign or internal 
violence or solicitation," as the s>Tnpathetic reviewer of 
Harby's *' Discourse" in The North American Review, 
above quoted, well puts it (page 67). The reviewer estimates 
the movement far more accurately than do subsequent 
writers, most of whom are imbued with orthodox bias.° 
Leeser ludicrously thinks from his commendation of the 
''Discourse" that he ''no doubt intended by his remarks to 
foment yet farther the spirit of discord which had exhibited 
itself among the Israelites of that place" ( Charleston). ^'^ 

We now come to the Society itself and reproduce here for 
its historical value a published statement of its principles. 
It is to be found in Goldsmith's Directory for 1831, page 
146. The publisher was the secretary of the Society in 1825 : 

"THE REFORMED SOCIETY OF ISRAELITES. 

" This Society was formed with a view of making such alterations in 
the customs and ceremonies of the Jewish religion as would comport with 
the present enlightened state of the world. It adopted, in its outset, this 
fundamental principle, that a correct understanding of divine worship 



* The following observation of the reviewer is worthy of note : 
" How far innovation will eventually go, when once positively begun, 
we are unable to conjecture. We have heard it vaguely suggested, beside 
other things, that the new reformers among the Jews, both in this country 
and in Europe, have it in contemplation to remove their Sabbath for- 
ward one day, so as to make it coincide with the day of rest of the Chris- 
tian. But nothing of the kind is hinted at in the documents before us, 
nor does it come from any authentic source of information with which 
we are acquainted." — North American Review for July, 1826, p. 72. Cer- 
tain it is, that no such move was contemplated. 
" The Occident, Vol. 9, p. 211. 



160 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

is not only essential to our own happiness and a duty we owe to the 
Almighty Disposer of events, but is well calculated at the same time to 
enlarge the mind and improve the heart. In their creed, which accompa- 
nies their ritual, they subscribe to nothing of rabbinical interpretation, or 
rabbinical doctrines. They are their own teachers, drawing their knowl- 
edge from the Bible, and following only the laws of Moses, and those 
only as far as they can be adapted to the institutions of the Society in 
which they live and enjoy the blessings of liberty. They do nothing 
against the laws of Moses, but omit eveiything belonging to the former 
independent condition of their ancestors. They have simplified the wor- 
ship of God and brought the great objects of public meeting — piety, 
morals, and sense — so as to be perfectly comprehensible to the under- 
standing of the humblest capacity." In the appendix to their constitu- 
tion, they say, they wish not to overthrow, but rebuild — not to destroy, 
but to reform and revise the evils of which they complain — not to abandon 
the institutions of Moses, but to understand and to observe them; in 
fine, they wish to worship Grod, not as slaves of bigotry and priestcraft, 
but as the enlightened descendants of that chosen race, whose blessings 
have been scattered throughout the land of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob." 

We will not go into details here about the "Creed" of the 
Society, or their method of worship,^ ^ as the prayer-book 
of the Society — a very remarkable volume — will be pub- 
lished in the near future.^^ Suffice it to say, that the revised 
"Creed" consisted of ten articles, which differed materially 
from the thirteen articles of Maimonides that were then 
universally accepted in orthodox communities. The service 
was short and simple, and the prayer-book was a compila- 
tion of the most beautiful passages in the old ritual. There 
were also some original prayers. Parts of the service were 
recited both in Hebrew and English. An English discourse 



" These have been described, though somewhat inaccurately, in a series 
of articles by Dr. Mayer, in Einhorn's Sinai (Baltimore, 1856) ; in Leeser's 
Occident, Vol. 1, pp. 438-9; in The American Hebrew, Jan. 29, 1886; 
and by Dr. Philipson in The Jewish Quarterly Review for October, 1897. 
Dr. Mayer was Rabbi of Beth Elohim from 1851 to 1856. 

^''' As far as can be ascertained, only two copies of this book are in 
existence, one of which is in the possession of the author. 



REFORMED SOCIETY OF ISRAELITES 161 

formed part of the morning service. There was instrmnen- 
tal music and the congregation worshipped with uncovered 
heads. David Nunez Carvalho was the volunteer ''Reader," 
and the Society met in Seyle's Masonic Hall, on Meeting 
Street. The Society had as part of its programme the edu- 
cation of a youth or youths "so as to render him or them 
fully competent to perform divine service, not only with 
ability, bearing and dignity, but also according to the true 
spirit of Judaism, for which this institution was formed." ^^ 
This part of the programme seems not to have been real- 
ized. 

At the first anniversary meeting of the Society, held on 
November 21, 1825, the following officers were elected: 

Aaron Phillips, president. 

Michael Lazarus, vice-president. 

Morris Goldsmith, secretary. 

Isaac Mordecai, treasurer. 

Abraham Moise, orator. 

Corresponding Committee — Isaac Harby, Abraham 
Moise, Isaac N. Cardozo, D. N. Carvalho, and E. P. Cohen.^"* 

In 1826 the Society issued an appeal for subscriptions 
"for erecting in the city of Charleston a new place of 
worship in honor of Almighty God. ' ' The following is the 
circular : 

" Nearly two years have now elapsed since a large and respectable 
meeting of Israelites was held in this city, for the purpose of endeavor- 
ing to effect some changes, and eradicating many acknowledged errors 
in the mode of worship at present observed in the Synagogue. For the 
attainment of these objects a Society was soon after organized called 
* The Reformed Society of Israelites,^ which has since been incorporated 
by the Legislature. The ends proposed to be attained were chiefly these : 

"First. To introduce such a change in the mode of worship, that a 



" The North American Review, July, 1826, p. 71. 

"See The Charleston Mercury, Nov. 22, 1825. See also The Southern 
Patriot of the same date. 



162 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

considerable portion of the prayers be said in the English language, so 
that by being understood, they would be attended with that religious 
instruction in our particular faith, essential to the rising generation, and 
so generally neglected; and which, by promoting pious and elevated 
feelings, would also render the service solemn, impressive and dignified — 
such as should belong to all our addresses to the Divine power. 

" Secondly. To discontinue the observance of such ceremonies as par- 
take strongly of bigotry; as owe their origin only to Rabbinical Institu- 
tions; as are not embraced in the moral laws of Moses; and in many 
instances are contrary to their spirit, to their beauty and sublimity and 
to that elevated piety and virtue which so highly distinguish them, 

" Thirdly. To abolish the use of such portions of the Hebrew prayers 
as are superfluous and consist of mere repetitions, and to select such of 
them as are sufficient and appropriate to the occasion. 

" Fourthly. To follow the portions of the Pentateuch which are to be 
said in the original Hebrew, with an English Discourse, in which the 
principles of the Jewish faith, and the force and beauty of the moral 
law, may be expounded to the rising generation, so that they, and all 
others may know how to cherish and venerate those sublime truths which 
emanated from the Almighty Fathei-, and which are acknowledged as 
the first, and most hallowed principles of all religion. 

" Such were, with a few other minor alterations, the principal objects that 
led to the institution of ' The Reformed Society of Israelites' in the 
city of Charleston. This explanation we deem due to those whose assist- 
ance may be extended towards erecting this new Temple to the Service 
of the Almighty. It is an appeal to all who are influenced by tolerant 
and unprejudiced feelings, and who can properly appreciate the conduct 
of those who are actuated in their wish for the above changes, by a 
desire to disencumber their religion of what disfigures instead of orna- 
menting it, and by the religious instruction which distinguishes the present 
age. It appeals to no sectarian spirit, as it directs itself solely to the 
bosoms of those that respond to the pure and uncontaminated feelings 
of an enlightened piety. Exclusive principles belong, more or less, to all 
sects, but the virtue of Benevolence may belong to all of every sect. 
Impressed with these sentiments, we therefore make our application 
general, and to such as are influenced by the spirit of true Religion, 
and by a manly and discriminating feeling of what is really good and 
ennobling in human charity. 

" Donations will be thankfully received, and all communications noticed 
by either of the subscribers. 

" Aaron Phillips, President ; Michael Lazarus, Vice-President ; Isaac 



REFORMED SOCIETY OF ISRAELITES 163 

Mordecai, Treasurer; D. N. Carvalho, Isaac N. Cardozo, E. P. Cohen, 
Abraham Moise and Isaac Harby — Committee." 
" Charleston, Sept. 1, 1826." 

The files of the Charleston newspapers from 1825 to 1832 
furnish the lists of officers of the Society year by year.^" 
They were as follows : 

Presidents: Aaron Phillips (1825), Isaac Harby (1827), 
Abraham Moise (1828-1832). 

Vice-Presidents: Michael Lazarus (1825), Abraham 
Mq^se (1827), Isaac N. Cardozo (1828-1832). 

'Secretaries: Morris Goldsmith (1825), Henry M. Hyams 
(1827), Philip Phillips (1828), Thomas W. Mordecai (1829- 
1832). 

Treasurers: Isaac Mordecai (1825-1827), Joseph Phil- 
lips (1828), Thomas W. Mordecai (1829-32). 

Orators: Abraham Moise (1825), D. N. Carvalho (1827). 

Most of these officers served likewise on the Correspond- 
ing Committee, as did also E. P. Cohen (1825), Philip Ben- 
jamin (1827), Colonel Myer Jacobs (1829), David C. Levy 
(1832), and Isaac C. Moses (1832). The meetings were held 
on November 21 of each year, and the last meetiAg on 
record at which officers were elected was that of November 
21, 1832. On May 2, 1833, a special meeting was held for 
the purpose, apparently, of winding up the affairs of the 
Society. Witness the following: 



'° This circular was printed in The Mercury every day, from Sept. 
2, 1S2G, till the end of the year. It is worthy of note that in the paper 
of Oct. 26th, and all subsequent issues the names of Aaron Phillips and 
E. P. Cohen are omitted. Suggested reasons for the change would be 
mere guesses. 

"See The Courier, Nov. 22, 1825, Nov. 22, 1827, Nov. 26, 1828, Nov. 
23, 1829, Nov. 24, 1830, Nov. 23, 1831, Nov. 23, 1832. The file July-Dec, 
1826, is missing both in the Charleston Library and in the library of 
the Chamber of Commei'ce. The numbers of The Mercury and The 
Southern Patriot are likewise missing. 



164 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

" The following circular was addressed through the P, 0., to the many- 
citizens who subscribed about 5 years ago, to raise a fund for building 
a second synagogue in this city. It is a document which speaks for 
itself. There is a moral beauty in the act, which makes it a subject 
for grateful contemplation. How rare, very rare are such instances! 

,, , „ " ' Charleston, 7th. May, 1833, 

" ' The Reformed Society of Israelites at a meeting held on the 2nd. 
inst. having abandoned their intention of building a new Synagogue in 
the city of Charleston, Resolved unanimously, " that such sums of money 
as were subscribed by their fellow-citizens for that purpose, be forth- 
with returned, with the interest which Las accrued thereon." Your name 
appearing on the lists appended to the sum of five dollars, we herewith 
inclose the same with interest, and the thanks of the Society for the 
liberal feeling which prompted the donation. 

" ' Your obedient servants, 

" ' Abraham Moise 
" ' I. N. Cardozo 

" ' Isaac Mordecai !- Committee. 

" ' Michael Lazarus 
" ' Thomas W. Mordecai 
"'Donation $5.00 
Interest 1.68 



6.68 



" ' Sept. 6, 1833.' " " 

Thus ended the first great struggle for reform among the 
Jews of America. There were several causes that con- 
tributed to the dissolution of the Society. There was, of 
course, opposition from without, but this had little or noth- 
ing to do with it. There was the pressure from those con- 
nected with the members by family ties. The removal from 
the city of Isaac Harby in 1828 must have been severely 
felt, and several others likewise left Charleston at that 
time. The lack of theological equipment of its leaders had 



The Courier, Sept. 11, 1833. 



REFORMED SOCIETY OF ISRAELITES 165 

nothing to do with it. The Society sought edification in its 
worship, and among its members were several distinguished 
orators, who were fully equal to the demands of their day. 
The main reason was the fact that the movement was ahead 
of its time, and the masses were afraid to risk the experi- 
ment. That the movement lasted as long as it did — at 
least eight years — shows what a firm hold it had taken upon 
the people. Success is a relative term after all. Let the 
critic who would judge it fairly compare it, e.g., with two 
small movements on similar lines that have taken place in 
London within the last few years, — we refer to the Hamp- 
stead Sabbath afternoon services and the present Religious 
Union services, — movements by no means as revolutionary 
as the one in Charleston in 1824, and he will come to a far 
truer estimate of the first Reformed Society of Israelites. 
The Society failed, but its very failure was success, for it 
had sowed the seeds of progress, which germinated very 
soon thereafter, this time successfully. 





CHAPTER Z— 1824-1860 




E have thus far traced the rise and 
development of the Jews of South 
Carolina to the zenith of their his- 
tory. During the present period 
the Jewish community continued to 
increase by steady immigration. 
Charleston was a very important 
business centre in those days, much 
more so than it is to-day, and its commercial opportunities 
attracted settlers from everywhere. As before, Jews were 
to be found in every sphere of commercial and political life, 
and in public life generally they attained great prominence. 
Several members of the Charleston community won national 
recognition. As a whole, it was a magnificent community, 
noted for its culture as well as for its commercial integrity. 
The Jewish community, however, was growing too rapidly 
for the city, and many of its prominent members left for 
other places during this period. New York, Baltimore, 
Philadelphia, New Orleans, Mobile, San Francisco, Au- 
gusta, Wilmington, and Savannah received additions to 
their Jewish population from Charleston — indeed, there 
were few of the older Jewish communities of this country 
that had not Charleston Jews among their founders. The 
Jews of Charleston were scattering through the State, too, 
and significant settlements of Jews were to be found in 
Sumter, Columbia, Camden, Georgetown, Marion, Beau- 
fort, and Cheraw. 
166 



MAJOR RAPHAEL J. MOSES, 181 2-1 893 



1 






II 



CHAPTER X 




E have thus far traced ... ,.« and 
development of the Jews of South 
Carolina to tiie zenith of their his- 
tory. During the present period 
the Jewish community continued to 
increase by steady immigration. 
Charleston was a very important 
business centre in those days, much 

more so than it is to-day, and its commercial opportunities 

attracted settlers from everywhere. As before, Jews were 

to be found in ev " ' ' '", 

and in public lifi .^. ...... ... 

Several members .Charleston il 

recognition. As a whole, it was a 

li ' ^ " ' '' - " 

for the city, of its prominent members left for 

ot ices du ;s period. Nfew York, Baltimore, 

P •'• ""'^ Nv w, ,eans, Mobile, San Francisco, Au- 

g; on, and Savannah received additions to 

their Jewish population from Charleston — indeed, there 
were few of ' ' - - •• ^ q£ Ij^^g country 

that had not ...... -y^^-^y. . ,feXWiders. The 

Jews of Charleston wfere s< U the State, too, 

and significant settlements oi Jews were to be found in 
Sumter, Columbia, Camden, Georgetown, Marion, Beau- 
fort, and Cher aw. 



1824-1860 



167 



Following the plan adopted in a former chapter, we will 
give here a directory of the Jews of Charleston from 1824 
to 1860, which, while far from complete, includes the lead- 
ing Jews of the period. The Jews of the rest of the State 
will be noted elsewhere: 



DIRECTORY— 1824-1860. 



Aarons, Moses. 


Blank, Josiah. 


Abrahams, A. H. 


Breslau, M. 


" , Alexander. 


Canter, Emanuel. 


, E. 


Cardozo, D. N. 


" , Elias. 


" , I. N. 


" , Moses. 


" , J. N. 


, T. H. 


Carvalho, D. N. 


Alexander, Aaron. 


" , E. N. 


, Abm. 


" , S. N. 


Ancker, G. V. 


Cohen, A. N. 


Ashim, L. N. 


" , Asher D. 


" , Simon. 


" , Aug. E. 


Audler, I. 


" , C. H. 


Barnet, Woolf. 


" , David D. 


Barrett, Isaac. 


" , David L. 


" , Jacob, 


" , E. 


" , S. I. 


" , E. H. 


Barue, B. S. 


" , Esdaile P. 


Baum, Elkin. 


" , G. 


" , Heman. 


" , H., Rev. 


Belitzer, Isaac. 


" , H. C. 


" , T. 


" , Hyam. 


Benjamin, David. 


" , Hy. S. 


, S. A. 


" , I. S. 


Bensadon, J., Dr. 


" , Jacob. 


" , Judah. 


" , " , Jr. 


Bentschner, Isaac. 


" , J. Barrett 


, I. W. 


" , Jacob H. 


" , Jacob. 


- " , John J. 


Bergen, Morris. 


" , J. S. 


Berlin, Ralph. 


" , Joseph. 


Bernard, Levy. 


" , L. L., Dr. 


Bernstine, Nathan. 


" , Leopold. 



168 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 



Cohen, Lewis. 

" , Marx E. 

" , McDuff. 

" , Melvin M. 

" , Mordeeai. 

" , Myer M. 

" , N. A. 

" , Philip. 

" , P. M., Dr. 

" , P. S. 

" , Samuel. 

" , Sol., Jr. 

" , Sol. I. 
Cohn, L. 
Davega, C, Dr. 

" , Isaac. 
David, R. L. 
Davis, D. 

" , Henry. 

" , Isaac B. 

" , Joseph. 

" , Moses. 
Dehaan, L. S. 

" , Samuel. 
De La Motta, J., Dr. 

, J. 
De Lange, J. L. 
, S. J. 
De Leon, H. H. 
'' , M. H. 
Delong, Leo. 
Droutman, T. 
Dublin, Henry. 
Eekman, J., Rev. 
Elias, Levy. 
Emanuel, Joel. 

" , Nathan. 
Engelberg, M. 
Esdra, Eugene. 

" , J. E. 
Fabian, H. 



Falk, Abraham. 
" , George. 
" , Isaac L. 
" , Zachariah. 
Frank, Joseph. 
Frankford, S. 
Friedlander, M. 
Furst, Dl. 
Fui'th, Joseph. 
Garretson, I. 
Goldsmidt, Jonas. 
Goldsmith, A. A. 
" , Heniy. 

, I. H. 
" , Morris. 
" , Moses. 
Goldstein, A. 

" ,1. 
" , J. 
Harby, Abm. 

" , H. J. 

" , Isaac. 

'' , Sol. H. 
Harris, A., Rev. 

" , A. J., Sr. 

" , A. J., Jr. 

" , George. 

" , Isaac. 

" , N. 

Hart, Daniel. 
" , Hyam N. 
" , J. J. 

" , Levi. 
" , Naphtali. 
" , Nathan. 
" , Philip. 
" , S., Sr. 
" , S. N., Sr. 
" , S. N., Jr. ^ 
Hendricks, J. 



1824-1860 



169 



Henry, Barnard. 

" , P. J. 
Hertz, H. M. 

" , I. E. 

" , Jacob. 

" ,L. 

" , Thad. E. 
Heydeufeldt, S. 
Hirscb, I. W. 

" , J. M. 
Hoffman, G. 
Hyams, Hamilton. 

" , Henry M. 

" , Isaac. 

" , Mordeeai. 

" , Moses D. 

" , M. K. 

" , Pinckney. 

" , Sol. 
Hyneman, L. 
Isaacs, Alexander. 

" , S. F. 
Isenburg, B. 
" T 

Israel, M. 

" , N. H. 
Jacobi, M. 

" , W. J. 
Jacobs, C. 

" ,D. 

" , F. C. 

" , H. E. 

" , H. S., Rev. 

" , J. S. 

" , Moses. 

" , Myer. 

" , P. S. 

" , Sol., Rev. 
Joseph, E. C. 

" , J. 
" , J. J. 



Joseph, L. H. 
Koopman, M. 
Labatt, Isaac C. 
Lange, John H. 
Lazarus, B. D. 
" ,G. 
" , J. E. P. 
" , Joshua. 
" , Marks. 
" , Michael. 
Levin, L. J. 
" , Lewis C. 
" , Moritz. 
" , Nathaniel. 
Levy, A. 
" , Bai'net. 
" , C. F. 
" , Clarence. 
" , Cossman. 
" , D. C. 
" , D. J. 
" , Elias. 
" , Eml. 
" , Ezra L. 
" , G. J. 
" , Isaac. 
" , J. C. 
" , L. C. 
" , L. L. 
" , Lyon. 
" , Marks. 
" , Moses A. 
" , " C. 
" , " E. 
" , Orlando. 
" , Reuben. 
Lewith, R. J. 
Lichtenstein, L. 
Lipman, A. 

" , Raphael. 
Livingston, J. 



170 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 



Loovis, M. 


Mordecai, J. R. 


Lopez, Aaron. 


li 


, M. C. 


" , David. 


u 


, T. W. 


" , John. 


Moses 


, A. J. 


" , Moses. 


u 


, C. B. 


Loryea, A. 


t( 


, D. L. 


" , E. 


(( 


, E. L. 


" , Isaac. 


t( 


, E. J. 


Lyon, L. S. D. 


u 


, Isaiah. 


" , Philip. 


u 


Jacob. 


Lyons, Ellis, Rev. 


ii 


J. L. 


" , George. 


il 


Joseph. 


Mairs, Levy. 


a 


Levy. 


" , Simon. 


u 


L. J. 


Marks, J. M. 


a 


Myer. 


" , M. 


a 


M. J. 


Massias, Maj. A. A. 


u 


M. S. 


Mayer, I. 


u 


Perry. 


" , M., Rev. 


il 


Raphael J. 


Meyer, E. J. 


a 


Reuben. 


" , Morris. 


(( 


Samuel. 


Meyers, Eleazer. 


u 


Simon. 


Moise, Aaron. 


a 


Solomon. 


" , Abraham. 


Moss, 


Joseph. 


" , Ab., Jr. 


Myers, 


Eleazer. 


" , B. F. 


« 


L. J. 


" , C. H. 


« 


Philip. 


" , C. T. 


« 


Samuel. 


" , Columbus. 


i( 


Sol. 


" , E. W. 


Nathan 


, Hyman. 


" , FrankHn. 


« 


, L. 


" , Howard S. 


« 


, M. H. 


" , Isaac. 


ti 


, Sol. 


" , Jacob. 


Nathans, Henry. 


" , T. J. 


u 


, J. N. 


" , T. S. 


it 


, Levy. 


" , Philip A. 


a 


, Meyer. 


" , Warren. 


li 


, Nathan. 


Mordecai, Ben. 


Nauman, Wm. 


" , I. D. 


Oppenheim, Henry 


" , J. 


(( 


, H. W. 



1824-1860 



171 



Oppenheim, J. H. 
, S. H. 
Ottolengui, A. 
" ^ , Dan. 

" , I. 
" , J. 
Pecare, J. 
" , M. 

Peixotto, J. C. 
Phillips, Aaron. 
" , B. 
" , N., Jr. 
" , Philip. 
Pinkussohn, P. 
Poznanski, G., Rev. 
" , Gershon. 
" , Hyam. 
Prince, George. 
Riesenberg, M. 
Rodriguez, B. A., Dr. 

" , Moses. 
Roos, David. 
Rosenfeld, J., Rev. 
Rothschild, M. 
Sampson, A. J. 
" , E. 
" , Jos. 
" , J. H. 

, Sam., Sr. 

" , " , Jr. 

" , Thomas. 
Samuel, Moses. 
Sarzedas, D, 
Schur, B. 
" , D. 

" , I. 
Schwabe, L. B. 
Schwerin, J. 
Seckendorf, Isaac. 
Segar, Isaac. 



Seixas, D. C. 
" , J. M. 
Silverston, M. 
Simmonds, M. B. 
Simons, Jacob. 

" , Mordecai. 
Simpson, A. 

" , M. M. 
Solomon, Ab. 

" , A. L. 

" , Augustus. 

" , Henry. 

" , M. 

" , Phineas. 

" , R. 

" , Solomon. 
Solomons, D. 

" , E. 

" , J. R., Dr. 

" , Lizer. 

" , L. J. 

" , Mordecai. 

" , S. S. 
Sommers, E. 
Suares, A. 
" ,B. 
" , Ben. C. 
" , Jacob. 
" , J. E. 
Tobias, A. 
" , Henry. 

" , I. 

" , J. L. 

" , T. J. 
Triest, J. 

« , M. 

" , S. 
Uhlman, J. H. 
Valentine, I. D. 

" , J. 

" , S. 



172 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Walters, J, Winestock, M. 

Wesel, D. V. Woolf, H. L. P. 
Wetherhorn, M. " , Isaac. 

Wineberg, M. " , Ralph. 

Wineman, P. Zachariah, J. 

Of this large connnunity, as before, most of its members 
engaged in commercial pursuits, some attaining great 
wealth. The limits of this volume will only allow the brief- 
est mention of the many men who achieved ordinary prom- 
inence. Four names, however, stand out in special relief: 
Isaac Harby, Jacob N. Cardozo, Jacob De La Motta, and 
Penina Moise. To these we shall now refer at length. 

Isaac Harby was the eldest son of Solomon Harby, whose 
father came originally from Barbary, where he occupied 
the post of Lapidary to the Emperor of Morocco. Falling 
into disfavor, he fled to England, where he married an 
Italian lady. His son, Solomon Harby, left England for 
Jamaica before he was twenty-one years of age, and after- 
wards settled in Charleston, where Isaac Harby was born on 
November 9, 1788. He was educated at the academy of 
the famous Dr. Best, and early manifested signs of capacity 
as a teacher. Quite early in life, we are told, he became 
an assistant teacher in Charleston College and published 
short articles in the local newspapers.^ In 1805, assisted by 
his friend, Langdon Cheves, he began the study of law, 
which, however, he soon abandoned. The death of his father 
leaving him the sole support of a large family, he opened a 
school at Edisto Island in 1808. This proving a success, 
he ventured the following year to remove to Charleston, 
where his academy became known as one of the best teach- 
ing institutions in the city. The following is the announce- 
ment he made to the Charleston public in 1809 : ^ 



^ Moise: Memoir prefacing Harby's Miscellaneous Writings, p. 7. 
' The Courier, Jan. 1, 1810. 



1824-1860 173 



"ISAAC HARBY 



The subscriber has opened an Academy in BEDON ALLEY No. , 

where will be taught the usual branches of an English Education, viz. 
Elocution, Arithmetick, Penmanship, Grammar, Geography — also the 
Latin £ Greek Classieks, Composition, <& the first Books of Euclid's 
Elements. 

" He pledges himself, not only to pay every attention to the routine of 
his Pupils' improvement, but also to instruct them in the principles of 
virtue & patriotism. To instil into their minds honour & morality; & 
so far to effect the wish of the noble Spartan, as to teach Boys those 
things when they are young, which will prove most useful to them, when 
they become men. 

"ISAAC HARBY. 

" December 19." 

Many amusing stories are related of him as a teacher. 
It is said that ''while a schoolmaster, he would join in the 
sports of the boys during the hours of recess, but woe to 
the urchins with whom he played who were not perfect in 
their recitations. He generally thrashed them soundly, 
though he might engage in the ball play with them the very 
next hour. ' ' ^ His Academy continued to exist for some 
years, when he retired from teaching and took up news- 
paper work. He returned to teaching, however, in 1822. 
In 1825 he was elected one of the teachers of the Free 
Schools,-* but resigned his position prior to his removal to 
New York in 1828.« 

In the first quarter of the nineteenth century there were 
many distinguished local litterateurs in Charleston: Crafts, 
Percival, Gilman, Ed. Jones, the elder Timrod, White, Hol- 
land, James, and Simmons — to mention only the best known. 
It was a period of great literary activity. Among the most 
distinguished of this coterie of writers was Isaac Harby. 



'The XIX Century (Charleston, S. C, 1869), Vol. 1, p. 280. 
* The Courier, Feb. 15, 1825. 
'Ibid., May 27, 1828. 



174 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

His first work as an editor was done while he conducted The 
Quiver, a literary weekly that was short-lived. Becoming 
interested in politics, associated with a friend, he purchased 
The Investigator in 1814, which forthwith became the elo- 
quent champion of the Republican cause. It was a bold 
venture to change the character of an established paper. 
He even changed its name to The Southern Patriot and 
Commercial Advertiser,^ and diversifying its columns with 
his own writings, he made a success of his venture. In his 
paper he supported the administration of Mr. Madison with 
much ability. He retired from The Patriot on October 6, 

1822, and shortly afterwards associated himself with John 
Geddes, Jr., who had become the proprietor and editor 
of The City Gazette and Daily Advertiser. Harby was 
Geddes 's assistant.'^ He retired from The City Gazette in 

1823, and at the end of the year issued a prospectus of an 
afternoon paper — The Examiner — which was designed to 
support Mr. Calhoun, in the first instance, for the Presi- 
dency; failing in this, his second choice was Andrew Jack- 
son. This paper never materialized. He was also an occa- 
sional contributor to The Charleston Mercury. 

Isaac Harby was best known as an essayist. His essays 
were distinguished for their choice diction and good taste. 
Among these essays are the following: ''Essay on Criti- 
cism," ''The Quarterly Review and Melmoth," "Le Sage 
and De Solis," " The Field of Waterloo — a Poem by Sir 
Walter Scott," " Byron's Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte," 
' ' Letters on the Presidency. ' ' ^ His dramatic criticisms, 
too, were much admired and brought him into note on both 
sides of the Atlantic. 



"King: The Newspaper Press of Charleston, S. C, p. 74. 

' Ibid., p. 62. 

° These essays, together with numerous theatrical criticisms selected 
from his newspaper writings and his play, Alberti, are included in the 
memorial volume, Miscellaneous Writings. 



1824-1860 175 

Harby was not only a dramatic critic, but a successful 
dramatist. Charleston at that time enjoyed the reputation 
of being one of the first cities in America to encourage the 
transportation of the drama from Europe and to foster its 
growth. Several of his dramas were played with com- 
parative success on the Charleston boards. His earliest 
effort, written in 1805, when he was just seventeen years 
old, was Alexander Severus, a tragedy in five acts. This 
was followed in 1807 by The Gordian Knot, or Causes and 
Effects, and was not a great success. In his preface the 
author gives a most amusing description of the diflficulties 
he had to surmount before he saw his play performed.^ 

His next attempt was not made till 1819, when he pub- 
lished his Alberti, a play in five acts, the original object 
of which was the vindication of the character and conduct 
of Lorenzo De Medici from the calumnies of Alfieri in his 
tragedy called The Conspiracy of the Pazzi. President 
Monroe, who was then on a tour through the States, was 
present at the second representation of the play — a benefit 
performance for the author. This was a great success. 
Though Harby 's dramatic work lacks originality, it will 
bear comparison with the best productions of his day. 

Not as a litterateur and publicist alone, however, will 
the name of Isaac Harby be handed down to posterity. 
He will be chiefly remembered as one of the founders of 
the Reformed Society of Israelites, whose soul he was 
till a few months before his death. Though he was only 
a dilletante in the history and literature of Judaism, yet 
was every fibre of his being attuned to the spirit of the 
faith of his fathers. He had the gift to advocate his peo- 
ple's cause before the world, and nobly did he use it. In 
October, 1813, he delivered a discourse before the Hebrew 
Orphan Society, of which he was a member and whose chil- 



" Preface to The Gordian Knot, pp. 6-9. 



176 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

dren he had at one time taught. At this gathering was pres- 
ent a large assembly of citizens, including most of the first 
literary characters of whom Charleston could then boast. 
His address made the prof oundest impression upon his audi- 
tors.^ *^ His Anniversary Address, delivered before the Ee- 
formed Society of Israelites on November 21, 1825, is to-day 
the best known of his literary remains. This address was 
everywhere well received, and among letters of commenda- 
tion that reached the author were two from Thomas Jeffer- 
son and Edward Livingston.^ ^ 

In June, 1828, he determined to leave Charleston for New 
York, where he hoped to find a wider field for his literary 
activity. Nor was he disappointed. He established a school 
and readily found an outlet for the products of his pen. He 
contributed to The Evening Post and other papers, princi- 
pally dramatic criticisms. But the bright prospect that had 
opened before him was soon to be darkened. The death of 
his wife, who was Miss Rachel Mordecai, of Savannah, had 
been a sad blow to him. His health, impaired from exces- 
sive work and perhaps from real privation, soon broke 
down. He died on December 14, 1828, having just com- 
pleted his fortieth year — barely six months after he had left 
his native city.^^ 

Jacob N. Cakdozo was born in Savannah on June 17, 1786. 
His family removed to Charleston before he had passed his 
eighth year. He received a plain English education, and 
from his twelfth year was employed in mechanical and mer- 



" See Memoir in Miscellaneous Writings, pp. 26-8. Mr. Moise gives 
the date of this discourse as Oct., 1817. It should be 1813. (See The 
Courier, Oct. 22, 1813.) 

" Ibid., pp. 34-6. 

" There is a fine obituary notice of him in The City Gazette and Com- 
mercial Daily Advertiser, Dec. 27, 1828, copied from The Southern 
Patriot. In The Mercury, Dec. 25, 1828, Penina Moise contributes a 
poem " On the Death of Isaac Harby, Esq." 



1824-1860 177 

cantile pursuits. Possessing a well-disciplined and prac- 
tical mind, while still a young man he forged his way to the 
front among the leading writers of his day. In 1816 he 
assumed the editorship of The Southern Patriot, of which 
he became the sole proprietor in 1823. He had long studied 
the principles of trade, commerce, and finance, and his pur- 
pose from the first was to render his journal the organ of 
Free Trade doctrines. Having a constant view to those 
commercial questions in which the interests of the Southern 
States were involved, the commercial relations of the United 
States with the British West India Islands, in their re- 
stricted condition, engaged a large share of his attention. 
The removal of these restrictions was an object of constant 
solicitude with Monroe 's Administration. To force a relax- 
ation by the British Government, Congress in 1818 and 1820 
adopted counteracting regulations. These, whatever their 
effect on the British, were found to be oppressive on South- 
ern commerce. In 1822 various seaport towns of the South, 
such as Norfolk and Baltimore, petitioned Congress for 
their removal. The city of Charleston was so far inclined 
to second the movement that a large public meeting was 
held and a memorial was drafted for its adoption. Cardozo 
regarded the case as an exceptional one, and opposed the 
Memorial. He argued against unlimited intercourse when 
reciprocity was denied, and at an adjourned meeting of the 
citizens the Memorial was rejected, leaving the whole mat- 
ter, as before, in the hands of Congress and the Executive. 
The result which was arrived at in the countervailing reso- 
lutions of Congress was soon seen in the partial removal 
of the British restrictions. When this was done President 
Monroe opened the ports of the United States to the vessels 
of the British West Indies. 

The tariff of 1824 met with but little opposition from 
the South. The agitation for an increase of protection in 
1827 was followed by the Act of 1828. Cardozo brought the 



178 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

subject before the Charleston Chamber of Commerce and 
was one of a committee to draft a Memorial to Congress, 
which was unanimously adopted by the citizens of Charles- 
ton in a public meeting. The arguments on the subject, new 
though they were, rapidly made their way into the public 
mind and constituted the chief political capital of the press 
and party. The agitation ripened into Nullification, the 
controversies upon which began in 1828. Cardozo continued 
his opposition to the protective tariff, still maintained his 
Free Trade argument, but declined to adopt the extreme 
practical results to which Nullification was expected to lead. 
The advocates of Nullification succeeded in South Carolina, 
but Cardozo forfeited none of the public esteem in conse- 
quence of his course. He continued to conduct The South- 
ern Patriot, still keeping it the exponent of the commercial 
principles of which he had so long been the advocate, until 
1845, when he sold the paper. In the same year he estab- 
lished The Evening News, with which he was associated 
during its existence as commercial editor. 

As a journalist, Cardozo was a recognized authority on 
banking, commercial statistics, and political economy. His 
writings on these subjects were characterized by the great- 
est ability. He exhibited a fine taste, too, in criticism, and 
his editorial papers on the drama and other departments 
of the fine arts gained him repute far outside of his imme- 
diate neighborhood. He was a most prolific writer. He 
contributed many able articles on his favorite themes to 
The Southern Quarterly Review and other periodicals, and 
in 1826 published his Notes on Political Economy, which at- 
tracted much attention.^ ^ 

During the war he filled editorial positions in Mobile, 
Atlanta, and Charleston, and after the war was a contribu- 



" This work is noticed by Adams : Life and Writings of Jared Sparks, 
Vol. 1, p. 271. 



1824.-1860 179 

tor to the Savannah Morning Neivs, for which he continued 
to write until a year before his death, when failing eyesight 
compelled him to abandon his pen. In 1866 he published 
his Reminiscences of Charleston, and in 1870 was the suc- 
cessful competitor for the prize essay of the Charleston 
Board of Trade, receiving the commendation of that body 
at its anniversary meeting on April 6, 1870 — a remarkable 
record, indeed, for a man eighty-four years of age. After 
an absence of eleven years he returned to Charleston, nearly 
blind. He remained here but a little while. In April, 1873, 
he returned to Savannah, and died in that city on August 
30th of that year. At the time of his death he was the 
oldest editor in the South. It is worthy of note that the 
''Cotton Statements" which now form an important feat- 
ure in all commercial papers were first introduced by him 
between 1845 and 1862.^^ 

Jacob De La Motta was born in Savannah on February 
24, 1789, but during the greater part of his life was a resi- 
dent of Charleston. He graduated as a physician in Phila- 
delphia, and after graduation was elected a junior member 
of the Philadelphia Medical Society.^ ^ He began the prac- 
tice of medicine in Charleston, starting as an attending phy- 
sician at the Charleston Dispensary.^^ He served as a sur- 
geon in the regular army in the War of 1812 and after the 



" For a highly appreciative editorial notice see The News and Courier, 
Sept, 2, 1873. See also an article reproduced on p. 1 of this issue from 
the Savannah Morning News. This article has been generously utilized 
by the author in the preparation of this sketch. See also The News and 
Courier, Sept. 3, 1873, for some interesting reminiscences by King, and 
that author's Newspaper Press of Charleston, S. C, p. 80. Appleton's 
EncyclopcEdia of American Biography confuses Isaac N. Cardozo with 
Jacob N. Cardozo. The former did not die, as stated in this work, on 
Aug. 26, 1850, but on Aug. 18, 1855. (See the author's The Old Jewish 
Cemeteries at Charleston, S. C, p. 12.) 

" The Courier, March 16, 1810. 

" Ibid., August 9, 1810. 



180 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

war returned to Charleston. In 1824 he was elected secre- 
tary of the Medical Society, a position that he occupied for 
many years. Though a resident of Charleston, he took a 
deep interest in the religious affairs of his native city and 
was one of the leading spirits in the reorganization of the 
small Congregation of the Jews of Savannah, in the erection 
of whose Synagogue he took a prominent part. For several 
years he officiated there as Minister, acting later in a sim- 
ilar capacity in Charleston. He took an active interest in 
politics, too, and was chosen to read the Declaration of 
Independence at the anniversary celebration in 1830.^^ In 
1832 he was chairman of a meeting of the Union and States ' 
Eights Party.^^ On the occasion of the Whig dinner in 1840 
he sang a song composed by himself.^^ He was a member 
of the Clay Club in 1843.2^ 

In 1831 he was elected a Commissioner of the Poor- 
house.^^ From 1832 to 1840 he was secretary of the Liter- 
ary and Philosophical Society, before which distinguished 
body he made several addresses. In 1836 he was elected a 
corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Medicine 
at Paris.-^ He was a frequent contributor to The Cou- 
rier,^^ in which paper several of his lectures on scientific 
subjects were printed. Among these were the following: 
''On the Natural History and Product of the Silk Worm" ^^ 
and ''On the Philosophy of Botany. "^s jj^ ^^s an occa- 
sional contributor, too, to The Occident. He was Assistant 
Commissioner of Health in 1837.^^ He was at one time 
President of the Congregation Beth Elohim, and after the 
division of that Congregation through the introduction of 



The Courier, July 7, 1830. '" Ibid., Dee. 12, 1843. 

' Ibid., June 26, 1832. "" Ibid., April 20, 1831. 

' Ibid., Dee. 9, 1840. '' Ibid., May 30, 1836. 

See, e.g., ibid., Sept. 6, 1834, Sept. 17 and Nov. 19. 

Ibid., July 16, 1836. '° Ibid., Sept. 15, 1837. 

' Ibid., May 20, 1840. 



1824-1860 181 

the organ he was President of the seceders for two years. 
He was the author of two pamphlets: An Oration, on the 
Causes of the Mortality Among Strangers, During the Late 
Summer and Fall (1820), also of a Discourse — delivered 
at the consecration of the Synagogue at Savannah (1820).^^ 
Penina MoisE was born in Charleston on April 23, 1797. 
Her father, Abraham Moise, was an Alsatian Jew who had 
settled in St. Domingo and who fled with his family to 
Charleston during the negro insurrection of 1791. She had 
barely passed her twelfth year when her father died and she 
was compelled to leave school and to take her part in sup- 
porting the large and almost helpless family he left behind. 
Being studiously inclined, she devoted every spare moment 
to reading and soon possessed a well-developed mind. She 
manifested literary tendencies at an early age, but it was 
not till 1830 that her poems were printed in number. From 
that time on, however, she wrote incessantly, mainly poetry, 
though numerous examples of her prose are preserved in 
the files of The Charleston Courier. "^^ Her pen was remark- 
ably prolific, and while much of her writing does not rise 
above the level of the average feminine verse, she certainly 
must have possessed an extraordinary gift to be able week 
after week — frequentlj^ as often as three times a week — to 
contribute long poems on almost every conceivable subject 
to the columns of a single paper. Several of her best poems 
were devoted to topics relating to the emancipation of her 



"' For an obituary notice see The Occident, Vol. 3, pp. 59-60. Dr. 
De La Motta's Discourse, two copies of which are preserved in the Leeser 
Library in Philadelphia, is often referred to by writers who have mani- 
festly not seen it. The author expects some day to reprint this pamphlet 
together with other documents relating to the early history of the Jews in 
America. 

■" The author has collected references to several hundred of her poems, 
stories, and essays, a selection from which he hopes some day to preserve 
in permanent form. 



182 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

people: ''The Rejection of the Jew Bill in the House of 
Lords" (1833), ''The Jews of Damascus" (1840), "To Sir 
Moses Montefiore." In 1833 she published a sraall volume 
of poems, which she called Fancy ^s Sketch Book, and also 
contributed to The Charleston Book in 1845. Her best known 
work, however, and which will keep her name alive, is the 
volume of hymns which she wrote for the use of the Congre- 
gation Beth Elohim, of which she was a member. This vol- 
ume went through four editions. Her hymns have been 
incorporated in many collections, as a rule without acknowl- 
edgment. Charlotte Adams characterizes these hymns well 
when she says of them: "They are beautiful and stately 
songs, reminding one in their rhythmic march of the re- 
ligious verses that Cowper, Pope, Addison, and other eigh- 
teenth-century poets bequeathed to the world." 

Penina Moi'se was not merely a gifted writer, but also a 
splendid type of exalted womanhood. Her devotion to her 
mother, who had become paralyzed, and to her brother 
Isaac,^^ who was likewise an invalid, is to this day spoken 
of by those who knew her. For many years she was super- 
intendent of the Sunday-school, succeeding its founder. Miss 
Sally Lopez,^^ She wrote hymns and exercises for the 
younger pupils, and recitations and poems for the older 
ones. 



^ The smart sayings and brilliant humor of Isaac Moi'se are among the 
cherished traditions of the Jews of South Carolina. 

'^ This school was established by Miss Sally Lopez in 1838. There was 
then only one other Sabbath-school in America — that of Rebecca Gratz 
in Philadelphia. There were no text-books for Jewish children in those 
days. Rebecca Gratz used to write out the lessons in a copy-book, which 
was forwarded to Charleston every week. Several copies of these lessons 
were made by Miss Sally and distributed to the teachers. Thus was the 
teaching done! (See Elzas in The American Israelite for Jan., 1902. 
See also article by Julia Richman in The Jewish Quarterly Beview for 
July, 1900.) 



1824-1860 183 

Shortly before the war her sight began to fail and she 
soon became totally blind. With her sister, Rachel, then a 
widow, she opened a school after the war, she giving oral 
instruction to the pupils. She still continued to write, how- 
ever, her niece acting as her amanuensis. In 1872 her sister 
died. This was a sad blow to her. In one of her hymns ^^ 
she gives exquisite expression to her sorrow and faith. She 
continued to live with her niece. Miss Jacqueline Levy, who 
kept up the school till her death, which occurred on Septem- 
ber 13, 1880. Almost to the last she wrote her verses — now 
chiefly to her friends, whose attentions were unceasing. A 
great sufferer herself, she had learnt in suffering what she 
taught in song, and when she died the grief of her friends 
was unbounded. 

The following paragraph, taken from a sympathetic trib- 
ute by Charlotte Adams in The Critic, gives an admirable 
picture of her personality : 

" There died in Charleston in 1880, at the age of eighty-three, a Jewish 
poetess, whose life most admirably illustrates the literary idea of the old 
South, in the person of intellectual, talented, and, alas, sadly limited 
womanhood. This was Penina Moise, who for many years was the literary 
pivot of Hebrew Charleston, and whose influence extended far beyond the 
circle of her co-religionists. Blind, poor, getting her living in her old age 
by keeping a little school, she yet created a literary salon, to which the 
best minds of Charleston flocked. Her Friday afternoons were a centre 
of intellectual intercourse. To the romantic imagination of the young 
girls whom she taught, sitting in her large rocking-chair, in her plain 
calico gown, with her sightless eyes looking out from under the black 
coif which completely hid her hair, she presented herself as an incarnation 
of intellectual and social splendor — a queen of literary society. Madame 
de Stael squabbling with Napoleon Buonaparte, Madame Recamier re- 
clining in limp garments on her tub-like couch with Chateaubriand reading 
his manuscripts to her, Madame du DefCand exchanging epigrams with 
Horace Walpole — these were but the prototypes of Penina. Miss Moise 
was connected, by blood and marriage, with the best Hebrew families of 

" No. 78. 



184 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Charleston, and many of her scholars were of her own kindred. Her 
methods of instruction were of the Magnall's Questions order, and might 
have befitted the reign of George IV. She delighted in composing alpha- 
bets for literary novices, geographical rhymes, and historical conundrums. 
Her pupils read aloud to her, and by her system of education girls of 
twelve were made familiar with George Eliot, Charlotte Bronte, Walter 
Scott, and other English classics. Numerous volumes of French female 
memoirs were perused by Miss Moi'se's scholars, for ' Penina,' as her 
pupils fondly called her, although born at Charleston, was the child of 
San Domingo French parents, who had found a refuge in South Caro- 
lina when the Revolution of 1791 drove them from the West Indies and 
stripped them of their wealth. Miss Moi'se had all the gayety, the content- 
ment, and the joyous philosophy of the French temperament. Twenty- 
five years of blindness did not diminish her fondness for life's pleasures. 
She lived in books, and especially in the lives of noted French women 
found the enjoyment of the keenest sympathy. The melodious Hebrew 
name borne by this remarkable woman seemed to define her position in 
the Jewish colony at Charleston, which was very largely of San Domingo 
origin. Was not the 'Peninah' of Scripture the sister of the pious Han- 
nah and the aunt of the prophet Samuel? And was it not fit that her 
namesake should be regarded as a ' Mother in Israel' ? Living her chas- 
tened life apart from the gay world, in a rarefied, impersonal atmosphere, 
Penina was, in the finest sense, the mother of her people. To her the 
girl babies were brought before their names were called aloud in the 
Synagogue. Secrets of betrothal, marriage, business, and illness were 
confided to her tender care, and her advice was asked upon all important 
occasions."''' 

Besides the distinguislied names we have discussed at 
length, there were a number of others among the Jews of 
South Carolina who attained more or less prominence. The 
following brief and necessarily incomplete notes on the 
principal Jews of South Carolina during this period will 



^' The Critic, Vol. 15. An interesting sketch of Penina Moi'se was pub- 
lished by Mrs. S. A. Dinkins in American Jews' Annual for 1885-6. It 
may be noted that Penina Moise contributed to many papers and maga- 
zines: The Occident, Godey's Lady's Book, The Home Journal, the Bos- 
ton Daily Times, the Washingion Union, Heriot's Magazine, and New 
Orleans Commercial Tim,es. 



1824-1860 185 

give a good idea of the multifarious activities of the commu- 
nity. For the sake of convenience, they are arranged alpha- 
betically : ^^ 

Jacob Barrett was a prominent merchant. He was a 
director of the State Bank in 1842-43, a generous contribu- 
tor and benefactor of Beth Elohim. 

JuDAH P. Benjamin, born at St. Croix in 1811, died at 
Paris in 1884. He was Attorney-General of the Confed- 
eracy in 1861, for a time acting Secretary of War, and Sec- 
retary of State from 1862 to the end of the war. He has 
often been referred to as ' ' the brains of the Confederacy, ' ' 
while James G. Blaine in his Tiventy Years of Congress 
characterizes him as ''the Mephistopheles of the Rebellion, 
the brilliant, learned, sinister Secretary of State." Re- 
moving to England, he became the leader of the English 
Bar. It is remarkable that so little is known of the ances- 
try of one who became so famous. His father's name was 
Philip Benjamin. His mother's maiden name was Levy.^^ 
It is well established from the testimony of people who 
lived in Charleston during the first quarter of the nine- 
teenth century that his parents were very poor people and 
that they kept a small shop on King Street, between Clif- 
ford and Queen. Just when the Benjamin family came to 



^^ These notes are compiled mainly from City of Charleston Year Books, 
directories, almanacs, and newspaper files. The author is fully cogni- 
zant of the incompleteness of these notes, but he has done the best he 
could with the record evidence at present available and with which alone 
he is concerned. There are few among his readers who will appreciate 
the infinite labor that the compilation of these notes has cost. Many of 
the dates here given may be inaccurate by reason of the fact that the 
directories and almanacs are incomplete. As far as possible, the author 
has spared no pains to insure completeness as well as accuracy. 

" Mr. Joseph Lebowich in The Jewish Exponent of Feb. 10, 1905, refers 
to his mother's maiden name as Rebecca De Mendes, of London. The 
author's statement is made on the authority of relatives of Judah P. 
Benjamin. 



186 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Charleston is uncertain. Most of Benjamin's biographers 
place him in Wilmington in 1815, and they are probably 
correct. The family was certainly in Charleston in 1823, 
as is proved from the following entry in the Cash Book of 
Beth Elohim for that year : 

" 5683. Philip Benjamin 

Aug. 20, To subscription & Assessment of Seat $16 

Pre-emption for Ladies Seat No. 77 $1 

Do for Do No. 142 $1 

$18 
Sept. 6. By cash in full $18 " ==' 

It is unfortunate that we only possess a few of the 
Charleston Directories of this interesting period. In the 
Directory for 1831 there is the entry: ''Philip Benjamin 
—15 St. Philip St.," and in that of 1837: ''Philip Benja- 
min, fruiterer, 16 St. Philip st." In the Directory for 
1840-41 we find: "Philip Benjamin, fruits, 29 Beaufain;" 
and in 1849: "Philip Benjamin, 9 Princess." Later 
directories do not mention the name. 

In The Charlotte Observer of July 22, 1903,^6 a Mr. J. S. 
Leary communicates some interesting data about Judah P. 
Benjamin, which have the appearance of genuineness. 
Among other things he relates is the fact of his attending 
a Mr. Stewart's school in Fayetteville, N. C. He does not 
give any dates, however, and it looks as if he went to school 
there prior to the removal of the family to Charleston. 
Charleston tradition tells that he was placed in the school 



^° The name of Philip Benjamin does not occur in the Cash Book of 
1818. From 1819 to 1822 the books are missing, as they are for some 
years after 1823. 

^° Reprinted in The News and Courier of July 29, 1903. Mr. Leary 
states that the mother of Judah P. Benjamin was a Miss Levy, and that 
her brother, Mr. Jacob Levy, conducted a wholesale store and auction busi- 
ness at Fayetteville. 



1824-1860 187 

of the Hebrew Orphan Society and that he received a thor- 
ough English and classical education through the gener- 
osity of Mr. Moses Lopez. The records of the College of 
Charleston and of South Carolina College, at Columbia, do 
not show that he ever attended either of these institutions, 
and we can take it as certain that he never did. With his 
life after he left Charleston we are not concerned.^^ 

David Nunez Carvalho (1784-1860), a brother of Rev. 
E. N. Carvalho, was a merchant in Charleston; removed 
to Baltimore in 1828 and afterwards to Philadelphia, where 
he was appointed one of the City Judges of the Court of 
Arbitration; returned later to Baltimore, where he died. 
He was the author of a tragedy. Queen Esther, also of A 
Metrical Translation of the Psalms, neither of which has 
been published.^^ 

Solomon N. Carvalho, born in Charleston, April 27, 1815. 
He attained distinction as a scholar, artist, inventor, and 
writer. One of his paintings, a picture of the interior of 
the Charleston Synagogue as it existed prior to the fire of 
1838, has recently come to light.^*^ In 1852 he received a 
diploma and silver medal for his painting, "The Interces- 
sion of Moses for Israel," from the South Carolina Insti- 
tute. The best known of his portraits are those of Thomas 
Hunter and Isaac Leeser. In 1853 he accompanied John C. 
Fremont, as artist and daguerrotypist, on his famous expe- 
dition to the West. He kept a journal of this expedition, 
which he published in 1857: Last Expedition Across the 
Rocky Mountains: Including Three Months^ Residence in 



" For an exhaustive biography of Judah P. Benjamin see The Jewish 
Encyclopedia, art. " Benjamin." For an extended bibliogi-aphy see Lebo- 
wich in The Menorah for Nov., 1902. 

^^ Markens : The Hebrews in America, pp. 96-7. See also The Occident 
for Feb. 23, 1860. 

^ Recovered by the author. This picture was painted in 1838, just after 
the fire. 



188 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Utah and a Perilous Trip Across the Great American Des- 
ert to the Pacific. This volume contains a graphic descrip- 
tion of the journey from Salt Lake City to San Bernardino, 
also interesting observations concerning the Mormons and 
Mormonism. He was also the author of a volume entitled 
The Tivo Creations, a treatise on the Mosaic Cosmogony. 
He lived also in Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York.^^ 

Isaac S. Cohen was a director of the Commercial Bank 
of Columbia from 1838 to 1844 and of the Southwestern 
Railroad Bank from 1851 to 1859. 

Maex E, Cohen, a son of Mordecai Cohen, was a planter 
who lived near Charleston. He was a Magistrate for St. An- 
drew 's from 1843 to 1845 and a member of the Board of 
Health from 1846 to 1849. He removed to Sumter after the 
war, where he died in 1881. 

Mordecai Cohen (1763-1848), a native of Poland and for 
upwards of sixty years a resident of Charleston. He was 
one of the most extensive owners of real estate in the city, 
a good citizen and of unblemished reputation. He was noted 
for his philanthropy. He was a Commissioner of Markets 
from 1826 to 1832 ; a prominent member of the Union and 
States' Eights Party; a director of the Wilmington and 
Raleigh Railroad in 1836; a Commissioner of the Orphan 
House from 1838 to 1844, of which institution he was a gen- 
erous benefactor. One of the tablets on the walls of the 
Orphan House is inscribed with his name.'*^ 



'"See The Occident, Vol. 10, p. 174, also pp. 503-4; Markens: The 
Hebrews in America, pp. 203-4; Morals: The Jews of Philadelphia, 
p. 361. 

" " In Memory of Mordecai Cohen, who died the 20th July, 1848. For 
ten years he faithfully fulfilled the duties of a Commissioner of this 
Institution and for forty-five years contributed by annual donations to 
the comfort of its inmates." — Inscription on tablet. See also The Even- 
ing News, July 10, 1848. The date of death on the tablet is incorrect. 
Mordecai Cohen died on July 8th. 



1824-1860 189 

Myer M. Cohen conducted an ''English and Classical 
Seminary" in Charleston very successfully from 1824 to 
1828." He was admitted to the Bar in 1829 ; was one of 
the "Washington's Birthday Committee" in 1832 ;^3 rep- 
resented St. Philip's and St. Michael's in the Legislature 
in 1835-6, being elected on the Independent Republican 
ticket; was a Justice Q. U., 1835-7; removed to New Or- 
leans in 1837.4^ 

Philip Cohen was a Commissioner of the Marine Hos- 
pital from 1826 to 1833. He was a prominent member of 
the States' Rights Party in 1832 and one of the delegates 
to the "Nullification" Convention of that year. 

Dk. p. Melvin Cohen was secretary and treasurer of the 
Friendship Literary Society in 1825; City Apothecary in 
1838; a member of the Board of Health from 1843 to 1849 
and chairman of that body from 1850 to 1854. He was a 
director of the Bank of the State of South Carolina from 
1849 to 1855. 

Solomon Cohen was born at Georgetown on August 15, 
1802. He began the study of law at an early age and prac- 
tised in his native town till 1838, when he removed to Sa- 
vannah. He was a director of the Bank of South Carolina 
(Georgetown) from 1819 to 1826, and represented Prince 
George's, Winyah, in the Legislature from 1831 to 1836, 
being elected on the Nullification ticket in 1832. He was a 
Commissioner in Equity for Georgetown from 1835 to 1837. 
After his removal to Savannah he continued to practise his 
profession and took a deep interest in all affairs affecting 
the prosperity of his adopted city. He was frequently 
elected to positions of honor and trust by his fellow-citi- 
zens. He represented Chatham County in the Legislature 
with great satisfaction to his constituents. He also repre- 



"The Courier, Nov. 19, 1824. 
Ibid., Feb. 20, 1832. " Ibid., May 3, 1837. 



190 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

sented the city in the Board of Aldermen, and was one of 
the most zealous members of that body. He was Postmas- 
ter of Savannah during the latter part of President Pierce's 
Administration. He was in the office at the commencement 
of the war and was continued in the position under the 
Confederate Government. He was one of the inaugurators 
of the Public School system in Savannah and was an active 
member of the Board of Education. In 1860 he was elected 
a member of the Georgia delegation to the Democratic Con- 
vention in Charleston and took a prominent part in the 
deliberations of that important body. In 1866 he was 
elected a member of Congress from the First Congressional 
District of Georgia, but was not allowed to take his seat. 
He was for several years cashier of the Central Railroad 
Bank, president of the Union Society, President of the 
Mickva Israel Congregation, and was one of the original 
directors of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad. He had also 
occupied many other prominent positions in the commu- 
nity. He died on August 14, 1875.^^ 

Jacob De La Motta, a native of Charleston, but for many 
years a resident of Savannah. He was a cousin of Dr. Jacob 
De La Motta and practised law both in Charleston and Sa- 
vannah. A memorial tablet was erected to his memory in 
the Savannah Synagogue by the Jews of that city."**^ 

Dk. Mokdecai H. De Leon was a prominent physician in 
Columbia in 1834. He was a contributor to the Baltimore 
Medical and Surgical Journal and Review,'^'^ and was regent 
of the Columbia Lunatic Asylum from 1841 to 1849. 

George Washington Harby, a brother of Isaac Harby. 



*^ See the Savannah Morning News, August 16, 1875, from which the 
above sketch is mainly taken. For Memoir see The Occident, Vol. 11, 
pp. 267-270. 

^^ The inscription reads as follows : " Erected by the Congregation, in 
grateful memory of Jacob De La Motta, who died 23 Oct. 1856." 

" The Courier, June 11, 1834. 



1824-1860 191 

He removed early to New Orleans, where he wrote several 
plays. His farce, The Loafers, became quite popular/^ as 
did his Nick of the Woods. 

Henky J. Haeby, another brother of Isaac Harby, took 
an active part in politics at the time of the ''Nullification" 
movement. He was a lieutenant of the Marion Artillery in 
1834 ; City Blacksmith in 1835, and a member of the Board 
of Health from 1838 to 1842. 

Samuel Hakt, Sr. (1805-1896), was a well-known figure 
in Charleston up to the time of his death. He was a book- 
seller and publisher, and had engaged in this business since 
1840. He was secretary of the American Art Union in 1847 
and a Commissioner of the Market from 1852 to 1859. 

Solomon Heydenfeldt, a native of Charleston, was born 
in 1816. He removed to Alabama in 1837,''^ and was chosen 
Judge of the County Court of Tallapoosa in 1840. In 1850 
he went to California, where he became a distinguished 
Justice of the Supreme Court. He died in San Francisco 
in 1890.'^'' 

Henry M. Hyams was born in Charleston in 1809. He 
removed to New Orleans in 1828, where he studied law. He 
was for several years a banker. He practised law for six- 
teen years in Rapides Parish, was prominent as an Old-Line 
Whig politician, and from 1854 as a Democratic leader. He 
was for four years in the State Senate, and for four years 
(1859-1864) Lieutenant-Governor with Moore. "He was 
an excellent financier, a sagacious legislator, a careful law- 
yer, an able party leader, a thorough lover of his adopted 
State, a fine scholar, philanthropist, and patriot." He 
died at New Orleans in 1875.'5i 



" The Courier, Sept. 29, 1838. 

*• In the Courier of August 12, 1837, he advertised as " Attorney-at-Law, 
Wetumpka, Ala." 

°° American Jews' Annual for 1888, p. 103. 

" Taken from a clipping from a New Orleans paper, n. d. 



192 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Colonel Myer Jacobs was an Englishman. He was War- 
den of Beaufort in 1831; represented St. Helena's in the 
Legislature in 1833; elected on the Union ticket in 1836; 
represented St. Philip's and St. Michael's in 1838-9, elected 
on the Democratic Independent Treasury ticket ; was colo- 
nel of the 12th Eegiment from 1828 to 1833 ; a surveyor in 
the Custom-House, 1847-9 ; clerk in the Bank of the State 

of South Carolina, 1852-4 ; and again in the Custom-House, 

1854-58.52 

Major Joshua Lazarus was president of the Cheraw 
Bank in 1825 ; major in the 7th Brigade in 1830 ; a member 
of the Union Party of Chesterfield District in 1832 ; presi- 
dent of the Gas Light Company, of Charleston, from 1848 
to 1856.53 

Michael Lazarus was vice-president of the Palmetto 
Society in 1827. He served as a trustee of the Shirras Dis- 
pensary from 1835 to 1859. "He was the first that opened 
the navigation by steam of the Savannah River, between 
Charleston and Augusta." ^^ 

Lewis C. Levin was born in Charleston in 1808. Early 
in life he removed to Woodville, Miss., where he became a 
school-teacher. After fighting a duel, he left that city and 
began the study of law, which he practised in Maryland, 
Kentucky, Louisiana, and Pennsylvania. In 1838 he settled 
in Philadelphia. Here he espoused the cause of temperance, 
editing The Temperance Advocate. In the interest of the 
''Native American" Party, which he was instrumental in 
forming, he published The Sun, of which he became the edi- 
tor. He served in Congress from 1845 to 1851, acting for a 



" " He was appointed by President Polk Surveyor of the Customs and 
subsequently by President Buchanan to the same office, in which position 
he was continued at the dissolution of the old Union by President Davis." 
—The Courier, Nov. 29, 1861. 

" Coal gas was introduced in Charleston in 1848. 

" See Obituary Notice in The Courier, Sept. 20, 1862. 



1824-1860 193 

time as chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs. He 
died in Philadelphia on March 14, 1860.^^ 

Nathaniel Levin (1816-1899) was an import inspector 
in the Custom-House, 1850-1 ; record clerk, 1852-6, and Col- 
lector 's clerk, 1857-8. He was a very intellectual man, 
noted for his fine reading. In 1859 he was invited by Edwin 
Booth to appear as Othello to Booth's lago. He was a 
prominent Freemason and at the time of his death was act- 
ing Inspector-General of the Supreme Council of Scottish 
Rite Masonry for South Carolina. 

Colonel Chapman Levy, a native of Camden, born July 4, 
1787. He studied law and was admitted to the Bar in Co- 
lumbia in 1806. He practised with eminent success in his 
native town and district, as well as in Lancaster. He repre- 
sented Kershaw in the Legislature from 1829 to 1833 and 
from 1836 to 1838. He was chairman of the Committee on 
Retrenchment. He was a member of the ''Nullification" 
Convention in 1832 and was an ardent Union man. He re- 
moved to Camden, Miss., where he died in December, 1850.^*^ 

David C. Levy (1805-1877), a son of Lyon Levy and 
grandson of David N. Cardozo, was a prominent merchant 
of Charleston. He was a director of the Charleston Insur- 
ance Company from 1837 to 1847, a member of the Board 
of Health in 1842, and a director of the Southwestern Rail- 
road Bank from 1843 to 1846. He left Charleston in 1847 
and in 1860 settled in Philadelphia, where he engaged in 
business as a banker and broker. For twenty years he was 
a highly respected member of the Philadelphia Board of 
Brokers. He was likewise active in charitable and educa- 
tional work. He retired from business in 1880, being suc- 
ceeded by his son Solomon, who is to-day a conspicuous 
member of the Philadelphia Stock Exchange. 



Morals: The Jews of Philadelphia, pp. 395-6. 
O'NeaU : Bench and Bar, Vol. 2, pp. 281-2. 



194 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Hayman Levy, a prominent merchant and cotton factor 
of Camden. He was Warden of Camden in 1835, Intendant 
in 1843, and a director of the Bank of Camden from 1842 
to 1854. 

Jacob C. Levy, a native of Charleston, was a prominent 
merchant and a gentleman of many accomplishments. He 
was a director of the Union Insurance Company from 1830 
to 1840, a delegate to the Knoxville Eailroad Convention in 
1836, and a member of the Charleston Chamber of Com- 
merce from 1841 to 1847. He was politically affiliated with 
the Union Party. A very scholarly article from his pen on 
''The Reformed Israelites" was printed in The Southern 
Quarterly Review for April, 1844 (pages 312-360). He 
removed to Savannah in 1848 and died in that city in 1875.^'^ 

MoRDECAi M. Levy was a merchant of Camden. He con- 
ducted a drug business in partnership with Dr. Abraham 
De Leon. He represented Kershaw in the Legislature from 
1834 to 1838 and was a candidate for Congress in 1836.^^ 

Aaron Lopez was Warden of Georgetown from 1828 to 
1830 and Intendant of that town in 1836. 

DAvro Lopez, the builder of the present Synagogue of 
Beth Elohim in 1840. He was a member of the committee 
of the Democratic Party in 1843,°^ a trustee of the Appren- 
tices ' Library in 1847,^*^ and a Commissioner of the Work- 
House from 1850 to 1855. 

Captain Henry Lyons, a prominent citizen of Columbia. 



" See the Savannah Morning News, June 11, 1875. For a detailed 
history of the Levy family see The Hebrew Journal for Dec, 1887 : " An 
Account of the Lazarus and Levy Families," by Chas. H. Moise. This 
hyperbolical sketch is incorporated into Wolf's History and Genealogy 
of the Jewish Families of Yates and Samuel of Liverpool (London, 1901)". 
" For private circulation." 

■" The Courier, July 20, 1836. 

'' Ibid., April 17, 1843. 

" Ibid., Feb. 17, 1847. 



1824-1860 195 

He was Warden of that town from 1843 to 1851 and after- 
wards Intendant. He was a director of the Commercial 
Bank of Columbia from 1854 to 1858.«i 

Elias Marks, M. D. (1790-1886), a prominent educator, 
writer, and poet, was the son of Humphrey Marks, who 
settled in Charleston in 1785. He founded the Columbia 
Female Academy about 1820 and afterwards conducted the 
famous Barhamville School — a well-known institution for 
the higher education of women, and from which many 
famous women were graduated, including Miss Pamela 
Cuningham and Miss Martha Bulloch, the mother of Presi- 
dent Roosevelt. He is supposed to have been converted to 
Christianity in childhood by an old negro nurse, although 
his children and members of his family are buried in an 
old Jewish cemetery in Columbia.^^ 

Major Abraham A. Massias was born in New York. He 
was appointed from New York 1st lieutenant of Rifles in 
1808, captain m 1809, and paymaster with the rank of major 
in 1820.«3 



" For Obituary Notice see The Occident, Vol. 16, p. 507. 

"For a detailed history of Dr. Marks and the Barhamville School see 
the Columbia State, March 15, 1903. This article, four columns in 
length, contains many interesting reminiscences, though there are several 
inaccuracies. For a notice of his volume : Preliminary Discourse to Lec- 
tures on Belles Lettres connected with Female Education, see The 
Courier, March 2, 1850. His volume of poems is noticed in The Courier 
of March 14, 1850. For a critical notice of his poetry see The News 
and Courier, August 23, 1903. 

" " Major Abraham A. Massias, Obt. Charleston, So. Ca., the 28th June, 
1848, aged 76 years. Receiving his brevet for twenty years' services in 
the field, he was subsequently appointed paymaster to the army U. S., 
discharging the responsible duties of his office with distinguished integrity 
and uprightness. To the Synagogue of Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim, or 
House of God, he was, by his last will, a generous benefactor, and after 
a provision for several relatives, the bulk of his estate was bequeathed to 
friends in Charleston, So. Ca., the home of his choice." — Inscription on 
tombstone. Da Costa Cemetery, Charleston, S. C. 



196 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Abraham Moise was a prominent lawyer and politician. 
He was admitted to the Bar in 1822 ; was a Justice of the 
Peace from 1827 to 1840, and a Magistrate of the City of 
Charleston, 1842 to 1859. He was a conspicuous member 
of the Union and States' Rights Party. 

Abraham Moise, Jr., was a clerk and assistant cashier in 
the Bank of Charleston, 1839 to 1852. He was a patriotic 
citizen and an eloquent speaker. He was secretary of the 
Democratic meeting in 1843. 

Edwin Warren" Moise (1811-1868) was educated as a 
physician in Charleston and removed early to Woodville, 
Miss., where he practised his profession. Later in life he 
studied law, and, removing to New Orleans, became quite 
eminent. He was a member of the Legislature for many 
years and for several years was Speaker of the House. In 
1861 he was made a Judge of the Confederate States Court 
in Louisiana and afterwards became Attorney-General of 
the State. 

GrEisrERAL E. W. MoiSE. Scc Jcws of Sumter. 

Jacob Moise, one of the first Jewish settlers in Augusta, 
Ga., was a director of the Georgia Insurance Company 
in 1836. 

Theodore S. Moise was a self-taught artist and portrait 
painter who attained considerable prominence. Many fine 
examples of his art are still to be seen in South Carolina 
and in New Orleans, to which city he removed in 1843 and 
where he obtained good recognition.^"* 

M. C. MoRDECAi was one of the most prominent merchants 
in Charleston. He was vice-president of the Charleston 
Antient Artillery Society, 1830-1847; a member of the 
Board of Health, 1833-1836 ; captain of the Marion Artil- 

"' See The Courier July 1, 1835, August 24, 1835, Nov. 20, 1835, Sept. 
30, 1836, and May 8, 1843. (Copied from the New Orleans Picayune.) 
For further data concerning the Moise family see The Jewish Encyclo- 
pcedia, art. " Moise." All statements must be received with caution. 



1824-1860 197 

lery in 1834; Alderman of Charleston in 1836; a member 
of the Committee on Civic Improvements in 1837 ; Warden 
of Police in 1837 ; a Commissioner of Markets in 1837 ; a 
delegate to the Augusta Convention in 1838 ; a director of 
the Southwestern Railroad Bank, 1840-1852; a Commis- 
sioner of Pilotage, 1842-1850 ; a director of the Gas Light 
Company, 1848-1856 ; a director of the South Carolina In- 
surance Company, 1849-1857; a director of the Farmers' 
and Exchange Bank, 1854-1859 ; Representative in the Leg- 
islature for St. Philip's and St. Michael's, 1845-1846, and 
State Senator, 1855-1858. He was one of the founders of 
The Southern Standard in 1851 — an organ opposed to the 
agitation of the question of secession in South Carolina. 
He removed to Baltimore after the war.^^ 

Franklin J. Moses was born in Charleston on August 13, 
1804. He was a son of Major Myer Moses. At an early age 
he was sent to South Carolina College, where he graduated 
when only seventeen years old. After leaving college he 
commenced the study of law and was admitted to the Bar 
in 1825. Having fixed upon no place to practise, he took a 
trip through the State and was fortunate in meeting Judge 
Richardson in Clarendon. There were no hotels in those 
days, but the door of every house was open. Following the 
custom of the time and country. Judge Richardson invited 
Mr. Moses to spend the night at his house. The invitation 
was accepted, and Judge Richardson was so struck by the 
manners and force of character of the young visitor that he 
persuaded him to stay several days and finally advised him 
to settle at Sumter, which he did. He formed a law part- 
nership with John L. Wilson, which was dissolved in 1827,^^ 
and afterwards with his brother, Montgomery Moses.^^ 



" King: The Newspaper Press of Charleston, S. C, p. 160. 
" The Courier, Dec. 15, 1827. 
■" Ibid., Dec. 16, 1831. 



198 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Judge Eichardson introduced him into society and gave him 
a helping hand. He soon made his mark and acquired a 
lucrative practice, extending to the neighboring districts 
of Kershaw, Darlington, and Williamsburg. Soon after 
attaining a prominent position at the Sumter Bar he was 
elected to the Legislature and in 1842 was elected State 
Senator from Claremont and served till 1862. During the 
greater part of his service as Senator he was chairman of 
the Judiciary Committee. This was a great honor and a 
signal proof of capacity, for among his colleagues were gen- 
tlemen of distinguished ability. 

As a public man, Senator Moses was remarkable for his 
carefulness, watchfulness, thorough preparation and atten- 
tion, and for his fidelity to the interests of his constituents. 
No man of his day was better acquainted with the working 
of public affairs and the course of the State's political his- 
tory. In December, 1865, he was elected a Law Judge, 
under the old Constitution, by the State Legislature assem- 
bled under the proclamation of President Johnson. As a 
Circuit Judge he displayed the rarely combined qualities 
of fairness and quickness, and gave constant evidence of 
his thorough knowledge of the precedents and practice in 
common law. Under the Eeconstruction Acts a new Con- 
stitution was framed and adopted, the whole judicial system 
of the State being rooted up. The new Supreme Court of 
the State was to consist of a Chief Justice and two Asso- 
ciate Justices. On July 28, 1868, Judge Moses was elected 
Chief Justice for six years and upon the expiration of his 
first term was reelected without opposition. From 1851 to 
the time of his death he was a trustee of the South Carolina 
College and was Professor of Law in that institution, suc- 
ceeding the late C. D. Melton. 

By accepting the office of Chief Justice at the hands of 
the first Legislature which met under the new Constitution, 
Judge Moses separated himself from his life-long com- 



1824-1860 199 

panions and associates. It was a heavy blow to his friends, 
though many of them believed that his motives were pure 
and that his object was to serve the best interests of his 
people. The last act of his public life, however, reconciled 
him somewhat to them. In the contested election of Wade 
Hampton as Governor of the State, Judge Moses intimated 
that when the Supreme Court should reassemble, he would 
deliver an opinion in favor of Wade Hampton. He died, 
however, before he could carry out his determination, on 
March 6, 1877. He married Miss McClenahan, of Chester- 
field District. His son, Franklin J. Moses, Jr., the notori- 
ous Governor of South Carolina from 1872 to 1874, was not 
brought up as a Jew, nor were his affiliations Jewish in 
any way.^^ 

Myer Moses, a son of the elder Myer Moses, who died 
in 1787, has already been noticed. He removed to New 
York about 1825 and died in that city on March 20, 1833.^^ 
He was the father of Chief-Justice Moses. He was the 
author of two books : Oration Delivered at Tammany Hall 
on the 12th May, 1831, and Full Annals of the Revolution in 
France. 

Eaphael J. MosES, lawyer and statesman, was born in 
Charleston on January 20, 1812. He was the son of Israel 
Moses, who was himself a native of Charleston. He started 
life as a merchant, but after a few years abandoned trade 
and studied law. He removed to Apalachicola, Fla., about 
1837, and soon attained distinction in his profession. Re- 
moving to Columbus, Ga., in the forties, he at once assumed 
front rank among the lawyers of that city. He was a 
prominent figure, likewise, in politics. As an orator he was 
excelled by few, sharing honors easily with Robert Toombs, 



" The above sketch is practically copied from an editorial in The News 
and Courier of March 7, 1877. 

~ The Courier, March 30 and April 1, 1833. 



200 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Alexander H. Stephens, and Benjamin H. Hill. A descend- 
ant of the families of Nunez and Luria, he changed the 
names of two of his sons in 1856 to Israel M. Nunez and 
Albert M. Luria — the third son, Raphael J. Moses, Jr., now 
a distinguished lawyer of New York, retaining his own 
name. At the outbreak of the war he enlisted with his 
three sons. He himself served on the staff of General 
Longstreet as Chief Commissary of Subsistence, ranking 
as major. His efficiency is frequently referred to in the 
highest terms."^*^ His eldest son, Israel M. Nunez, served 
throughout the war. The second son, Albert M. Luria, was 
a lieutenant in the 23d Regiment (N. C). In 1861, while 
Sewell's Point was being shelled, it was necessary, in order 
that the guns might be trained on the Monocacy, to dig 
away the sand in front of the breastworks. Volunteers were 
called for, and young Luria and another young man jumped 
out and dug the sand away, returning unhurt. Their gal- 
lantry is mentioned in the official reports of both the 
captain and colonel.^^ In recognition of young Luria's 
bravery, the company sent an eight-inch iron shell to his 
mother, together with a brass plate on which is inscribed : 

" Sergt. A. M. Luria, C. L. G. SewelFs Point, Norfolk, Va., May 19th, 
1861. 

" ' The pride of all his comrades, 
The bravest of the brave.' " 

He was killed at the battle of Seven Pines, on May 31, 
1862. Resting on a pillar of marble that stands on his 
grave is the shell, with the brass plate adorning its shaft. 



"References to his services can be found in many of the volumes of 
the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, published by 
the United States Government. As these volumes are fully indexed, detailed 
references are unnecessary. 

"A highly-colored version of this incident is given in Wolf: The 
American Jew, etc., p. 303. 



1824-1860 201 

The third son, Raphael J. Moses, Jr., was at Annapolis 
when the war broke out. He resigned and was appointed 
in the Georgia navy and afterwards in the Confederate 
navy, serving on the Virginia (Merrimac) and other ships. 

After the war Major Moses resumed the practice of law. 
He was elected to the Legislature in 1866, where his oratory 
and statesmanship won him lasting fame. His open letter 
to the Hon. W. 0. Tuggle, of LaGrange, who in his Congres- 
sional campaign had taunted him with being a Jew, has 
become a classic.'^^ He died in Brussels on October 13, 
1893, widely esteemed for his culture, character, and ser- 
vices. Among the great men whom the Jews of South 
Carolina have furnished to this country — great by reason 
of service — Raphael J. Moses will always occupy an hon- 
ored place. 

The following pen-picture of him, from The Occident 
of April, 1866, is worthy of reproduction : 

" Hon. R. J. Moses, member for Muscogee, the generally acknowledged 
leader of the House, is a short, heavy-built Israelite — proud of his tribe — 
with raven hair, which the snows of fifty winters have had no power 
to bleach, and dark eyes, languid in repose, but which when aroused 
kindle with promethean fire. His face is truly leonine in type, and in so 
far not unfitly mirrors his heart, which is the residence of will, and 
courage, and generosity, and all the manly virtues. Being chairman of 
the Committee on the Judiciary, he is often called to address the House, 
and never fails to command attention. He is the best speaker I have 
heard in either branch of the Assembly. Some of the qualities which 
make him more of the orator than the debater — a Pitt rather than a 
Fox — are an emotional nature, full of eloquent feeling, a copious and 
nervous diction, an ear for the music of words, an impassioned declama- 
tion, appealing more strongly to the heart than to the head, and a power 
of amplification wherein few men excel him. The cogency of his logic 
is in some measure eclipsed by the splendor of his rhetoric, and he seems 



" This letter was originally published in the Columbus Daily Times of 
August 30, 1S78, and was reprinted in The American Israelite of Sept. 6, 
1878, since which time it has been reprinted hundreds of times. 



202 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

to love the flower as much as the fruit. Said Mr. Jefferson : * Patrick 
Henry on his feet persuaded us all, but when he had taken his seat, I 
could recall none of his arguments.' I take Mr. Moses to be an accom- 
plished belles-lettres scholar, and I was surprised to learn that he devotes 
his professional life mainly to the practice of commercial law. Such a 
master of the passions, it would seem, ought to give his attention almost 
exclusively to criminal advocacy. There he would be in his element 
and in his glory. * * * As I have said, he is proud of his race. He 
perfectly understands the insensate prejudice existing against it, and 
which, to his honor be it said, he manfully confronts, by so conforming 
his conduct as to challenge criticism upon his public or private life. His 
love for that people is intense and very beautiful — allowing nothing to 
divide his affection with, but his country — Georgia and those that love 
Georgia; for a truer, more patriotic heart than his never quickened its 
pulsations at the mention of liberty. * * * In social life his genial 
qualities shine in most attractive perfection. After making the best 
speech of the day at the Capitol, in the abandon of social hilarity at 
night, in his room, he can tell the best stoiy of the session. * * * in 
short, he is the man of all circles, and emphatically the pride of his own." 

Abkaham Ottolengui, a prominent merchant. He was 
a director of the Union Bank from 1843 to 1850 and a Com- 
missioner of the Poor-House in 1833-4. He was a bene- 
factor of Beth Elohim. The interest of the ''Ottolengui 
Fund" is still distributed annually to the poor.'^^ 

Philip Phillips, perhaps the greatest native-born Amer- 
ican Jew, was born in Charleston in 1807. He was admitted 
to the Bar in 1829; was a member of the ''Nullification" 
Convention in 1832, and represented Chesterfield in the 
Legislature in 1834-5. In 1835 he removed to Mobile, 
where he soon rose to high distinction. In 1844 he was 
elected to the Legislature and was chairman of the Com- 
mittee on Federal Relations. In 1845 he published a digest 
of the decisions of the Supreme Court of Alabama. In 
1846 he was commissioned a Judge of the Criminal Court 
that had been established in the city of Mobile, but declined 



'' For Obituary Notice see The Occident, Vol. 8, pp. 578-580. 



1824-1860 203 

the honor. In 1849 he was elected chairman of the State 
convention called for the purpose of promoting internal 
improvements. In 1850 he was admitted to the Bar of 
the Supreme Court. In 1853 he was elected to Congress 
and declined reelection. He now removed to Washington, 
but when the war broke out returned South, living for a 
while in New Orleans. In 1867 he returned to Washington, 
and in spite of the prejudice against the Southerner, be- 
came one of the leaders of the Bar. His practice was 
almost entirely before the Supreme Court, where he ap- 
peared in over four hundred cases. So recognized was his 
ability, that he was frequently called upon to argue cases 
in which he was not personally interested, merely as amicus 
curice. The tribute paid to his memory by the Bar of the 
Supreme Court on February 16, 1884, was indeed a remark- 
able tribute. His career was referred to as ^'a model for 
citizens, for statesmen, for lawyers, and for judges." "He 
was a jurist and statesman, whose labors and discussions 
were a large contribution to jurisprudence and at the same 
time of invaluable assistance to that tribunal in whose 
judgments they are imperishably preserved." ''He was 
the personification of the ideal of a great lawyer" — ''by 
common consent among the greatest. " It is interesting to 
note that he wrote a sketch of his life for his children. It 
is to be regretted that this has not been published.'^* 

Dr. Theodore Rodrigues was for several years Officer of 
Health and Physician to the Queen's Troops stationed at 
Fajardo, Porto Rico.'^^ 

Dr. B. a. Rodriguez was a well-known dentist and in- 



'*For further data see Garrett: Reminiscences of Public Men in Ala- 
hama for Thirty Years, pp. 405-7. (Atlanta, 1872.) See also Proceed- 
ings of the Bar of the Supreme Court of the United States on the Death 
of Philip Phillips and the Action of the Court Thereon. (Washington, 
D. C, 1884.) 

" The Courier, July 3, 1843. 



204 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

ventor. He was one of the first, if not the first, in America 
to make an artificial palate ; '^^ was a contributor to The 
American Journal of Dental Science,'^'' and a member of 
the Board of Health in 1849. 

Solomon Sampson Solomons was engineer and superin- 
tendent of the Northeastern Eailroad Company in 1858-9. 
He supervised the building of this road and was for many 
years its president. 

Abraham Tobias, a prominent merchant. He was a mem- 
ber of the Board of Health from 1833 to 1837 ; a Commis- 
sioner of Pilotage from 1838 to 1843; a director of the 
Union Bank from 1836 to 1856. He was a member of the 
States' Rights Party in 1840 and was one of the citizens 
appointed as honorary guard over the remains of Mr. 
Calhoun on the occasion of that distinguished statesman's 
funeral in April, 1850.'^^ 

Other names that may be noted are Isaac N. Cardozo, 
for twenty-four years a weigher in the Custom House 
(1831-1855);'^® Gershon Lazarus, steamboat inspector in 
the Custom House (1847-1858) ; Hyam Cohen, City Asses- 
sor of Charleston from 1838 to 1850; Thomas Sampson, 
Assistant Assessor in 1852 ; Solomon Moses, City Marshal 
from 1833 to 1846; H. H. De Leon, Assistant Treasurer 
of the City of Charleston from 1850 to 1852, and Levy J. 
Myers, clerk to the Treasurer from 1854 to 1857. 

E. Abrahams was a member of the Board of Health from 
1840 to 1842 ; Jacob Cohen was a member of the same body 
in 1852; S. N. Hart was a Commissioner of the Marine 



" The Courier, July 18, 1836. 

" Ibid., Oct. 22, 1840. 

'* Year Book for 1883, p. 526. Other Jews who served on this occasion 
during the various " watches" were Joshua Lazarus, P. M. Cohen, and 
Jacob Cohen. 

" For Obituary Notice see The Evening News, August 21, 1855. 



1824-1860 205 

Hospital in 1850-1 and a Commissioner of the Work-House 
in 1852; E. Levy was a member of the Board of Health 
in 1838-9 and a Commissioner of Streets and Lamps from 
1843 to 1848; Aaron Lopez was a member of the Board 
of Health in 1838-9 ; M. H. Nathans was a Commissioner of 
Markets in 1854, and E. Solomons a Commissioner of 
Eoads in 1858-9. 

Aaron Moi'se was a clerk in the Bank of South Carolina 
from 1839 to 1851; Abraham Moise, Jr., was assistant 
cashier at the Bank of Charleston from 1839 to 1852 ; L. J. 
Moses was a clerk in the Southwestern Railroad Bank from 
1840 to 1848. 

F. Goldsmith was a director of the Bank of Hamburg 
in 1837; Lewis Levy, a director of the Exchange Bank of 
Columbia from 1855 to 1859 ; J. C. Lyons, a director of the 
Indemnity Insurance Company of Columbia in 1854-5, 
and of the Exchange Bank of Columbia from 1854 to 1859 ; 
Isaac D, Mordecai, a director of the Bank of the State of 
South Carolina, at Columbia, from 1842 to 1852. 

Lizar Joseph was Warden of Georgetown in 1826, and 
Coroner in the same year ; Abraham Myers was Intendant 
of Georgetown in 1826-7 ; N. Emanuel was Warden of that 
city from 1851 to 1854 ; R. D. Levin was Warden of Colum- 
bia in 1852 ; Montgomery Moses was Intendant of Sumter- 
ville in 1852 ; S. S. Sampson was Intendant of Walterboro 
in 1854 ; A. H. Davega was Warden of Camden in 1854 and 
of Chester in 1858; Samuel Sampson was Warden of 
Georgetown in 1858-9. 

The following are the Jewish lawyers of the period with 
the dates of their admission to the Bar in Charleston or 
Columbia: Chapman Levy (18U6), Abraham Moise (1822), 
Solomon Cohen (1823), Levi S. D. Lyon (1825), F. J. 
Moses (1825), M. M. Cohen (1829), Philip Phillips (1829), 
Montgomery Moses (1831), Edwin De Leon (1840), S. Ben- 
jamin (1841), Isaac Da Vega (1846), M. B. Moses (1855), 



206 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

M. M. Cohen (1855), J. Barrett Cohen (1857), Joseph W. 
Moses (1858), J. N. Nathans (1858).8« 

Among the physicians were: Dr. P. Melvin Cohen, Dr. 
Lawrence L. Cohen,^^ Dr. J. Bensadon,^^ Dr. Abraham De 
Leon, Dr. M. H. De Leon, and Dr. Columbus Davega. 

Among the minor writers mention may be made of Cor- 
delia Moise, Caroline Harby, Rebecca Levy, Sarah Ann 
Dinkins, and Columbus Moise. These are principally 
known through their short poems and hymns. 

As has already been incidentally noted, the Jews took 
an active part in the turbulent politics of the period. 
Nathan Hart, Colonel Chapman Levy, F. J. Moses, Abra- 
ham Moise, Jacob De La Motta, and M. C. Myers, of 
Georgetown, were prominent members of the Union and 
States' Rights Party. Other names frequently met with 
are J. N. Cardozo, M. C. Mordecai, Major Lazarus, Michael 
Lazarus, H. J. Harby, and Abraham Tobias. In The 
Courier of October 1, 1832, there is a splendid letter, signed 
by eighty-four Israelites, affirming that the Jews do not 
want to be represented as a sect in the State Legislature. 
It is a fine statement of the proper attitude of the Jew 
in politics. In the ''Nullification" Convention of 1832 
were Philip Cohen, Myer Jacobs (St. Helena's), Chapman 
Levy, and Philip Phillips (Chesterfield)— Cohen and 
Jacobs voting for, and Levy and Phillips against the Or- 
dinance of Nullification. 

During the Florida War, as in every other war, the Jews 
of South Carolina furnished their full quota to the troops 
of the State. ~S. Hyams was a member of the Hamburg 
Volunteers.^2 Solomon Heydenfeldt also served in this 
war.^2 In the Washington Volunteers from Charleston 

"• Compiled from O'Neall's BencU and Bar, Vol. 2. 

" Graduated in 1838. 

'' The Courier, Jan. 26, 1836. 

'' Ibid. 



1824^1860 207 

were J. Cohen, Jr., Myer M. Cohen, and Columbus Mo'ise.^'' 
In Columbia, a volunteer company of sixty men was or- 
ganized under the conunand of Captain Isaac Cohen.^^ 
J. C. Peixotto was one of the draft from the 16th Regi- 
ment.*^*^ So was T. W. Mordecai." Dr. P. Melvin Cohen 
was surgeon to the detachment of troops in Charleston 
Harbor.^^ Hyam Cohen was assistant paymaster.*^ After 
the expiration of his term of service Myer M. Cohen re- 
ceived an appointment as an officer of the left wing and 
served out the campaign in Florida. He published an 
account of that country and the military operations 
therein.^^ 

In the Mexican War Dr. David C. De Leon served as 
assistant surgeon. In the Palmetto Regiment were Jacob 
Valentine, the youngest soldier of the regiment, who was 
severely wounded at Churubusco ; ^^ Orlando Levy, J. 
Friedeberg, D. Polock, and J. L. Polock.^^ 

So much, then, for the Jews of South Carolina, socially 
and politically. In the matter of religious development, 
too, there was much of the greatest interest that took place 
during this period. This we shall discuss in the next 
chapter. 



" The Courier, Jan. 26, 1S36. "" Ibid., Feb. 19, 1836. 

" Ibid., Jan. 29, 1836. '' Ibid., May 10, 1836. 

" Ibid., Feb. 2, 1836. '" Ibid., June 2, 1836. 

" Ibid., Feb. 6, 1836. " Ibid., Dec. 13, 1847. 

" The writer of the article " Moi'se" in The Jewish Encyclopcedia makes 
Camillus Moise die while serving in the Mexican War. He died in 1844! 
(See The Old Jewish Cemeteries at Charleston, S. C, p. 60.) 




CHAPTER X/— RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT 

1824-1860 




E have discussed the Jews of South 
Carolina from 1824 to 1860 at 
length and we have seen what a 
remarkable number of men of 
more than average prominence the 
community included. We have 
seen, likewise, how many of its 
able men left South Carolina dur- 
ing this period and made their mark elsewhere. 

Not less interesting is the story of the religious devel- 
opment of the community, for it was during this period 
that a second movement took place in the direction of re- 
form — a movement that was not without effect in the evo- 
lution of American Judaism. We will go back a little, 
therefore, and take up the story of the Reformed Society 
of Israelites where we left it. 

After the dissolution of the Society most of its members 
who remained in Charleston reaflfiliated with Beth Elohim. 
They were fined various amounts at the discretion of the 
trustees, and were then restored to all their former rights 
and privileges. For a few years the history of the Syna- 
gogue was uneventful. But there was now a progressive 
party in Beth Elohim and the next chapter in the story is 
a sad tale of dissension and bitterness. 

On October 9, 1836, the Rev. Gustavus Poznanski was 

208 



RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT 209 

elected to the pulpit of Beth Elohhn. Born of respectable 
parentage in Storclmest, Poland, he had been educated in 
Hamburg, where he became imbued with the spirit of the 
Hamburg Temple, then the foremost exponent of the re- 
form movement in Europe. He was occupying a small 
position in New York, where he had been living for some 
years, when he was called to Charleston. Among those 
who recommended him was Isaac Leeser, who afterwards 
regretted it. Poznanski was a scholar, a good speaker and 
writer, an able controversialist, and a gentleman. At first 
his ministrations met with signal success. He was accept- 
able to both parties and his advent was followed by a 
marked religious revival. Even one of his bitterest op- 
ponents testifies that when he came to Charleston ''laxity 
in attending to religious observances gave place to a strict 
attention to time-honored observances. ' ' ^ But there was 
soon to be a *'rift within the lute." 

In the great fire of April 27, 1838, the Synagogue was 
burned to the ground and steps were soon after taken to 
rebuild it. The corner-stone of the new building was laid 
on January 2, 1840. Poznanski had meanwhile been elected 
for life in 1838. 

On July 14, 1840, before the new building w completed, 
the trustees were called on to act upon a petition signed 
by thirty-eight members, which had been presented to them, 
praying ''that an organ be erected in the Synagogue to 
assist in the vocal parts of the service." 

This petition was deemed by the trustees to be an in- 
fringement of the first article of the Constitution. At a 
general meeting of the Congregation, held on July 26th, 
the trustees were overruled by a vote of forty-seven to 
forty, and the prayer of the petitioners granted. This led 
to a division in the Congregation, and nearly forty mem- 



' The Occident, Vol. 2, p. 151. 



210 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

bers withdrew. We will not recite at length the events of 
that troublous period, the plotting and the counter-plot- 
ting that took place. The minute-books of Beth Elohim 
are now available and they contain the story in the fullest 
detail.^ Suffice it to say, that in 1843 the case was carried 
to the courts by the seceders, the most brilliant legal talent 
of the day being arrayed on either side.^ The dominant 
party gained the verdict, which was affirmed when the case 
reached the Court of Errors and Appeals in 1846. The 
opinion was delivered by Judge Butler and is a magnificent 
document. O'Neall, in his Bench and Bar, calls special 
attention to it as a fine specimen of Judge Butler's style of 
judicial reasoning. The following extract will well repay 
careful perusal even at this late day : 

" It is almost impossible to reduce matters growing out of a difference 
of opinion to such a definite form as to subject them to judicial cog- 
nizance. Rights and franchises are such matters as have legal existence 
and may be protected by law. Speculative disputes must be left, in 
some measure, to the arbitrament of opinion. To suppose that an uninter- 
rupted harmony of sentiment can be preserved under the guarantee of 
written laws and constitutions, or by the application of judicial authority, 
would be to make a calculation that has been refuted by the history of 
all institutions like that before us. Neither is it practical to frame laws 
in such a way as to make them, by their arbitrary and controlling influ- 
ence, preserve, in perpetuity, the primitive identity of social and religious 
institutions. 

" The gi-anite promontory in the deep may stand firm and unchanged 
amidst the waves and storms that beat upon it, but human institutions 
cannot withstand the agitations of free, active, and progressive opinion. 
Whilst laws are stationary, things are progressive. Any system of laws 
that should be made without the principle of expansibility, that would, 
in some measure, accommodate them to the progression of events, would 



' These minute-books will be published by the author in the near future. 

^ The case was argued below before Judge Wardlaw in 1844, Messrs. 
King and Memminger appearing for the appellants, and Messrs. Petigru 
and Bailey contra. That the case was carried to the courts at all was 
mainly due to Isaac Leeser. (See The Occident, Vol. 10, p. 226.) 



RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT 211 

have within it the seeds of mischief and violence. When the great 
Spartan law-giver gave his counti-ymen laws, with an injunction never to 
change them, he was a great violator of law himself. For all laws, how- 
ever wise, cannot be subjected to Procrustean limitations. Cesante ratione 
cessat lex is a profound and philosophical principle of the law. These 
remarks are more particularly true in reference to matters of taste and 
form. Let the oldest member of any civil or religious corporation look 
back and see if he can, in any instance, trace the original identity of his 
institution throughout its entire history. Those who now, in the case 
before us, insist with most earnestness on a severe obsei'vance of ancient 
rites and forms would hardly recognize or understand the same, as they 
were practised by their remote ancestors, who founded the Synagogue. 
The Minhag Sephardim was a ritual of Spanish origin; and, although it 
may yet obtain in different countries, yet how differently is it observed. 
If two Jewish congregations, one from Poland and the other from Spain, 
were to be brought together, whilst professing to be governed by the 
same rituals, they would probably find themselves unable to understand 
each other in their observances of them. 

" The Jews in every part of the world, by whatever forms they may be 
governed, could, no doubt, recognize the general spirit and prevailing 
principles of their religion to be essentially the same. But in mere form 
a resemblance could not be traced with anything like tolerable uniformity. 

" As practised and observed in Charleston in 1784, and for many years 
afterwards, exercises in Spanish were connected with it. They have been 
long since discontinued; long before the commencement of this contro- 
versy. Religious rituals merely, not involving always essential principles 
of faith, will be modified to some extent by the influence of the political 
institutions of the countries in which they are practised. In a despotism, 
where toleration is a sin to the prevailing religion, religious exercises will 
be conducted in secret or in occult forms. Faith and doctrine may take 
refuge in these for safety. On the contrary, in a country where toleration 
is not only allowed, but where perfect freedom of conscience is guaranteed 
by constitutional provision, such devices will not be resorted to. Language 
itself is continually undergoing changes; clumsy expressions of rude 
language will give way to modern refinement. There are those in every 
church who would be shocked at the change of expression in respect to 
the tablets or books that contain the prayers and more solemn forms of 
religious rituals. At this time there are many who oppose any change 
of style in the editions of the Bible. It is not surprising that those who 
have been accustomed to one form of expression should have associations 
with it that they could not have with another. And it is so of all religious 



212 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

forms and ceremonies. The feelings of such persons should never be 
treated with indifference or rudeness. They deserve respect and are to 
be regarded as useful checks on reckless innovation. Matters of this 
kind must necessarily belong, and should be committed, to the jurisdiction 
of the body that has the right of conducting the religious concerns of 
ecclesiastical corporations. Charters are granted to such corporations 
upon the ground that they can carry out their ends with greater eflficieney 
than if they were left to individual exertions and the operation of the 
general laws of the land. The parties before us who are opposed to 
reform contend that dangerous changes have been made in the form of 
their worship, particularly as it respects the introduction of instrumental 
music. It is not pretended but that the organ, the instrument complained 
of, was introduced by the constituted authorities; but the ground taken is, 
that this authority has been exercised to do that which is against the 
provisions of the charter, which guarantees that the Minhag Sephardim 
should be a ritual of the Congregation, and that it did not allow of 
instrumental music as a part of it. The objection is to the mere form 
in which the music is used and practised in this Congregation. I suppose 
it might be admitted that in its origin such a ritual was practised without 
the aid of instrumental accompaniment, but to suppose that the exact 
kind of music that was to be used in all former time had been fixed and 
agreed upon by the Jewish worshippers who obtained this charter would 
be to attribute to them an impracticable undertaking. That such music 
was not used is certain; but that it might not in the progress of human 
events be adopted, would be an attempt to anticipate the decision of 
posterity on matters that must be affected by the progress of art and the 
general tone of society, and which could not be controlled by arbitrary 
limitation. As this was a subject that could not be well reached, much 
less continually controlled, by the judgment of this Court, we think the 
Judge below very properly excluded all evidence in relation to it. 

" Evidence was offered on a graver subject, touching the faith and relig-. 
ious professions of the majority that introduced and established the organ. 
It might be sufficient to say that the party which has been charged with 
heterodoxy in this respect profess to adhere to the ancient faith of the 
Jews. They do not occupy the position of those who openly disavow the 
faith of the founders of the Synagogue. If they were to do so, it would 
be time for the Court to say how far it would take cognizance of the 
rights of the minority under the terms of their charter. How can a 
Court ascertain the faith of others except by their professions? Can it 
be done by the opinions of others, and if so, by whose opinions? It is 
said that no two eyes can see exactly at the same distance, and, perhaps, 



RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT 213 

no two minds have exactly the same conceptions 'of the same subjects, 
particularly of matters of faith and orthodoxy. The unexpressed senti- 
ments of the human mind are hard to be found out, and it is a delicate 
office to assume a jurisdiction over its operations when they are to be 
reached by the opinions of others or conjectural inference. Expressions 
and acts may give tolerable information, upon which the judgment may 
act and determine. 

" In this ease suppose the Judge below had opened the inquiry as to the 
faith and doctrines of the dominant party, where would he have looked 
for information? Surely not to the minority or any others who might 
occupy an adversary position. Could he have trusted to the testimony 
that might have been procured and given from other sects and denomi- 
nations of Jews in other countries? And, if so, should he have con- 
sulted those who live in Palestine, in Germany, in England, or in the 
United States? He might have assumed the power to do this, but it 
would have been a wilderness of power with scarcely a compass to guide 
him. It would have been to go into the labyrinth of curious and recon- 
dite learning, without a clue by which he could escape from its bewildering 
perplexities. He would have had another difficulty, that is, to determine 
whose testimony he would have taken, for both parties, no doubt, had 
ready and able advocates for their respective doctrines. It seems to me 
it would have been hard for a civil magistrate to give a definite, much 
less a satisfactory, judgment on such subjects. We, therefore, concur 
in the propriety of the course pursued by the Judge below in respect to 
these matters. If the Court can be called upon to settle by its decision 
such disputes, it would be bound to require parties to conform to its 
standard of faith — a judicial standard for theological orthodoxy."* 

The seceders had meanwhile, in 1843, formed a new Con- 
gregation, Shearith Israel (The Remnant of Israel), under 
the leadership of the Rev. J. Rosenfeld. They had their 
own place of worship on Wentworth Street, though for 
some time previously, while the case was pending, they had 
occupied the old Synagogue on alternate Sabbaths. So 
bitter was the feeling between the parties, that all inter- 
course between them was practically at an end. The se- 
ceders even went so far as to acquire their own cemetery, 

* Richardson : South Carolina Law Reports, Vol. 2, pp. 270-274. See 
also Elzas : Pamphlet Reprint, The Organ in the Synagogue. 



214 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

which adjoined that of Beth Elohim, but which was 
separated from the latter by a high wall. It was a lament- 
able condition of affairs. But further trouble had been 
brewing in Beth Elohim. 

On the first day of Passover, 1843, Poznanski, who had 
approved the proposition to erect the organ, preached a 
sermon in which he declared the observance of the second 
days of the festivals to be unnecessary and recommended 
their abandonment. The Congregation was not prepared 
for such a radical step and a special meeting of the trus- 
tees was called on April 19, 1843, when resolutions were 
adopted that the proposition was ''a violation of the Con- 
stitution and calculated to create discord and anarchy." 
Poznanski was further requested to inform the trustees 
''whether he intended in his future lectures to propose or 
advise innovations of the established form of service as 
observed by us, and all other congregations of Jews 
throughout the world." In a letter to the trustees Poz- 
nanski declared that he had been authorized by a former 
resolution of the trustees "to make such remarks and ob- 
servations as I might deem proper," and that the majority 
of those who had voted in favor of the resolution of dis- 
approval had previously well known his opinion on the 
subject in question. As lecturing was no part of his duty, 
he declined to lecture any more. This letter was voted 
unsatisfactory. In a subsequent letter he wrote that ' ' with 
the sole view of restoring and preserving peace and har- 
mony in our Congregation," he would advise no further 
innovations ''until the general desire of the Congregation 
to hear the truth on any religious subject, and to have our 
holy religion divested of all its errors and abuses, shall 
be expressed to me through their representatives, your 
honorable board." The matter was referred to the Con- 
gregation, and the course of the trustees approved "with- 
out any reflection upon the Rev. Hasan." At this same 



RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT 215 

meeting a resolution was offered: ''That the established 
service of this Congregation embraces all the Mosaic and 
Rabbinical laws." It was rejected by a vote of twenty-four 
to twenty-seven. This caused a further secession, the 
seceders joining the ''Remnants." 

Thus was Judaism in Charleston in 1840 and for many 
years thereafter a house divided against itself. There 
were now two Congregations. Both were weak, though 
Shearith Israel, marked by a greater unity of purpose, 
showed greater strength. The dissensions of the Syna- 
gogue were carried into the family — son being arrayed 
against father and brother against brother. Though in- 
cessantly persecuted, Poznanski wisely ignored his public 
critics. Their criticism was mainly of a personal nature, 
certainly not such as would carry conviction to any intelli- 
gent mind.^ Everything that malice could invent was 
charged against him. Even the character of his father 
was aspersed, only to be triumphantly vindicated.^ In 
1843, with a view of restoring peace, he resigned and for 

'See, e. g., The Occident, Vol. 2, pp. 150-3, 210-12, 297-9; Vol. 9, 
pp. 203-21. 

'The following certificate in German and English appears upon the 
minutes of the meeting of Sept. 26, 1841 : 

"We, the undersigned. President of the Hebrew Congregation of this 
city [Storchnest] do hereby certify that Mr. Joseph Poznanski, a resident 
of this city, married his wife Sarah (who died 3 June, 1836), as a virtuous 
Jewish virgin, that his marriage took place according to the Jewish laws 
and with the usual ceremonies, and that he had by her the following 
legitimate children, namely, Gustavus, Leah, Rebecca, Frederika, Heiman, 
Hinde, and Gershon. 

" We further certify that the said Joseph Poznanski has been a member 
of our Congregation not only since, but long before he married the said 
Sarah, his wife, and that up to this day he has been esteemed by all as 
a highly respectable gentleman & a pious Israelite. 

" Storchnest, 29th June, 1841. 

"Leiser Leresbaum, G. H. Levin, R. Hoffman. 

" Pres. of Corporation ; Shochet and Rabbi ; Pres. of Representation." 



216 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

four montlis ceased to officiate as Minister. When, how- 
ever, the privilege of occupying the Synagogue on alternate 
Sabbaths was accorded the- seceders, he officiated gratui- 
tously for his old Congregation. Needless to say, his mo- 
tive was misinterpreted.'^ 

At a meeting held on January 3, 1847, Poznanski appeared 
before the trustees and strongly urged the propriety of his 
retiring from office, setting forth at the same time the rea- 
sons why such a course was inexpedient before. The mat- 
ter was fully discussed and referred to a general meeting 
held on January 10, 1847. At this meeting it was resolved 
''that the suggested resignation of the Minister would be 
equally disastrous to the Congregation and the cause of 
Jewish Reform." Poznanski yielded to the wishes of his 
friends and continued to officiate for several months. Still 
feeling that he ought to resign, a meeting of the Congrega- 
tion was called on November 14, 1847. A committee of five 
was appointed, of which Poznanski was chairman, for the 
purpose of taking steps "to procure a Hazan in every way 
competent to be at the head of this Congregation." Adver- 
tisements were inserted in The Occident and the London 
Jewish papers, in the Archives Israelites, and in the Allge- 
meine Zeitung des Judenthums. Four applications were 
received, from the Rev. B. C. Carrillon, of Kingston, Ja- 
maica, from Mr. Mayer Stern, of Liverpool, from Dr. W. 
Sopher, Minister at Colthen, Germany, and from Dr. Julius 
Landsberger, of Breslau, who was strongly endorsed by 
Dr. Geiger. [August 17, 1848.] The application of Dr. 
Landsberger was favored and considerable correspondence 
took place between himself and the committee, ending in 
his election. When he was expected, it was discovered 
from the German papers that he had accepted another po- 
sition at Brieg, Germany. [October 28, 1849.] No reason 



The Occident, Vol. 2, pp. 297-9. 



RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT 217 

was assigned for his change of purpose. Possibly the com- 
mittee had failed to answer his many questions satisfac- 
torily. In one of his letters he inquires about * * the sanitary 
state of those climates, in order to give some comfortable 
affirmation to my old parents, who love me dearly and ten- 
derly and who are in an intense fear of the yellow fever and 
other horrors." 

The circular was published again on January 7, 1850. At 
a meeting held on February 5, 1850, the President stated 
''that a letter had been received from Dr. Isaac M. Wise, 
of Albany, N. Y., dated January 24, 1850, applying for the 
situation of Minister of K. Beth Elohim, expressive of his 
ability to meet the requisitions of the circular, dated the 13tli 
November, 5610, and proffering to visit the Congregation, 
to put himself on trial, should they deem it advisable." 
This letter was accompanied by a report from Poznanski 
strongly endorsing the application, though the applicant 
was not personally known to any of the committee. Dr. 
Wise's letter contained various conditions, one of which 
was the extension of the probationary term to five years, 
and another, ''the furnishing of a house in a manner as 
would comport with the dignity of his position." He was 
invited to come on a visit "in order to afford the Congre- 
gation the pleasure of forming his acquaintance and of hear- 
ing him preach the Word of God, ardently hoping that his 
visit might result in his election." Dr. Wise arrived in 
Charleston on February 22, 1850. Dr. Raphall, who was to 
deliver a series of lectures by subscription, had arrived on 
the 18th and met with a most enthusiastic reception. The 
Courier spoke of him as a "scholar, critic, orator, and 
artist." All the papers gave extended notices of his 
lectures and he was even praised editorially.^ Beyond the 



' See The Courier, Feb. 18, 23, 25, 1850. The Mercury, Feb. 22, March 
9. The Evening News, Feb. 20, 25, 27; March 1, 4, 5, 8, 19. 



218 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

announcement of the arrival of ''J. Wise," Dr. Wise's visit 
to Charleston is unnoticed in the local press. He preached 
in the Synagogue on Sabbath and made a good impression.^ 
While in Charleston he was an auditor of the Raphall- 
Poznanski debate, a very distorted account of which he has 
given us in his Reminiscences.^^ 

Dr. Wise returned to Albany. At a meeting held on 
March 12, 1850, he was elected Minister of Beth Elohim. 
At the meeting of April 24th it was reported that Dr. Wise 
would remain at Albany. Poznanski tendered his services 
to the Congregation, in a private capacity, until a Minister 
could be procured, refusing to accept any remuneration, 
Eev. Julius Eckman, of Richmond, was invited to Charles- 
ton and elected on May 29, 1850. At the meeting held on 
May 5, 1850, strong resolutions of condemnation were 
passed against Dr. Wise and transmitted to Albany. The 
Congregation soon forgave him, however, and when, some 
years later. Dr. Wise preached in Charleston again he re- 
ceived a most cordial welcome. 

Poznanski now retired from the pulpit permanently, after 
thirteen consecutive years of valiant and faithful service. 
He became a member of the Congregation and continued 
to serve it with his counsel and encouragement until he 
removed to New York some years later. At a public meet- 
ing held on June 6, 1850, complimentary resolutions were 
passed on his retirement, referring in fitting terms to his 
past services. 

Dr. Eckman 's pulpit ministrations proved disastrous. 
His views were disappointing. He was constantly ''ar- 
raigning individual opinions on doctrinal grounds" and 
frequently indulged in violent denunciation. What was left 
of the Congregation was once more divided. Petitions for 



° The Occident, Vol. 8, pp. 217 et seq., pp. 249-257. 
" For further notices of this debate see Sinai, Vol. 1, p. 178, also The 
Occident, Vol. 8, p. 257. 



RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT 219 

his resignation were presented and counter petitions. He 
resigned in 1851 and Mr. Moses Rubenstein, of New York, 
was appointed temporary Hasan. 

In March, 1852, Dr. M. Mayer was called to the pulpit 
of Beth Elohim and elected permanently in 1857. He was 
a scholarly man, but, like his predecessor, frequently in- 
dulged in personal allusions, impugning the conduct of his 
members. This kept the Congregation in a constant state 
of ferment. All interest was gone and the financial con- 
dition of the Congregation was desperate. On August 21, 
1858, Dr. Mayer left for New York on account of ill-health 
and in 1859 he resigned. For nearly two years the services 
were conducted by laymen, until Rev. Abraham Harris was 
elected on February 12, 1860. None of his successors had 
the tact of Poznanski and the Congregation was now in its 
poorest estate. Shearith Israel, however, was prosperous. 
Its members were united and it was fortunate in its Minis- 
ters, among whom were Rev. Ellis Lyons (1852-3), Rev. 
Solomon Jacobs (1853-8), and Rev. Henry S. Jacobs (1858- 
1861). The breaking out of the war and the removal from 
the city of many of its members, however, put an end to its 
prosperity and caused the Synagogue to close its doors. 
Neither Congregation was now able to stand alone and the 
way was thus paved for reconciliation and amalgamation. 
Of this we shall tell in a later chapter.^ ^ 



" There is an interesting reference in the literature that probably 
belongs to this period. Naphtali Zebi Judah Berlin (1817-1893), the 
chief of the rabbinical school at Volozhin, was consulted by a Charleston 
Rabbi as to whether minors or Sabbath breakers might be included in 
the making of a Minyan (religious quorum of ten men). His answer, 
rather unfavorable to both, is to be found in his volume of Responsa 
Meshibh Dabar (Warsaw, 1894), Part 1, No. 9, p. 15. It bears no date. 

There is an interesting account of the organ controversy in Life and 
Times of C. G. Memminger, pp. 175-8. It is likewise worthy to note that 
the first American edition of Salomon's Twelve Sermons, etc., was pub- 
lished in Charleston in 1840. 




CHAPTER Z//— THE WAR BETWEEN THE 

STATES 




HE list of South Carolina Jews who remained 
true to their country and to their country's 
cause in the darkest hours and who proved their 
fidelity and patriotism by laying down their 
lives upon the field of battle could be greatly 
extended. Their names are graven upon many 
a monument throughout the land and their 
prowess in arms is a part of the military glory 
of the country. As Montaigne says, the virtue and valor of a man 
consist in the heart and in the will, and 'by this rule the Hebrew 
soldiers of South Carolina may be fairly judged. What they had they 
gave freely to the State, and on many a bloody field did they prove the 
high quality of their courage. They possessed what Napoleon called ' the 
two o'clock in the morning courage,' and they followed the flag with 
superb loyalty to victory and defeat. When the history of South Caro- 
lina's part in the great struggle is written and the books are finally 
posted, we are sure that the Hebrew soldiers of this State who wore the 
grey will have their full meed of praise." — The Sunday News, Charleston, 
S. C, Jan. 3, 1892. 



The story of the Jews of South Carolina in the war be- 
tween the States is a most glorious chapter in the annals of 
Jewish patriotism. To say that practically every man was 
at the post of duty is but to express the literal truth. Young 
boys and old men left their homes to do duty in the field, 
and many were the families whose every male member went 
to the war. A conspicuous example that deserves to be men- 

220 



#• 



GENERAL EDWIN WARREN VIOISE, l8^2— igO^ 



'Wjmi^ 








CHAPTER XII— THE WAR BF/I 

STATES 



IE 




HE list of South Carolina Jews who remained 
true to their country and to their country's 
cause in the darkest hours and who proved their 
fidelity and patriotism by laying down their 
lives upon the field of battle could be greatly 
extended. Their names are graven upon many 
a monument throughout the land and their 
prowess in arms is a part of the military glory 
of the country. As Montaigne says, the virtue and valor of a man 
consist in the " ' " ' v-w 

soldiers of Soi ey 

gave freely to the State, and on many a bloody field did they prove the 

high quality of then- courage. Tb -sed what '^ ':n called 'the 

twfi o'clock in the rnnrnins' can ihcy fi .^ flag with 

^ h Caro- 

i _-. ^ ^ . . -.-.:.^„-- — - - finally 

J' are sure that the Hebrew soldiers of this State who wore the 

gr<J3 full meed of praise." — The Sunday News, Charleston, 

S. C, 



The story of the Jews of {South Carolina in the war be- 
tween the States^i^^fL|i^§^t^^il^/i^^i^§^<^i^j^^rjijfej^ annals of 
Jewish patriotism. To say that practically every man was 
at the post of duty is but to express the literal truth. Young 
boys and old men left their homes to do duty in the field, 
and many were the families whose every male member went 
to the war. A conspicuous example that deserves to be men- 

220 



THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 221 

tioned is that of the late Mrs. Octavia Moses, of Sumter, 
who sent five sons. Another remarkable instance is that 
of Mrs. Solomon Cohen, of Savannah, a native Carolinian, 
who saw thirty-two of her descendants leave for the ser- 
vice — children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren — 
occupying positions ranging from private to Quartermas- 
ter-General of the Confederacy. It might be noted, too, 
that Judah P. Benjamin, the towering figure of the Con- 
federacy, received part of his early education in South 
Carolina. The first Surgeon-General of the Confederacy, 
Dr. David C. De Leon, was a South Carolina Jew, and A. C. 
Myers, the first Quartermaster-General of the Confederacy, 
was the son of a South Carolina Jew.^ 

In the Secession Convention on April 8, 1861, a special 
resolution of thanks was passed to Mr. Ben. Mordecai, of 
Charleston, who made the first, as well as the largest, con- 
tribution to the cause of the Confederacy .^ Mr. Mordecai 
was a wealthy merchant, who literally gave all he had to 
the Confederacy. It was through his heroic efforts that the 
''Free Market of Charleston," for the benefit of the fami- 
lies of absent volunteers, was established.^ The extent of 
the beneficent operations of this charity can be judged 



' The Minute-Books of the Congregation Beth Elohim furnish a remark- 
able testimony to the patriotism of the Jews of Charleston. From June 
1, 1862, there was no regular trustee meeting " owing to the existing 
war and the impossibility of obtaining the presence of a sufficient number 
of trustees to form a quorum." The first meeting of any kind held after 
this date was the general meeting of Jan. 21, 1866. 

" " Resolved, That this Convention highly appreciates the generosity and 
public spirit of those citizens and friends of the State who have con- 
tributed money and labor for the benefit of the State; and take pleasure 
in noticing particularly the liberality and patriotism of Benjamin Mor- 
decai, Esquire, in making the first and very generous donation." — Journal 
of the Convention, p. 282. 

• The Courier, Feb. 26, 1862, and March 10, 1862. There is a magnifi- 
cent tribute to him in The Courier of March 12, 1862. 



222 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

from the fact that as early as May, 1862, four hundred and 
twenty-five families were supported entirely on its bounty.^ 
In December, 1862, it supported upwards of six hundred 
families at a monthly expense of $8,000.^ To the funds of 
this Free Market Ben. Mordecai was by far the most gen- 
erous contributor. He was likewise a most generous con- 
tributor to the '' Wayside Home" and to the "Home for the 
Widows and Orphans of Soldiers." He invested all of his 
money in Confederate bonds and died, a poor man, in New 
York, never regretting that he had lost his money in the 
cause that was dear to him, and only lamenting that he was 
no longer able to respond to the numerous applications for 
assistance that were made to him. 

But the example of Mr. Mordecai is by no means unique. 
The lists of contributors published in the contemporary 
papers during the period that tried men's souls furnish 
numerous examples of patriotic devotion.'' The honor of 
having made the first contribution in response to the appeal 
of the Surgeon-General belongs to the "ladies of Colonel 
Jacobs 's family. ' ' '' 

The complete record of the part played by the Jews of 
South Carolina in the war between the States will never 
be known. Hundreds of rolls of companies are no longer 
in existence, and the records that are in existence have been 



* The Courier, May 20, 1862. 

" Ibid., Dee. 23, 1862. 

' " If other citizens of all races and creeds were as fully and as earnestly 
awake to the discharge of their duties in this regard, and the relief of 
their kindred, as some of the Hebrews have been, and are, the difficult 
problems of relief and assistance which often perplex our legislators and 
rulers in State and city would soon be easily solved." — The Courier, Feb. 
16, 1864. 

' The Charleston Mercury, Jan. 3, 1861. For an interesting account of 
what the Jewish women did in Sumter see South Carolina Women in the 
Confederacy, pp. 54-5. 



THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 223 

so compiled that accurate investigation is impossible. The 
lists of 70,000 names in Columbia have been examined sev- 
eral times, but the difficulty of identifying names without 
unlimited time at one's disposal is overwhelming. Only 
such names, therefore, have been included in the following 
list as have been positively identified. With this intro- 
duction we will let these records speak for themselves. 
For the sake of easy reference the names are arranged 
alphabetically : 



Abrahams, Theodore H., Company D, 27th Infantry. 

Alexander, IsaaC;, Company A, 10th Regiment. Detached 
to Ordnance Department. 

AsHER, Abraham, 1st Cavalry. 

AsHER, Harris, Washington Mounted Artillery, Hampton 
Legion (1861),^ later Hart's Battery. 

AsHER, Henry, Washington Mounted Artillery, Hampton 
Legion (1861), later Hart's Battery. 

Barnett, B. J., Company B, 1st Regiment, Engineer Corps. 
Surrendered at Appomattox April 10, 1865. 

Barrett, Isaac, Company Gr, 5th Regiment, S. C. Cavalry. 
Transferred, 1862, to Captain Charles's Battery. 

Baruc, B. S., 4th sergeant Willington Rangers. 

Baruch, Herman, courier on the staff of General Beaure- 
gard, Company K, 7th Cavalry. 

Baruch, Simon, assistant surgeon in charge of 7th S. C. 
Battalion (Colonel James). Promoted to surgeon 13th 
Mississippi (Barksdale's regiment). Captured at 
Boonsboro, 1862, and again at Gettysburg. Estab- 
lished hospitals at Thomasville, N. C, at end of war. 

Baum, M., Company C, 6th S. C. V. Severely wounded at 
Seven Pines. 



For roll of this company see The Courier, July 12, 1861. 



224 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Baum, Makcus, Company E, 2d S. C. V. Killed at tlie bat- 
tle of the Wilderness. On the staff of General 
Kershaw. 

Baum, M. H., Company A, 15th Eegiment, S. C. V. 

Belitzer, Jacob, Washington Artillery, Hampton Legion, 
and Hart's Battery. Wounded at Brandy Station, 
1863. 

Belitzer, Theodore, German Hussars. Taken prisoner 
at Wilmington, he died by the steamer burning at 
sea which was conveying the prisoners to Fortress 
Monroe. 

Benjamin, S., Company L, 10th Eegiment. Mustered out 
under age. 

Berg, J., Butler's Brigade, 2d S. C. V. 

Blankensee, H., Company A, W. L. I. Volunteers. Killed 
at first Manassas. 

Blankenstine, Jacob, Company A, 15th Infantry. Killed 
at Chancellorsville. 

Bowman, L., Company K, 1st Infantry. 

Brown, Joseph, Company F, 10th S. C. V. Enlisted 1861. 
Captured at Missionary Ridge, November, 1863. Con- 
fined in Rock Island prison and released just before the 
close of the war. 

Brown, Louis, 3d corporal, Walter's Light Battery, Wash- 
ington Artillery. Entered Confederate service Feb- 
ruary 28, 1862. 

Brown, Mendel, sergeant Company F, 10th S. C. V. 
Killed at Atlanta. 

Caspberry, Aaron, Company E, 4th Battalion of Re- 
serves. 

Clarke, Henry, Company L, 10th S. C. V. (1861-3). 

Cohen, corporal Company C, 7th S. C. V. Seriously 

wounded at Gettysburg. 

Cohen, A. Marion, hospital steward, Culpepper's Bat- 
tery. 



THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 225 

Cohen, Ansley D., Company I, 3d S. C. M. Enlisted in 
1864 at the age of sixteen. 

Cohen, Aethur M., Company C, Culpepper's Battery, Pal- 
metto Battalion of Light Artillery. 

Cohen, Asher D., Company D, 5th S. C. Cavalry. 

Cohen, D., Company E, 7th S. C. Cavalry. 

Cohen, David, Company L, 8th S. C. V. Transferred to 
21st Infantry. 

Cohen, David D., Company D, 5th S. C. Cavalry. 

Cohen, D. M., Company C, 13th S. C. V. Wounded at 
Manassas. 

Cohen, E. B., 4th corporal, Willington Rangers. 

Cohen, E. Louis, Company G, 5th Regiment S. C. Cavalry. 
Transferred, 1862. 

Cohen, Edward P., Company G, 5th Regiment S. C. Cav- 
alry. Transferred to Palmetto Guards, 1862. 

Cohen, Gustavus A., Washington Artillery, Hampton 
Legion and Hart's Battery. 

Cohen, Henry, Washington Artillery, Hampton Legion, 
and Hart's Battery. Killed at Savage Station. 

Cohen, H. F., Washington Mounted Artillery, Hampton 
Legion. 

Cohen, Isaac, Company B, 21st S. C. V. Wounded at Mor- 
ris 's Island. 

Cohen, Isaac Barrett, Palmetto Guards. Killed at Fort 
Fisher, 1865. 

Cohen, J. Barrett, was practising law in New York when 
the war broke out. He closed up his office and re- 
turned South. He was captured while crossing the 
Potomac River and imprisoned at Washington. Being 
very shortsighted and therefore unexchangeable, he 
was paroled. He returned to Charleston and was put 
in charge of the records of Charleston County, which 
were sent to Columbia for safe-keeping and which he 
returned intact after the war. 



226 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Cohen, Jacob B., Company A, 21st Regiment Infantry, 
S. C. v., 5th sergeant. Killed at Fort Fisher. Pro- 
moted from the ranks. 

Cohen, Joseph, Company D., Manigault's Battalion of Ar- 
tillery. 

Cohen, Julius, Walter's Light Battery, Washington Ar- 
tillery. Entered Confederate service February 28, 
1862. 

Cohen, L. L., Company A, 2d Regiment Cavalry. Pro- 
moted and transferred in 1864. 

Cohen, Lawrence L., Company C, Culpepper's Battery, 
Palmetto Battalion of Light Artillery. 

Cohen, M., Company D, 6th Regiment Infantry. 

Cohen, Maex E., Washington Artillery, Hampton Legion, 
and Hart's Battery. Killed at Bentonville, 1865. 
Earlier in the war was in Company D, 5th Cavalry. 

Cohen, McDuff, Company D, 5th Regunent Cavalry. 
Wounded at Drury 's Bluff, 1864, also at Gravelly Run, 
1864. 

Cohen, Morris, Company B, 7th Battalion Infantry. Cap- 
tured May 16, 1864. 

Cohen, Philip L, Walter's Light Battery, Washington Ar- 
tillery. Entered Confederate service February 28, 
1862. Surrendered at Greensboro, N. C, April 26, 
1865. 

Cohen, Philip L., Rutledge Mounted Riflemen. 

Cohen, Robert, Company A, 22d Regiment S. C. V. Killed 
at Secessionville. 

Cohen, Samuel, Company G, Holcombe Legion, S. C. V. 
Wounded at Suponey Church. Discharged at Point 
Lookout. 

CoHN, Alexander, Company E, 5th Infantry. Wounded at 
Seven Pines. 

Davega, Columbus, surgeon 23d Regiment. 

De Leon, David C. The first Surgeon-General of the Con- 



THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 227 

federacy. Afterwards Chief Medical Director of Gen- 
eral Lee.'' He resigned from the United States army 
in 1861, where he was surgeon, with the rank of major. 

De Leon, Edwin, Special Commissioner to England and 
France from the Confederacy.^" 

De Leon, Perry M., an officer of the ram Albemarle and 
other ships, C. S. N. 

Emanuel, Edwin, corporal Company A, 10th S. C. V. Pro- 
moted to sergeant. Died at Oxford, Miss., in 1862. 

Emanuel, Sol., Company A, 10th S. C. V. 

Emanuel, Washington, Company A, 10th Eegiment. Died 
of wounds at Atlanta. 

Esdra, Arthur, Company C, Culpepper's Battery. 

Flaum, M., Marion Light Artillery, State service only. 

Foot, Michael, Company E, 3d Regiment, S. C. V. 
Wounded at Savage Station. 

Fox, William, 1st sergeant Irish Volunteers. Wounded at 
Gettysburg. 

Friedman, B., Company F, James's Battalion. 

Geisenheimer, William, Washington Artillery. Enlisted 
in Augusta, Ga. Wounded at the battle of Shiloh. 

Goldsmith, A. A. Entered State service April 15, 1861, 
in Rifle Regiment, Confederate service with Brooks 
Guards, Kershaw's Regiment (2d). Promoted to 2d 
sergeant in 1862. Fought at first Manassas, Savage 
Station, Malvern Hill, first Williamsburg, Sharpsburg, 
and many other battles. Wounded at Sharpsburg.^ ^ 



* It is said that every male descendant of the first Jacob De Leon over 
fifteen years of age was in the sei-vice of the Confederacy, nine in the field 
and two in the bureaus. Three of them were killed and several wounded. 
The author has not attempted to verify this statement, which is doubtless 
correct. 

"For notice of Edwin De Leon see The Courier, Feb. 26 and Feb. 28, 
1862. 

" Records Camp Sumter. 



228 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Goldsmith, Isaac P., Willington Rangers. ^^ 

Goldsmith, J. L., 2d corporal, Willington Rangers. 

Goldsmith, Moses, commissary Palmetto Riflemen, 1861.^^ 

Goldsmith, M. M., 1st lieutenant Georgia Reserves. Vol- 
unteered in the Charleston Zouaves in 1860 and then 
in the Willington Rangers. He was killed accidentally 
near Macon, Ga., August, 1864. At the time of his 
death, he was engaged in organizing a company for 
the 27th Battalion, Georgia Volunteers.^^ 

Haeby, J. D. Entered Confederate service February, 1863, 
private Heavy Artillery under the command of L. C. 
Harby. Subsequently made 2d officer C. S. gunboat 
Sachua, from which he resigned and joined 8th Texas 
Light Artillery, Twetaine's Battalion. Fought at Col- 
caisen Pass and in some few coast skirmishes.^ ^ 

Harby, L. M., Captain. When South Carolina seceded he 
resigned his commission in the United States Navy and 
entered the Confederate service with the rank of com- 
modore in the navy and afterwards distinguished him- 
self in the defence of Galveston, when he commanded 
the Neptune at the capture of the Harriet Lane, and 
later on when in command of a fleet of gunboats on the 
Sabine River.^^ 

Haeris, Morris. Entered State service in 1861, Confed- 
erate service in 1861. Corporal Company A, Marion 
Rifles, 16th Regiment, S. C. M., Company A, Marion 
Rifles, 24th Regiment, S. C. V. Sergeant. Promoted 
in 1863. Fought at Secessionville, on the coast of 
North Carolina to May, 1863, Jackson, Miss., Chicka- 



"For resolutions on his death by the Willington Rangers see The 
Courier, August 19, 1862. See also obituary notice, August 25, 1862. 
" The Courier, June 6, 1861. 
" The Courier, August 25, 1864. 
" Records Camp Sumter. 
"Wolf: The American Jew, etc., p. 116. 



THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 229 

mauga, Missionary Ridge, and during Colonel John- 
son's and General Hood's campaign. Was taken pris- 
oner near Atlanta, Ga., July 22, 1863, and afterwards 
paroled.^^ 

Hart, Daniel S., Palmetto Guards, afterwards detailed to 
Columbia. 

Hartz, H., Company L., 10th S. C. V. 

HiLZEiM, Alexander M. Died from wounds received at 
Kenesaw Mountain, Ga. 

HiRscH, I. W. Entered State service in December, 1860, 
Butler Guards, Greenville, S. C. ; Confederate service 
in April, 1861, Company B, 2d S. C. V. Fought at Bull 
Run, first Manassas, Peninsula, Rapidan, Spottsyl- 
vania. Seven Pines, Falls Church, Berryville, Charles- 
town, Turkey Bend, Cedar Run, Petersburg, New 
Market, Bentonville. Wounded at Seven Pines. 
Surrendered at Greensboro, N. C. Detailed in 1862 
as assistant provost marshal at Columbia on account 
of wound.^^ 

HiRSCH, Melvin J., assistant commissary sergeant Com- 
pany E, 25th Regiment Infantry. Promoted to com- 
missary sergeant, Eutaw Regiment. 

Hoffman, Julius. Enlisted April 10, 1861, Company A, 
1st S. C. V. Fought at Secessionville, Manassas, 
Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Leesburg, Boonsboro, 
Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, Deep Bottom, 
Petersburg, Appomattox. Surrendered at Appo- 
mattox.^^ 

Hoffman, Michael, Bachman's Battery. Killed at Black 
River. 

Jacobs, Abram L., Company C, Hampton Legion. Wounded 
at Seven Pines. Died of wounds at Bean's Station. 



" Records Camp Sumter. " Ibid. " Ibid. 



230 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Jacobs, F. C, Palmetto Guards, 17th Eegiment, S. C. M., 
Stevens's Iron-clad Battery, 2d junior lieutenant Yea- 
don Light Infantry 1862. 

Jacobs, H. R., Palmetto Guards, Company I, 2d S. C. V. 
Transferred to cavalry. 

Jacobs, Isaiah, 1st lieutenant Company D, 2d Regiment. 
Promoted from ranks. Killed at Chickamauga. 

Jacobs, Louis. Enlisted for the war in 1861, German Vol- 
unteers, Company H, Hampton Legion, afterwards 
Company B, Artillery, Hampton Legion. Fought at 
Cockpit Point, West Point, Gaines's Mill, Frazier's 
Farm, Malvern Hill, second Manassas, Boonesboro, 
Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Suffolk, Gettysburg, 
Coosawhatchie, and Tullifinny.^*^ 

Jacobs, Mitchell, Company I, 25th Infantry. Trans- 
ferred to 21st S. C. V. 

Jacobson, H., Company B, German Artillery. 

Joseph, A. H., Company K, 2d S. C. V. 

Kaminski, H., commissary-sergeant 10th Regiment S. C. V. 
Promoted to brigade commissary-sergeant. 

Klein, J., Company I, 11th S. C. V. 

KoHN, Theodore, Company G (Edisto Rifles), 25th Regi- 
ment, S. C. V. Was one of the first to enlist in this 
company, remaining in service until the close of the 
war. Served on James's Island and around Charles- 
ton, and fought at Secessionville, Pocotaligo, and on 
Morris's Island. Served for a while in Fort Sumter. 
In May, 1864, he left with his company for Virginia 
and took part in the fight at Walthall Junction. He 
was severely wounded at the battle of Drury's Bluff. 
Regaining the use of his arm, he rejoined his com- 
mand in Virginia, and remained with it until the sur- 
render. ^^ 



Records Camp Sumter. " The News and Courier^ June 19, 1902. 



THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 231 

Lazarus, B. D., Company A, 2d Regiment Cavalry. 
Wounded at York River in 1864. 

Lazarus, Edgar M., Palmetto Guards jirtillery. Detached 
to Quartermaster Department. 

Lazarus, Marks H., Walter's Light Battery, Washington 
Artillery. Surrendered at Greensboro, N. C, April 
26, 1865. 

Lazarus, Solomon, Walter's Light Battery, Washington 
Artillery. Entered Confederate service February 28, 
1862. Surrendered at Greensboro, N. C, 1865. 

Levi, Moses, Company I, 23d S. C. V. Captured and con- 
fined at Point Lookout. 

Levin, Geo. W., Company A, 15th Regiment Infantry. 

Levin, L. C, Company C, 2d Regiment Cavalry. 

Levin, Lu., Company H, 17th Regiment Infantry, S. C. V. 
Died at John's Island. 

Levin, Samuel S., Company A, l5th Regiment Infantry. 
Died October 4, 1862, from wounds received at Sharps- 
burg. 

Levin, S. W., Company A, 15th S. C. V. Wounded at 
Boonsboro. 

Levy, Cl-\rence, Gist Guards Artillery. 

Levy, Julian C. Died of wounds received near Rich- 
mond.^ ^ 

Levy, J. M., corporal Company K, Orr's Rifles. Wounded 
at Wilderness. Promoted from ranks. 

Levy, Lewis J., 2d corporal 1st Regiment (Gregg's). Pro- 
moted. 

Levy, S., Captain Miller's Company. Wounded in 1862. 

LiEBESCHUTz, M., Compauy I, 2d Regiment, S. C. V. 

Loeb, Jacob H., assistant provost-marshal in Charleston. 

Lopez, John H., Palmetto Guards Artillery. Transferred 
ia 1864 to Company F, 2d Engineer Regiment. 



For obituary notice see The Courier, July 12, 1862. 



232 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Lopez, Moses E., private in Palmetto Guards, 1860. As- 
signed to the Iron-clad Battery on Morris's Island. Par- 
ticipated in the bombardment of Fort Sumter, April, 
1861. Served subsequently on James's Island and 
John's Island, and on the coast between Charleston and 
Savannah, taking part in various engagements, includ- 
ing the battle at Secessionville. Detached for service 
in the engineer department, with which he was associ- 
ated during the remainder of the war.^^ 

LowENBEKG, DAvm, corporal Company A, 16th S. C. V. 

Lyons, J. C, Company B, Battalion of State Cadets. 

Maeco, J. J., Company K, 3d S. C. V. 

Makco, M., Company C, 6th S. C. V. 

MoisE, Camd^lus, Walter's Battery, Washington Artillery. 

MoisE, Edwin H., Palmetto Guards. Enlisted in 1862. 
Wounded near Averysboro, N. C, in 1865. 

MoisE, HowAKD C, Company H, 25th Regiment. Detailed 
on account of deafness. 

MoisE, Isaac, Palmetto Guards, 17th Regiment, S. C. M., 
Stevens's Iron-clad Battery, Palmetto Guards, S. C. 
V. Enlisted in 1862. Transferred to Engineer Corps 
in 1864. 

MoRDECAi, A. L., Walter's Light Battery, Washington Ar- 
tillery. Entered Confederate service February 28, 
1862. 

MoRDECAi, G. L., Walter's Light Battery, Washington Artil- 
lery. Entered Confederate service February 28, 1862. 

MoEDECAi, Isaac W., Palmetto Guards. Enlisted in 1863. 
Detached to Quartermaster Department in 1864. 

MoRDECAi, J. Randolph, junior second lieutenant Company 
G, Palmetto Battalion of Light Artillery. Acting com- 
missary Palmetto Artillery, 1862, and later lieutenant 
and adjutant. 



Confederate Military History, Vol. 5, p. 710. 



THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 233 

MoRDECAi, Thomas W., ordnance officer Charleston Light 
Dragoons. Died May, 1861, of diphtheria contracted 
at Fort Moultrie. 

MosES, A. DeLeon, Company C, Hampton Legion. Wounded 
at Chickahominy, 1862. 

MosES, Altamont, telegraph branch Confederate service. 

MosEs, David L., Company C, Culpepper's Battery, Pal- 
metto Battalion of Light Artillery. 

MosEs, Edwin L., Company D, 27th S. C. V. Died a pris- 
oner at Camp Chase, Ohio, a few days before the sur- 
render of the Confederacy. 

MosES, Frank J., assistant surgeon. Served in Virginia 
through the war. 

Moses, H. C, Company D, 2d S. C. V. Wounded at first 
battle of Manassas and appointed lieutenant Company 
B, Lucas's Battalion, South Carolina Regulars. 

Moses, Horace H., Company C, Culpepper's Battery, Pal- 
metto Battalion of Light Artillery. 

Moses, Is.^c C, Company C, Hampton Legion. Wounded 
at Seven Pines and discharged. 

Moses, J. H., 4th corporal Cadet Company, S. C. A., Aiken's 
Regiment S. C. Cavalry. 

Moses, Joshua L., Palmetto Guards, Company I, 2d S. C. V. 
Killed at Blakely, Ala., 1865. Promoted to lieutenant 
of artillery. 

MosES, M. B., Company D, 2d S. C. V. Wounded at Fred- 
ericksburg in 1862. 

Moses, Perry, Company C, Culpepper's Battery, Palmetto 
Battalion of Light Artillery. Senior 2d lieutenant. 
Wounded at Blakely, Ala. 

Moses, Perry, Jr., Company D, 2d S. C. V. Died at Rich- 
mond on September 12, 1862, from a wound received on 
July 1 at the battle of Malvern Hill. 

Moses, Z. P., Navy Department. Saw service round Rich- 
mond. 



234 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Nathans, J. N., Company D, 27th Infantry. Transferred 
to Company F in 1862. 

Oppenheim, E. H., Company K, 2d S. C. V. 

Oppenheim, Henry H., Brooks Guards, 2d S. C. V. 
Wounded at Fredericksburg in 1862. 

Oppenheim, H. W., Company K, 2d Regiment Infantry. 

Oppenheim, Julius H., 1st sergeant Willington Rangers, 
Company G, Brooks Guards, 1862. 

Oppenheim, Samuel, Company G, 5th Cavalry. Wounded 
in 1862. 

Ottolengui, Israel, Company F, 1st Regiment Artillery. 

Peixotto, Sol. C, Company A, 15th Regiment Infantry. 

Phillips, Isidore, Bachman's Battery, Company H, German 
Volunteers. Wounded at Suffolk. 

Phillips, Mitchell, Bachman's Battery, Company H, Ger- 
man Volunteers. 

Pollock, Barney C, Company A, 15th Regiment Infantry. 
Wounded at Deep Bottom. 

Pollock, Clarence, Company A, 1st Infantry. Killed at 
Spottsylvania on May 12, 1864. 

Pollock, J. L., Company F, 3d Battalion (James's). 

Pollock, Theodore M., 1st corporal Company A, 15th Regi- 
ment Infantry. Wounded at Chickamauga. Pro- 
moted to 1st sergeant. 

PozNANSKi, G., Jr., Sumter Guards. Killed at Secession- 
ville in 1862.2^ 

Rothschild, Benjamin, musician Company B, McDuflfie 
Rifles. 

Samson, A. J., Company L, 1st S. C. V. Fought at Cold 
Harbor, Frazier's Farm, Malvern Hill, Cedar Mountain, 

" For obituary notice see The Courier, June 25, 1862. " A remarkable 
circumstance connected with Mr. Poznanski deserves mention. He had 
expressed to several friends his solemn presentment that he was to fall 
in battle, and yet went forward to repel the stoiTaers and received his 
death-wound on the rampart." — The Courier, June 18, 1862. 



THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 235 

Manassas, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettys- 
burg, Falling Water, Petersburg, Deep Bottom. Taken 
prisoner at Falling Water and exchanged. Wounded. 
Surrendered with the Army of Northern Virginia. ^^ 

Sampson, Edwin J., a member of a Texan regiment. 
Killed near Richmond, 27th July, 1862.2« 

Sampson, Henry. 

Sampson, Joseph, Company I, 21st Infantry. Detailed to 
Quartermaster Department. 

Sampson, Samuel, Company I, 21st Infantry. 

Schiller, Lewis, Company C, 1st Cavalry, Hampton Legion. 

Seixas, B. M., Company G, 20th Regiment S. C. V. 

Shapira, Louis D., entered Confederate service in June, 
1862, Company C, Cavalry, Hampton Legion. Fought 
at Seven Pines, seven days' battles around Richmond, 
and Sharpsburg, Va.^^ 

Solomons, A. L., Governor's Guards, Columbia.^* 

Solomons, J. T., commissary sergeant 20th S. C. V. 

Strauss, B., Company A, German Artillery. 

SuARES, J. E., Company I, 27th Regiment. 

Tobias, J. L., Ordnance Department, Columbia. 

Triest, M., enlisted in 1860 ; captain Company 2, 16th Regi- 
ment. Entered Confederate service, 1861, sergeant- 
major 24th S. C. V. Was promoted twice to A. A. A. 
General, once by General Stevens, who died before com- 
mission was returned, and again by General Capers just 
before the close of the war. Fought at Secessionville, 
Pocotaligo, Jackson, Miss., second Jackson, Miss., At- 
lanta, Missionary Ridge, Franklin, and Nashville. 
Wounded at Atlanta.^^ 



Records Camp Sumter. 

For obituary notice see The Courier, August 25, 1862. 

Records Camp Sumter. 
' The Courier, April 11, 1861. 
' Records Camp Sumter. 



236 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

VAI.ENTINE, Hertz, Sumter Guards. "Wounded at Seces- 
sionville, 

Valentine, Isaac D., corporal, Sumter Guards. Killed at 
Secessionville in 1862.^^ 

Valentine, Captain Jacob. A veteran of the Mexican War. 
Appointed lieutenant at the beginning of the war. 
Took part in the bombardment of Fort Sumter in April, 
1861. He was in charge of a battery at the battle of 
Manassas.^i Was in command of Company G, 1st 
Eegiment S. C. R., at Fort Moultrie in 1863 and com- 
mander of the post in November of that year. He was 
seriously wounded at Fort Moultrie in 1862. 

Visanska, George A., 20th Regiment, S. C. V. 

Weiss, Jules, Beauregard Light Infantry. 

Wertheim, Berthold, Company G, 16th Cavalry. 

Wertheim, Hyman, lieutenant Company E, 8th S. C. V. 
Killed at Gettysburg. 

Wertheim, Julius, German Volunteers, 1861. Hampton 
Legion, Bachman's Battery. 

Wetherhorn, Levy, a member of the German Riflemen in 
1861. Stationed at Morris's Island at the time when 
the Star of the West was thwarted in her attempt to 
supply the garrison at Fort Sumter. After ninety 
days ' service with the riflemen, he volunteered in Com- 
pany A, German Artillery, taking part in all its cam- 
paigns and engagements. He was finally taken pris- 
oner by a Federal scouting party near Summerville, 
paroled, and soon afterwards the war came to an end.^^ 



^ For obituaiy notice see The Courier, June 21, 1862. " Mr. Isaac Val- 
entine, after receiving his death-wound, stated that he felt no apprehen- 
sion of death; that he had done his duty, and that he had but one wish, 
that he might see his family before he died for his country." — The 
Courier, June 18, 1862. 

'' The Courier, August 22, 1861. 

^^ Confederate Military History, Vol. 5, p. 90S. 



THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 237 

Wethekhorn, Martin, Company A, German Artillery. 
Wetherhorn, Sol., Company E, 25th S. C. V. Wounded 

at Petersburg. 
Wilson, J. Cohen, Manning Guards, Hampton Legion. 
WiTKOFSKY, J., Company G, 27tli Infantry. 
WiTTKowsKY, Adolph, Company C, 6tli Regiment S. C. V., 

Anderson's Brigade, Long-street's Division. Enlisted 

1861. Wounded at Williamsburg. Four months in 

prison at Washington, D. C. Permanently disabled. 

Promoted to sergeant. 
Wolfe, Jacob^ Company F, 23d Infantry. 
Wolff, W. M., 1st lieutenant Company G, 4th Regiment 

Infantry. Killed at Stony Creek. Was in command 

of company. Very brave. 
Zacharias, David, Company C, 5th Cavalry. Killed at 

Mechanicsville.^^ 
Markens in his book. The Hebrews in America, mentions 
the following Jewish soldiers belonging to South Carolina 
who are buried in the Confederate soldiers' plot at Rich- 
mond, Va. : E. B. Miller, H. Jacobs, Lieutenant W. M. 
Wolf (Hagood's Brigade), A. Lehman, Henry Cohen, I. 
Cohen (Hampton Legion). ^^ 

In addition to the above names of enlisted men there were 
many others, physically disqualified or above military age, 
who did duty in the Home Guard : 

Captain Myer Jacobs, Charleston Guards ; ^^ S. Hart, Sr., 
orderly sergeant ; M. Ehrlich, 3d sergeant. Privates : J. 
Cohen, S. Cohen, C. Hyman, L. Rich, M. Rich, J. Triest, 
J. Volaski, J. Wetherhalin, M. Wetherhahn, E. Zachariah, 
J. Zachariah.^^ 



^^ Note. — This list could, of course, be largely extended, had account 
been taken of the sons of South Carolina Jews who fought in the war. 
" Markens : The Hebrews in America, pp. 340-1. 
" The Courier, Jan. 11, 1861. 
" Ibid., May 2, 1861. 



238 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

In the Regiment of Reserves, Company B, were: J. 
Blank, J. Furth, M. Hoffman, S. D. Jacobowsky, J. Rich, 
J. Seckendorff , A. Volaski. 

Company C : N. Levin, 5th sergeant ; M. L. Jacobson, 4th 
corporal. Privates: G. V. Ancker, S. P. Ancker, D, Ben- 
jamin, A. E. Cohen, L. Cohen, R. L. David, M. Goldsmith, 
J. Goudkopp, A. J. Harris, J. H. Hertz, A. Loryea, B. Mor- 
decai, P. A. Moise, P. Pinkussohn, George Prince, P. Wine- 
man.^'^ 

Company D: A. J. Moses, 1st corporal. Privates: M. 
Cordova, Eugene Esdra, Isaac Harris, Isaac E. Hertz, Rev. 
H. S. Jacobs, Morris Meyer, Sam Samson, Dr. J. R. Solo- 
mons, Leopold Weiskopf.^^ 

Company E: I. S. Cohen, Abram Harris, L. J. Myers, 
B. A. Rodrigues, John Sloman.^® 

Company G : Nathaniel Jacobi, 1st corporal. Privates : 
G. Schwabe, M. Seckendorff.'^o 

Company H : J. Samson, 1st corporal.^^ 

Other members of the Home Guard who are of record 
are : M. D. Cohen, M. Marks, J. Levy, J. Haas, and Edmund 
H. Abrahams. 

In the large list of Jews here given, with three or four 
exceptions, every name has been positively identified, and 
with very few exceptions these records have been taken 
from original documents. In addition to these, there are 
hundreds of names of men who may or may not be Jews. 
These have been excluded from our list, as we believe that 
for historical purposes only such records should be given 
as are beyond question. Mr. Wolf in his book. The Ameri- 
can Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen, — perhaps the great- 
est monument, even if least appreciated, of his services to 



The Courier, Dec. 11, 1861. " Ibid. 

' Ibid. *" Ibid. 

'Ibid. 



THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 239 

the cause of the Jew, — ^has given many more names, many 
of which we have not been able to identify, though many 
months have been given to the task, and it is with regret 
that we must leave them for future investigation. We 
must be satisfied, for the present, with the mere enumera- 
tion of the names of these men, the records of whom may 
be hereafter established. 

James P. Altman, *Edwin H. Abrahams,^ ^ Barney Ball, 
D. Blankensee, A. Cashby, *Aaron Cohen, *C. S. Cohen, 
*Fishel Cohen, * Jacob H. Cohen, L. Daniels, Herman Drey- 
fus, G. Ellbaum, H. Emanuel, J. Emanuel, M. Fox, *I. L. 
Gunhaus, *S. Gunhaus, A. Hammerslough, H. Hammer- 
slough, *L Heyman, J. D. Hornet, Emanuel Jacobs, J. J. 
Jacobus, Julius Joel, Joseph Josephus, *David Kahn, *Isaac 
Kahn, * Theodore Kaphan, Jack Leopold, Leopold Levi, 
L. J. Levin, Lionel C. Levy, Jr., Lionel L. Levy, Isaac L. 
Lyons, Jacob Manning, Nathan Menken, Daniel Moses, M. P. 
Moses, T. J. Moses, Jr., Julius Nathan, *Meyer Richard, 
Abraham Robertson, Charles C. Robinson, *Jacob Rosen- 
dorff, A. Simon, H. Solomon, J. F. Solomon, Isaac Sommers, 
Ad. Summers, William Sulzbacher, *Myer Wachtel, Henry 
Warner, Samuel Weiss, J. C. AVilson, D. Wolf.^^ 

Besides these names there are on the rolls hundreds of 
names that have the appearance of being the names of 
Jews. For reasons already given these have been excluded 
from the list. They include such names as the following: 
Isaac Abrahams, R. Canter, Marcus Harris, A. Jack Jacobs, 
David Jacobs, J. J. Jacobs, Jacob Marx, A. W. Messer, 



" Those marked * have been ascertained as having been in the war. 

"Mr. Wolf, from whose lists the above names are taken, had other 
sources of information that are inaccessible to the author, and while many 
of his names may be erroneous, the majority of them are doubtless cor- 
rect. This volume, the reader is again reminded, is concerned with the 
records alone. 



240 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

David H. Messer, E. H. Mintz, W. D. Mintz, W. A. Moses, 
H. Abraham Phillips, Gabe Phillips, Moses Samuels, Wade 
H. Samuels, Samuel Segar, Samuel Simons, S. J. Sloman, 
Simon Wolff. 

Such, then, is the story as revealed in the records. It is, 
in truth, a remarkable story. If men are to be known and 
to be judged by their deeds, then can South Carolina boast 
of no more loyal and devoted sons and daughters than were 
her Jewish citizens in the hour of her need. 





THEODORE KOHX, 184O-I902 



OF SOT 



.TNA 



I . ,.vi ;;.u/j, » ■ 



-s, GabePhillii. 
lels, Samuel Segar, Samuel h 
.u Wolff. 
. .uch, then, is the story as revealed ^. 
in truth, a remarkable story. If men an 
to be judged by their deeds, then can Soutu 
of no more ■ ' ' ' ' ons an'^ 

her .Tf^wifili rf Iifr 



, Wade 
i. Sloman, 

..is, 

wn and 

boast 

er;b LJian were 



1 t. 




mt^^i^m 



SOQI-0^81 ,VIHO^ 3«Oa03HT 



ill 



CHAPTER Z///— SMALLER COMMUNITIES 

GEORGETOWN, CAMDEN, COLUMBIA, SUMTER, 
AND OTHER PLACES 




HE history of the Jews of South Caro- 
lina is, naturally enough, mainly the 
history of the Jews of Charleston. 
There are, however, several other com- 
munities of historical importance and 
of which the records have much to tell. 
What these records reveal we shall 
now proceed to narrate. 

GEORGETOWN. 

Georgetown is the second oldest Jewish community in 
South Carolina. Jews have certainly lived here since 1762.^ 
They probably lived here before this date. The records of 
Georgetown prior to the war are, unfortunately, destroyed. 
The earliest settlers, as far as our present information goes, 
were the families of Cohen ^ and Myers. We have no 
recorded data as to when the latter family settled there. A 
file of The Georgetown Gazette from May 15, 1798, to De- 
cember 28, 1800,3 contains the following Jewish references : 

Levi Myers — apothecary's shop;^ Solomon Cohen — Tax 



' See obituary notice in The Georgetown Gazette, Dee. 13, 1800. 

" Sons of Moses Cohen, the first Rabbi of Charleston. 

' Collections of the Charleston Library Society. 

* The Georgetown Gazette, May 15, 1798, also July 24. 

241 



242 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Collector ; ^ Moses Myers — Clerk of Court of General Ses- 
sions and Common Pleas ; ^ Nathan Hart ; '^ Abraham Cohen 
— vendue master and auctioneer ; ^ Levy Solomon ; ® L. 
Joseph; ^'^ Abraham Cohen — secretary Winyah Indigo So- 
ciety; ^^ Jacob Myers; ^2 Abraham Myers.^^ 

In 1799 we notice Abraham Cohen as one of the Commis- 
sioners of Streets and Markets;^* Lizar Joseph — Clerk of 
the Market; ^^ Solomon Cohen, 1st sergeant of 1st Troop, 
6th Brigade ;^^ Isaac C. Moses ;^'^ Mr. Sasportas — "agent 
for the French Republic at the time their cruisers were per- 
mitted to sell their prizes in this port." ^^ 

In 1800 Woolf Aronson;!^ Levy Salomon ;2o Moses 
Myers — Clerk of the Court of General Sessions ; ^^ Lizar 
Joseph — Clerk of the Market ; ^^ Abraham Cohen — Post- 
master ; 2^ Jacob Myers — captain of Winyah Artillery Com- 
pany; 2"* Jacob Woolf; 2^ "The Black-smith's Business, 
formerly conducted by Mr. Abraham Cohen, will in future 
be carried on by the Subscribers — Moses Myers, Jacob 
Myers." 26 

In 1801 The Georgetown Gazette notes Levi Solomon and 
Lizar Joseph in partnership in the vendue and conunission 
business ; W. Aronson ; ^"^ Solomon Cohen, Tax Collector, 
sergeant of Winyah Light Dragoons ; ^^ Jacob Myers, Post- 
master; Levy Myers, druggist; Lizar Joseph, Inspector of 
Customs for the Port of Georgetown; Moses Myers, Clerk 
of the Court of Common Pleas. 



" The Georgetown Gazette, May 22. 






•Ibid. 


" Ibid. 


'" Ibid. 




' Ibid. 


" Ibid., Feb. 20, 1799. 


'' Ibid., 


April 5. 


' Ibid., June 5. 


" Ibid., April 10. 


" Ibid., 


April 9. 


" Ibid., August 7. 


" Ibid., Nov. 13. 


" Ibid. 




" Ibid., Nov. 27. 


" Ibid., Nov. 13. 


" Ibid. 


April 26 


" Ibid. 


" Ibid., Dec. 18. 


'' Ibid., 


July 5. 


" Ibid., Dec. 4. 


" Ibid., Mar. 26, 1800. 


"Ibid., 


Dec. 24. 


^ His death notice occurs in the Gazette of Sept. 


16. 




'' Ibid., May 2, 1801. 









SMALLER COMMUNITIES 243 

In 1799 a Library Society was instituted "for the gradual 
establishment of a library in Georgetown." Solomon 
Cohen was treasurer of this society. Among its members 
were: Levi Myers, Moses Myers, Abraham Myers, Jacob 
Myers, Abraham Cohen, Jacob Cohen, and Solomon Cohen. 
Aaron Lopez was a member in 1828 and Solomon Cohen, 
Jr., in 1829.29 

One of the oldest existing societies in South Carolina is 
the Winyah Indigo Society, of Georgetown. Among its 
members in the early days were the following: Abraham 
Cohen (1786), Solomon Cohen (1791), Nathan Hart (1791), 
Wolf Aronson (1795), Moses Myers (1799), Levi Myers 
(1800), Lizar Joseph (1801), S. Joseph (1814), Israel Solo- 
mon (1822), Sampson Solomon (1824), Aaron Lopez 
(1830), Joseph Sampson (1859), and Samuel Sampson 
(1859). 

Among the Intendants of Georgetown have been Solomon 
Cohen (1818-9), Abram Myers (1826-8), Aaron Lopez 
(1836), Sol. Emanuel (1876-8), L. S. Ehrich (1886-9).^' 

In the early twenties the Solomons family settled in 
Georgetown — Abraham, Joseph, and Molsey J. Solomons; 
and in the forties the Sampson family — Jack, Joseph^ and 
Sam Sampson — settled there. 

The present Jewish community consists of exactly a hun- 
dred souls. Among Georgetown's merchants to-day are: 
S. Brilles, A. J. Dundas, L. S. Ehrich, S. J. Flaum, S. M. 
Gladstone, S. Gold, J. Isear, E. W., H., and J. Kaminski, 
C. J. Levy, P. Lewenthal, Abe Moses, L. Riff, M. Ringel, 
Herman and Joseph Schenk, and J. M. Visanska. The 
Winyah Inn is owned and conducted by Isaac Butler. The 
community has recently suffered greatly by the removal to 



" The original books and minutes of this Society are now in possession 
of the Winyah Indigo Society, of Georgetown. 
" See The Times, August 12, 1896. 



244 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

New York of Marks Moses, who was an Alderman in 1892. 
The farewell banquet tendered to him by the people of 
Georgetown was a remarkable testimony to the esteem in 
which he was held. A congregation has recently been 
formed and is at present regularly ministered to by Dr. 
Barnett A. Elzas, of Charleston. 

CAMDEN. 

The city of Camden is the only city in South Carolina be- 
sides Georgetown where Jews settled in numbers prior to 
1800. The earliest notice of a Jew in Camden District 
which we have found occurs in the Columbia records, in a 
document dated 1790, and refers to Mordicai Lyon. Cam- 
den still possesses some of its early records, but very few 
of the early newspapers are available. There are only a 
few references to Jews in the records prior to 1800 : David 
Bush,^^ Samuel Levy ,2- Moses Sarzedas,^^ and Isaiah 
Bush.34 

That there were Jews in Camden from an early date 
would seem evident from the will of Joseph Kershaw, made 
in 1788 and proved in 1792. ''To God's Anticent people 
the Jews I give and devise the lot No. 315 for a Burying 
ground and place of worship whenever they may incline to 
to build upon the same. ' ' ^^ The Jews do not seem to have 
increased in numbers, however, and it was not till 1880 that 
an attempt was made to form a congregation — ''Gemilath 
Chasodim of Camden." Lot No. 315, however, was never 
claimed, owing to the undesirability of its location. 



^^ Camden Mesne Conveyance Records, Book A, p. 5 (1791). 

"Ibid., pp. 98 and 176 (1793). 

"'Ibid., p. 275 (1794). 

'*Ibid., p. 152 (1794). It may be reasonably doubted whether David 
and Isaiah Bush were Jews. We have no information about them. The 
records show many of this name who were not Jews. 

" Will Book C, p. 62. 



SMALLER COMMUNITIES 245 

There were several prominent Jewish families in Cam- 
den in the first half of the nineteenth century. Chapman 
Levy is mentioned in the records in 1807. Dr. Abraham 
De Leon advertises in The Camden Gazette of April 3, 1816 : 

"Dr. De Leon (late of the Hospital Dept. of the U. S. Army) tenders 
his sei-vices in the Hne of his profession to his friends and the Public." " 

Hayman Levy's name occurs in the records in 1819, Jacob 
S. De Pass in 1831, Judah Barrett in 1832, and Mordecai M. 
Levy in 1836, The families of Levy were not related, but 
they were all of considerable prominence. Hayman Levy 
was Intendant of Camden in 1843 and 1844. Both Chap- 
man Levj^ and Hayman Levy fought duels with Camden 
men. Further notes concerning them will be found else- 
where in this volume. 

The present Jewish community of Camden consists of 
about fifty souls. Among the leading merchants are: 
Mannes Baum, Gabriel H. Baum, Louis L. Bloch, Wm. Gei- 
senheimer, M. H. Heyman, Gus Hirsch, Jacob Hirsch, L. 
Schenk, and David Wolfe. Harry Baum is one of the 
largest planters in the county. Legriel A. Wittkowski has 
been Master in Equity for Kershaw County for the past ten 
years and is held in general esteem by the community. 

COLUIVIBIA. 

We do not possess any definite data as to the time when 
Jews first settled in this city. They certainly lived here in 
numbers early in the nineteenth century. Mills informs 
us that in 1823 the ''Female Auxiliary Jew Society" was 
formed in that city "with the express view to assist in 
colonising the Jews. ' ' ^" Writing in 1826, he remarks that 



' Courtesy of Thomas J. Kirkland, Esq., of Camden. 
Mills: Statistics of South Carolina, p. 434. 



246 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

*Hhe Jews are forming themselves into a religious so- 
ciety. ' ' ^^ 

The author has been fortunate enough to find a unique 
copy of the Constitution of the Hebrew Benevolent Society 
of Columbia, dated 1844, which contains a list of the early 
members of the community. This society was originally 
a burial society, established in 1822 for the purpose of main- 
taining a cemetery. It became the ''Hebrew Benevolent 
Society" in 1826 and was incorporated in 1834. We repro- 
duce here for its historical value the lists of members : 



RESroENT MEMBERS. 



Levy Polock,* 
Phineas Solomon,* 
Jacob Levin,* 
Lewis Levy,* 
Alexander Marks,* 
A. Alexander,* 
Elias Polock, 
Emanuel Sampson, 
Henry Lyons, 
Jacob C. Lyons, 
I. D. Mordecai, 



Philip Myers, 
Joseph H. Marks, 
John Barnet, 
Z. Harris, 
Samuel Lopez, 
Myer Nathan, 
D. C. Peixotto, 
L. Elias, 
Moses Rosenthal, 
Maier Gattman, 
Marcus Goldburg. 



MEMBERS WHO HAVE CHANGED THEIR RESIDENCE OR ARE DEAD. 



Isaac Lyons,* Dead, 
Samuel M. Levy,* D., 
Isaac S. Cohen,* Removed, 
Abraham Lipman,* R., 
Judah Barrett,* R., 
J. C. Peixotto, R., 
Moses Hyams, M.D., R., 
Isaac D. Marks, R., 
John M. Hirsch, R., 



Lipman Levin, R., 
Jacob Ezekiel, R., 
Chapman Solomon, R., 
Levy J. Solomon, R., 
Benjamin Mordecai, R., 
Solomon J. Barrett, D., 
Moses Davega, D., 
Humphry Marks, D., 
Samuel Valentine, R. 



^' Mills : Statistics of South Carolina, p. 722. 
* One of the founders. 



SMALLER COMMUNITIES 247 

LIST OF MEMBERS. 

John Barnett, I. C. Lyons, 

H. S. Cohen, L. Lilienthal, 

S. A. Cohen, M. Lilienthal, 

A. N. Cohen, E. C. Polock, 

M. Celler, D. C. Peixotto, 

L. Elias, S. I. Rozenburg, 

H. Hess, I. L. Polock, 

S. Keeling, I B. Polock, 

I. Levin, L. Simmons, 

L. Levy, H. Kauffman. 
H. Lyons, 

Columbia had thus quite early in the nineteenth century 
a large and flourishing Jewish community. Its Jewish citi- 
zens were more than ordinarily prominent, many of them 
occupying positions of civic distinction. Eeligiously, too, 
the Jewish community was an important one, being second 
only to Charleston. Leeser's Occident contains numerous 
references to its communal activity in the forties.^^ During 
the war many of the Charleston Jewish families refugeed 
there. The Jewish community to-day is small but pros- 
perous. It numbers about one hundred souls. It has re- 
cently built a synagogue, which will soon be ready for occu- 
pation. 

SUMTER. 

Jews have resided here since about 1820. The earliest 
settler, as shown by the records, was Mark Solomons. He 
was followed soon after by Franklin J. Moses and his 
brother, Montgomery Moses. After the war the families 
of Moise and Moses removed to that city, which families 
constitute to-day the greater portion of the Jewish popula- 
tion. Several Sumter Jews have attained great prom- 
inence. We have already written of Franklin J. Moses. Of 
the others we shall now tell. 

" See, e.g., Vol. 7. 



248 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Edwin Warren Moise was the son of Abraham Moise. 
He was born in Charleston on May 21, 1832, and died in 
Sumter on December 8, 1903. As a boy he attended the 
school taught by John S. Cripps, who was afterwards Con- 
sul to Mexico. At the age of fifteen he was obliged to leave 
school, owing to his father's lack of means. He worked 
for a while in a wholesale grocery in Charleston, and then 
went into the registry office, where he remained about two 
years, studying law. In 1856 he removed to Columbus, G-a., 
opening a law office in that place. 

In July, 1861, he organized a company of one hundred 
and twenty men, fifty of whom he mounted at his own ex- 
pense, costing him $10,000, all of his little fortune. The 
company was named after him, and afterwards became 
Company A of the 7th Confederate Cavalry, Colonel W. C. 
Claiborne commanding, of which company Mr. Moise was 
made captain. In 1863 he was made major of the 7th Regi- 
ment, and near the close of the war was appointed com- 
mander of the regiment, though he never received his com- 
mission as colonel. He was in the Army of Northern Vir- 
ginia, under General Robert E. Lee, and participated in the 
battles of Yellow Tavern, Brandy Station, Gettysburg, Five 
Forks, Averysboro, in the trenches at Petersburg, in the 
Battle of the Miue, and at Bentonville. With two hundred 
men he built the dams in Hetch's Run, in Virginia, near 
Petersburg, to protect Lee's left flank against Grant. He 
was also in the fight at the Davis House. At Gettysburg 
he received a slight wound. He was on the Hampton cattle 
raid, capturing 2,700 head of beeves from Grant in Vir- 
ginia, and in the attack on Kilpatri ' 's camp, which was 
captured. 

One of the most dangerous performances in which Major 
Moise was engaged was the burning of the bridge at Smith- 
field, N. C, in 1865, in the retreat of Generals Hampton and 
Butler from Bentonville to Raleigh, at which latter place 



SMALLER COMMUNITIES 249 

the last fight of those troops during the war occurred. 
Major Moise was detailed with his regiment, the 10th Geor- 
gia, of General Butler's division and General Hampton's 
corps, to burn the bridge and cover the retreat of the 
troops. He fired it, and escaped amid a thick rain of bullets 
aimed at him and his command by the Federal troops, who 
were following him in hot pursuit. At the battle of Ben- 
tonville, on the third day, the extreme left of the Confed- 
erate line was attacked by a solid column of Federal infan- 
try, which was met only by a thin line of dismounted Con- 
federate cavalry. This line was instantly swept away, 
which would have resulted in the capture of Bentonville and 
the inevitable loss of General Joseph E. Johnston's army, 
but at the critical moment General Hampton rode up with 
his couriers, twenty-five to thirty in number, and immedi- 
ately dispatched one to General Hardee, informing him of 
the situation. Hampton then dismounted with his staff and 
manned a battery of artillery, which was used with such 
effect upon the advancing Federal line as to check it till 
Hardee's troops came up and drove back the advancing 
force. In this intricate and dangerous manoeuvre Major 
Moise bore a conspicuous part. 

After the war was over he settled in Sumter, where he 
commenced the practice of law in the Provost Court, in 
which he was very successful. When he emerged from the 
war he had only one wounded horse, which he sold to pay 
the first month's board of his family in 1865. Up to 1876 
he practised law, and in that year he was elected Adjutant 
and Inspector-General upon the ticket headed by Hampton. 
He was reelected in 1878 and served until 1880, when he 
declined any longer to be a candidate. He was Presidential 
Elector in 1880 and served many times as delegate to State 
Conventions. He was never a Secessionist, but was a 
Douglas Democrat. He was a delegate to the Reconstruc- 
tion Convention which met in Columbia in 1865. Previous 



250 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

to the breaking out of the war he took the stump in Georgia 
in opposition to the secession movement. In 1888 he was a 
candidate for the Democratic nomination for Congress and 
was defeated by only three votes, Colonel William Elliott, 
of Beaufort, being his opponent. In 1892 he was the Demo- 
cratic nominee for Congress from the 7th District, but was 
defeated by a Republican negro. 

General Moise, as he was familiarly called, was the type 
of what a good man and citizen should be. Brilliant as was 
his record in war, his record in peace was no less glorious. 
He will be ever remembered as the right arm of General 
"Wade Hampton in Reconstruction days, who by his unselfish 
devotion to the cause, his many sacrifices, and his soul-stir- 
ring oratory, helped to redeem the State of South Carolina 
from the horrors of carpet-bag rule. True patriot that he 
was, he sought no political advancement for his services, 
and though he gave his fortune to the cause, he was content 
to live as a private citizen. His funeral was a remarkable 
demonstration of a people's love and affection and called 
forth the most eulogistic tributes from every newspaper in 
the State. We select only one — from one of the papers of 
his adopted city : 

" It is given to few men of the prominence attained by General Moise 
to be so generally beloved, to have so many sincere friends and so few 
enemies. And the enemies he had were made in the service of his State 
and country, and it was the principles that he represented and not his 
personality that made enemies, for he was one of those rare men who 
made friends easily by his spontaneous geniality and bound them to 
himself by hooks of steel by his sterling worth. To the poor and needy 
he was a friend in deed, an ever present help in time of trouble, and he 
has no more sincere mourners to-day than are to be found among the 
poor and improvident — whites and negroes alike — who, when all others 
refused them, never appealed in vain to him who now sleeps his last 
sleep. His was a charity that was so broad that it covered a multitude 
of sins and he extended it to the unworthy as generously and freely as 
to the worthy, for he recognized the world-old truth that it is the un- 



SMALLER COMMUNITIES 251 

worthy who are most often in the direst need. Yet he extended a help- 
ing hand to many worthy ones who were sinking beneath the billows of 
adversity and assisted them to gain a foothold on the rock of self-support 
and prosperity. His good deeds live after him and many are here to 
rise up and bless him. Generous to a fault, his benefactions were made 
while he lived and he died a poor man, as far as this world's goods go, 
but rich beyond compare in good deeds bestowed and kindnesses done in the 
name of humanity. 

" His fame as an advocate and orator will live after him and his 
success at the bar was commensurate with his abilities. For years he 
was the admitted leader of the Sumter bar as an orator, and his reputa- 
tion extended beyond the borders of the State. 

" When the true sons of South Carolina rose in their might to redeem 
the State from the hands of aliens, renegades, and negroes he was called 
to the front, and he did his part like a man and a patriot. The red-shirt 
Democrats of '76 still remember how he rode with Hampton from the 
moimtains to the sea, and how his eloquence, his zeal, and courage in- 
spired them to stand steadfast for white supremacy and an honest 
government. To do this he abandoned a most lucrative law practice, and 
being elected Adjutant and Inspector-General in 1876, he served for four 
years, and declined reelection in 1880. Not satisfied with the pecuniary 
sacrifices he had already made, the deplorable condition of the schools 
of the State appealing to his sympathies, he gave all of his salary to 
the public schools the second year he held office. 

" It was but natural that such a man should be missed in a community 
and that his death causes universal sorrow, and to-day there are many 
sad hearts in Sumter. But death came to him in the fulness of time, 
after a long, well-spent, and useful life; and the sorrow that is felt is 
tempered with gladness that he was spared so long to do good and to set 
a worthy example." — The Watchman and Southron."' 

Major Marion Moise, a son of General E. W. Moise, is 
to-day one of Sumter's most prominent citizens. He was 
born on Sullivan's Island on June 14, 1855. He spent one 
year at the Virginia Military Institute and a few months at 
South Carolina College, leaving that institution when 
negroes were admitted in 1873. Like his father, Mr. Moise 

" Many newspaper tributes, together with other material, have been 
collected by the author in the small memorial volume: Edwin Warren 
Moise — In Memoriam (Charleston, S. C, 1903). 



252 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

has taken an active part in public affairs. He served as 
Intendant of Sumter for four years and also for one term 
in the State Senate (1886-90). He has taken a prominent 
part, likewise, in educational affairs, having served as a 
member of the School Board of the Sumter Graded School 
for ten years, of which body he was for three years chair- 
man. He has earned an enviable reputation in the State 
as a lawyer, and is to-day identified with the principal busi- 
ness enterprises of his adopted city. 

Altamont Moses, son of Montgomery Moses, is a native 
of Sumter. He served for three terms in the City Council, 
was for many years a member of the Democratic County 
Executive Committee, and is now chairman of the City 
Executive Committee. He has frequently been a delegate 
to the State Conventions, his first service in that capacity 
being in 1868. He was a member of the National Demo- 
cratic Convention in 1888 and also in 1904. He was elected 
to the House of Representatives in 1886 and has been unin- 
terruptedly a member of the General Assembly since that 
date. He is chairman of the Ways and Means Conunittee 
and a member of the ' ' Sinking Fund Commission, " ' ' Hamp- 
ton Monument Commission," and of the ''Commission for 
Repairs to the State-House." He is Commissary-General 
on Governor Hey ward's staff with the rank of colonel. He 
has been president of the Sumter Hebrew Benevolent So- 
ciety, and also of the Sumter Society of Israelites; has 
served as president of the Board of Trade and of the Busi- 
ness Men's League, and as chairman of the Board of Com- 
missioners of the city schools. Mr. Moses is considered to 
be one of the best informed men in the State on the finances 
of South Carolina, and one of the hard-working members 
of the House. He comes from a family of legislators. His 
grandfather, Myer Moses, was a member of the House from 
Charleston in 1810. His uncle, Chief-Justice Moses, was 
Senator from Sumter for twenty-five years, and another 



SMALLER COMMUNITIES 253 

uncle, Henry M. Phillips, was a prominent member of Con- 
gress from Philadelphia. 

Isaac C. Strauss is one of the more prominent of Sum- 
ter's younger Jews. He has been Referee in Bankruptcy 
since 1898; he is vice-president of '^The Sumter Savings 
Bank," counsel and director of ''The Sumter Telephone 
Company," and secretary and treasurer of "The Society 
of Israelites" of Sumter. 

The following names include the principal Jews of Sum- 
ter to-day: H. D. Barnett, A. DAncona, M. Fromberg, 
Moses Green, Henry J. Harby, Horace Harby, Horace 
Harby, Jr., Jackson M. Harby, Joshua J. Harby, Ferdi- 
nand Levi, Mitchell Levi, J. H. Levy, Davis D. Moi'se, Har- 
mon D. Moise, Marion Moise, Altamont Moses, H. Clare- 
mont Moses, Eugene H. Moses, A. J. Moses, I. Harby Moses, 
Perry Moses, Perry Moses, Jr., Abe Ryttenberg, C. D. 
Schwartz, Isaac Schwartz, Isaac Strauss, Isaac C. Strauss. 

The present Jewish population numbers about one hun- 
dred and twenty-five souls. The community is more than 
ordinarily prosperous, supports a Synagogue, of which Rev. 
J. Klein is minister, and a Benevolent Society. 

OTHER COMMUNITIES. 

We have taken note only of the older and historical com- 
munities of the State. Besides these, there are numerous 
small communities whose Jewish poj^ulations vary from 
twenty to one hundred souls: Abbeville, Barnwell, Beau- 
fort, Branchville, Chester, Darlington, Florence, Green- 
ville, Kingstree, Manning, Marion, Newberry, Orangeburg, 
Rock Hill, Spartanburg, St. Matthew's, St. Stephen's, and 
Union. There are many settlements of Jews, too, still 
smaller than these. To these places we cannot refer at length. 
It may be noted, however, that Beaufort had quite a large 
settlement of Jews in the early days, as is clearly shown 
by the tombstones in the Jewish cemetery at Savannah and 



254 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

from scattered notices of individuals in the Charleston 
newspapers of the first quarter of the nineteenth century. 
Beaufort has no records, however, and careful inquiry 
among the older present inhabitants has failed to elicit any 
authentic data of historical value or interest. Darlington 
has a Jewish community of about sixty souls. It is visited 
periodically by Rev. J, Klein, of Sumter. 

The country Jew is by no means a negligible quantity 
in estimating the importance of its Jewish citizens to the 
State. In the early days the majority of the Jews lived in 
Charleston. This is no longer the case, and many country 
Jews have been important factors in the moral and material 
development of their respective towns or cities. Of these 
several call for special mention. 

MosES Levi, of Manning, was one of the oldest settlers 
of that town, whither he removed from Sumter in 1856. He 
engaged in business and amassed quite a fortune, which, 
however, he lost in the war, in which he had a very good 
record. After the war he resumed his business, and by dint 
of thrift and hard work regained his fortune to a large 
extent. He died in Manning, at the age of seventy-two, 
on January 26, 1899.^^ 

Abraham Levi, son of Moses Levi, was born in Manning 
on July 31, 1863. He attended the primary schools of Man- 
ning and, later, private schools in New York City. He 
graduated in 1882 from Carolina Military Institute at Char- 
lotte, N. C, studied law at the University of Virginia, and 
graduated at the Albany Law School in 1884. He was ad- 
mitted to the Bar in 1885 and has practised law since that 
time in Manning. Mr. Levi is president of the Bank of 
Manning, which he organized in 1889, and is one of the 
leading financiers of Clarendon County. He was for a time 
editor of The Manning Times. No man has done more than 



The News and Courier, Jan. 27, 1899. 



SMALLER COMMUNITIES 255 

he has for the industrial growth of the community in which 
he lives. 

When Moses Levi, the father, died, he left a widow, six 
sons, and three daughters. The sons are all esteemed mer- 
chants in their respective communities, and the daughters 
splendid examples of exalted womanhood. After their 
father's death the children bought the fine property that 
was occupied as a school building and presented it to the 
town. It is now known as the ''Moses Levi Memorial In- 
stitute." The mother, Hannah Levi, died recently,^ 2 ^nd 
her children have again manifested their generosity by the 
donation of $1,000 for the purpose of founding a library, 
to be known as ''The Hannah Levi Memorial Library." 
The town of Manning has appropriated $1,000 towards the 
building, and at the time of writing public subscriptions are 
being collected for the same purpose. Such is the work 
that is being done to-day by country Jews in South Caro- 
lina. 

Louis Appelt is another distinguished Jew of Manning. 
He was born in the city of Troy, N. Y., on March 22, 1857. 
He was educated at the public schools of New York City 
and later at the High School at Greenport, L. I. He came 
to South Carolina while still a youth and engaged in mer- 
cantile pursuits. Mr. Appelt was Judge of the Probate 
Court for Clarendon County for twelve years (1886-1898), 
City Treasurer for four years, and was appointed Post- 
master by President Cleveland, which position he continues 
to hold. He served four years in the State Senate (1898- 
1902), was on the staff of General Stoppelbein with the rank 
of major, was a member of several State Conventions, and 
also a member of the Democratic State Executive Committee. 
He has always taken the liveliest interest in matters relating 
to education. He is at the present time the editor and pro- 



The News and Courier, Jan. 20, 1905. 



256 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

prietor of The Manning Times, a paper conducted with 

much ability. He married Miss Eliza Steinmeyer Clark in 
1880.^3 

While writing of Manning, mention should be made of 
Reuben B. Loryea, a gifted pharmacist, who was held in 
the highest esteem by the community, and who died at the 
early age of thirty-four on August 22, 1899. He was vice- 
president of the Pharmaceutical Association of South Caro- 
lina and for many years secretary of the Board of Pharma- 
ceutical Examiners. 

It might be noted here that the town of Marion had for- 
merly quite a large settlement of Jews and an established 
congregation. Among the first residents were the Iseman, 
Cronheim, and Witcover families. This last family has 
been conspicuously identified with the development of the 
town since about 1860, and one of its members, Hyman 
Witcover, is to-day one of Marion's most prominent citi- 
zens. 

In The Neivs and Courier of June 15, 1905, there is a 
very interesting article on "The Jews of Darlington," 
which states that Jews have resided there since 1815. The 
earliest Jewish settler was a John Lazarus, a tanner by 
trade, who came from England. 

Theodore Kohn (1840-1902), one of Orangeburg's most 
prominent citizens, was a native of Furth, Bavaria. His 
father was a distinguished artist who took part in the strug- 
gle for political liberty in Bavaria, and, together with his 
wife and two sons, came to America in 1850. In the same 
year Theodore Kohn came to Orangeburg and went into 
business with his uncle, D. Louis. We have already noted 
his record in the war between the States. After the war 
he engaged in business in his adopted city and was likewise 
active in the public service. He was an Alderman of the 



The News and Courier, Jan. 30, 1899. 



SMALLER COMMUNITIES 257 

city and was foremost in all public enterprises. He was 
instrumental in the organization of the Edisto Bank, being 
on its first Board of Directors. His most distinguished pub- 
lic service, however, was in connection with education. To 
him more than to anyone else is due the credit for the estab- 
lishment of the excellent graded school system in Orange- 
burg. He is still referred to as the ' * father of the Orange- 
burg graded schools," and served on the Board of Trustees 
from the beginning till just prior to his death, when he 
resigned on account of ill-health. He was president of the 
Hebrew Benevolent Association from its organization in 
1885. He was much esteemed by the community in which 
he lived, every place of business in the city being closed 
during his funeral services. Of his sons, August Kohn is 
one of the best known newspaper men in the State; Sol. 
Kohn continues his father's business in Orangeburg, and 
David Kohn is a textile engineer in Columbia.'^* 

August Kohn, a son of Theodore Kohn, was born in 
Orangeburg on February 25, 1868. He received his early 
education at the school of Captain H. G. Sheridan in his 
native city, and studied for one year in New York. In 1885 
he entered South Carolina College, taking the literary 
course and graduating with distinction in 1889. In 1888 
he won the debater's medal in the Clarisophic Society. His 
first newspaper work was done on The Carolinian, the Col- 
lege magazine, of which he was first managing editor, be- 
coming editor-in-chief in 1889. It was his original intention 
to become a lawyer, but circumstances, combined with his 
love for newspaper work, fortunately changed his plans. 
In 1889 Mr. N. G. Gonzales, the manager of the Columbia 
Bureau of The Neivs and Courier, was stricken with typhoid 
fever. Recognizing Mr. Kohn's ability, he secured him to 



" For an appreciative biography of Theodore Kohn see The News and 
Courier, June 19, 1902. 



258 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

take charge of the Bureau, which he did most acceptably. 
Instead of studying law, he accepted a position as one of 
the local reporters of The News and Courier. His career 
was one of steady promotion, and he became manager of 
the Bureau in February, 1892, in which office he has re- 
mained continuously since that time. 

Mr. Kohn is to-day recognized as one of the ablest jour- 
nalists of the State, and bids fair, if he continues as he has 
begun, to rival the great Cardozo himself. We can only 
make brief reference here to his work as a journalist, for 
Mr. Kohn has been remarkably productive in every variety 
of work that the newspaper man is called upon to perform. 
His reports of the legislative proceedings, that he has fur- 
nished for years to his paper, are models of completeness 
and accuracy. In April, 1894, the ''Darlington Rebellion," 
the tragic result of the Dispensary Law, excited the entire 
State. Darlington was under martial law. Mr. Kohn's 
vigorous reports from the scene of action were such that 
the militia officer in command was instructed by Governor 
Tillman to ''muzzle Kohn or put him outside of the lines," 
but, notwithstanding all efforts made to thwart him, he 
managed day by day to publish the fullest news. The story 
of how he got the news is as thrilling as any of the adven- 
tures of the representatives of the Associated Press. Single- 
handed, he reported the proceedings of the Constitutional 
Convention of 1895, his daily reports often covering two 
whole newspaper pages, an achievement that few could have 
performed successfully, and for which Mr. Kohn received the 
public thanks of the Convention. Mr. Kohn has reported 
many of the important criminal trials in the State, and has 
likewise reported more political campaigns than any news- 
paper man in the State. His wide knowledge of the politics 
of the State and his possession of the confidence of the poli- 
ticians have made his daily letters both interesting and of 
permanent value to the future historian. His articles on 



SMALLER COMMUNITIES 259 

industrial subjects, notably his ''Review of the Cotton 
Mill Industry," in 1903, attracted the widest attention 
and are accepted as authoritative. During the Spanish- 
American War Mr. Kohn accompanied the 1st Regiment 
to Chickamauga as war correspondent. His graphic de- 
scriptions of the doings of the soldiers in camp were 
eagerly read day by day and will be long remembered. 

Mr. Kohn is not only a good newspaper man, but is an 
equally good business man and is connected with many 
important enterprises. He is a director of the National 
Loan and Exchange Bank, of Columbia, and of the Columbia 
Trust Company; he is treasurer of the South Carolina 
Press Association, a trustee of South Carolina College and 
of the South Carolina College Alumni Fund; a director 
of the Richland Cotton Mill, and of many other enter- 
prises. He is a director of the Hebrew Orphan Home at 
Atlanta. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel on the staff 
of Governor McSweeney and occupies a similar position 
on the staff of Governor Heyward. He is generally ac- 
knowledged as a most potent factor in the commercial 
upbuilding of the prosperous city of Columbia.*'* 

Of the country Jews of South Carolina we have selected 
only a few names that stand out more prominently. There 
are doubtless many others who have rendered and are ren- 
dering good service to the State. Such a man, for example, 
was the late Philip Cohen, of Union, the founder of the 
public school system of that city. Authentic data, however, 
are not at hand, and our present task is restricted to the 
things that are matters of record. Enough has been said 
to establish the value of the country Jew as a factor in the 
uplifting and the upbuilding of the State. 

** For numerous notices of Mr. Kohn's multifarious activities see the 
Centennial edition of The News and Courier, especially pp. 26 and 27. 



CHAPTER Z/F— MODERN PERIOD 

1865-1905 




HE main object of this volume, as ex- 
plained before, being the preservation 
of the early memorials of the Jews of 
South Carolina, we have treated the 
early story in full detail. In writing 
of the modern period such detail is no 
longer necessary. We are too near the 
scene to make a critical estimate of the present and we can 
leave that for the future historian. We will therefore deal 
with this period only in broad outline. 

In a previous chapter the Jews of South Carolina, or 
rather the Jews of Charleston, — for historically, prior to 
1865, the Jews of South Carolina ivere the Jews of Charles- 
ton,— presented a picture of a house divided against itself. 
The lamentable religious dissension that existed was not 
confined to the Synagogue, but manifested itself likewise 
in the general life, son being often estranged from father 
and father from son. It was a pitiable state of affairs that 
could not last. Among the older men were many who * ' re- 
membered the glory of the former house, ' ' and the hope of 
an ultimate reunion had never quite faded from their 
breasts. In 1866 they saw this long-hoped-for consumma- 
tion realized, and, amid great rejoicing, the two Congrega- 
tions again met, a united body, in ''the holy and beautiful 
house where their fathers had praised God." 

260 



MODERN PERIOD 261 

But the very thing that brought the community together 
again was now to scatter it. The fearful commercial de- 
pression that followed the war caused many of its formerly 
prosperous Jewish merchants to leave Charleston. Men 
like Ben. Mordecai, wealthy before the war, were reduced 
to poverty and had to go elsewhere to try to retrieve their 
fallen fortunes. Others, like M. C. Mordecai, likewise left 
to find larger scope for their activities. Still others left to 
seek fame and fortune in the professions. To trace them 
in detail in their migrations, identified as they have been 
with the history of so many communities in the land, would 
carry us too far afield and would require far more space 
than the limits of this volume would warrant. Suffice it to 
say, that in art, science, literature, law, and in the army and 
navy they have played a significant part, many of them 
attaining eminence. 

Thus did the war cause a dispersion of many of the old 
settlers. For many years there was a slight diminution of 
the Jewish population. The Eussian persecutions of 1880 
and 1890 and subsequent j^ears, however, caused a notable 
influx of Russian and Polish emigrants into South Caro- 
lina. These same emigrants form to-day a prosperous 
element in the community.^ 

It is a common mistake of writers that the Jews of South 
Carolina are less numerous and influential than formerly. 
As a matter of fact, they are far more numerous than ever 
before. Their aggregate wealth, too, is greater than it 
has ever been, only the Jews are more scattered. There is 
scarcely a settlement in the State where they are not found, 
and their enterprise and industry are everywhere mani- 

^A Polish congregation was organized in Charleston as early as 1857. 
Though this element of the community now far outnumbers the older 
element, it has had no history, communal or otherwise, worth recording. 
It has never had a leader and bids fair to continue in its present con- 
dition. 



262 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

fested. In commerce, especially, they are playing a promi- 
nent part. In the professions, they are most distinguished 
as members of the Bar. In medicine, at the present time, 
the author is the only Jewish practising physician in the 
State ; several, however, have left the State in recent years. 
In literature, Mrs. J. D. Harby (Lee C. Harby), of Con- 
way, has won fame as a writer of short stories and poetry. 
Mrs. J. Visanska, of Charleston, is a prominent worker in 
the Federation of Women's Clubs, and Miss Isabel Cohen 
is an artist of promise. In politics, the Jews are not as 
prominent as formerly. 

Charleston has lost several of its representative Jews 
and Jewesses in recent years: Asher D. Cohen,^ L. L. 
Cohen, H. H. De Leon,^ Sam. Hart, Sr., B. F. Moise,* Dr. 
J. E. Solomons,^ S. S. Solomons,^ M. Triest, and Dr. P. 
Wineman. Among the representative Jewesses who have 
died are Miss Sally Lopez, the founder of the second Jewish 
Sabbath-school in America,"^ and Miss Annie Simpson, one 
of the founders of the Ladies' Memorial Association and 
for many years a directress of the Confederate Home.® 

The following notes of those who have held public office 
since 1879 are necessarily incomplete and imperfect, com- 
plete data not being available. It will be sufficient to indi- 
cate, however, that the Jews of South Carolina are now, as 
ever, doing their full duty as citizens of the Common- 
wealth : 

A. Baruch was Sheriff of Darlington, 1876-8. 



' See The News and Courier, Oct. 11, 1904 ; also June 14, 1905. 

* Ibid., Jan. 4, 1901 ; also The Sunday News, Jan. 6, 1901. 

* Year Book for 1887, pp. 249-250. 
° Ibid., pp. 289-290. 

" The News and Courier, Feb. 16, 1904. 
' The American Israelite for Jan., 1902. 

* The News and Courier, Jan. 27, 1905. 



MODERN PERIOD 263 

Ansley D. Cohen was Harbor Commissioner of Charles- 
ton, 1883-7. 

H. H. De Leon was a Commissioner of the Orphan House, 
1880-1900. 

Ralph Elias, Assistant Postmaster, has occupied that 
position since 1890. 

A. A. Goldsmith was a Commissioner of Markets, 1880-3, 
and Police Commissioner, 1883-7. 

Morris Harris has -been a Commissioner of the Alms- 
house since 1880. 

S. Hart, Sr., was a Commissioner of Markets, 1880-2. 

I. W. Hirsch has been a Commissioner of the Orphan 
House since 1901. 

M. J. Hirsch represented Williamsburg in the Legisla- 
ture in 1876. He was Circuit Solicitor, 1877-9. 

M. Israel was a Commissioner of the City Hospital, 
1887-9. He is at present a member of the State Board of 
Equalization. 

Louis Jacobs was Judge of Probate for Williamsburg in 
1876; Sheriff of Williamsburg, 1877-1880; Chief Deputy 
Collector of Customs of Charleston in 1891, and is at pres- 
ent Postmaster at Kingstree, 

Maximilian Jacobs was Clerk of the Court of Williams- 
burg, 1876-8. 

J. H. Loeb was Alderman of Charleston, 1879-1883; a 
member of the Board of Firemasters, 1880-1, and a trustee 
of the College of Charleston, 1880-1. 

Captain B. Mantoue was a Commissioner of Marion 
Square, 1882-7. 

B. F. Moise was chairman of the Board of Health, 1880-2. 

C. N. Moise was Auditor of Sumter County, 1878-1881. 
E. W. Moise was Adjutant and Inspector General of the 

State, 1877-1880. 

T. M. Mordecai has been a Commissioner of the City 
Orphan Asylum since 1901. 



264 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

J. L. Moses was a member of the Board of Equalization, 
1880-1. 

Montgomery Moses was a Circuit Judge, 1876-7. 

J. N. Nathans was a member of the Constitutional Con- 
vention of 1895. 

I. M. Pearlstine was an Alderman of Charleston, 1895-9. 

S. Phillips was a Commissioner of the Almshouse, 1895- 
1900. 

Warley Platzek, now a prominent member of the New 
York Bar, was Assessor and Treasurer of Marion in 
1874-5. 

G. M. Pollitzer was a Commissioner of the City Hospital, 
1895-1903. 

J. R. Sampson was Coroner of Marlboro in 1892. 

A. L. Solomon was Auditor of Richland County, 1876-7. 

Dr. J. R. Solomons was a Commissioner of the Alms- 
house, 1879-1880, and a Commissioner of the City Hospital, 
1880-1887. 

J. L. Tobias was a Commissioner of the Orphan House, 
1876-1880, and a member of the Board of Health, 1882- 
1893. 

Dr. P. Wineman was a Commissioner of Markets, 1883-7. 

In the late Spanish- American War the Jews of South Car- 
olina furnished their full quota of soldiers. The following 
names are compiled from Floyd: South Carolina in the 
Spanish- American War (Columbia, 1901) : 

Henry Appelt, Company A, 2d Regiment. 

Clarence M. Berman, Company K, 1st Regiment. 

Ansley D. Harby, Company M, 1st Regiment. 

August Kohn, special detailed war correspondent of The 
News and Courier, Charleston, S. C. 

M. E. Lopez, Jr., seaman, naval batteries. Port Royal. 
Herbert A. Moses, corporal. Company M, 1st Regiment. 
Isaac H. Moses, Jr., 1st lieutenant. Company M, 1st Reg- 
iment. 



MODERN PERIOD 265 

W. Graham Moses, sergeant, Company A, 1st Regiment. 

A. Pearlstine, corporal, Company G, 2d Regiment. 

Mordecai A. Strauss, corporal. Company M, 1st Regi- 
ment. 

To the country Jew we have devoted considerable atten- 
tion. We will only add that the Jews of Charleston to-day 
include many prominent citizens. Mr. Morris Israel, the 
President of Beth Elohim, is a financier of acknowledged 
ability; Mr. M. E. Lopez has been for many years promi- 
nently identified with phosphate and other interests; Mr. 
J. N. Nathans and Mr. T. M. Mordecai are distinguished 
members of the Charleston Bar. 

The following list includes the leading Jewish merchants 
and citizens of Charleston to-day: 

S. Behrmann, H. Blank, I. Blank, S. Blank, E. Brown, 
H. Brown, Z. Brown, A. D. Cohen, I. S. Cohen, L. Cohen, 
McDuff Cohen, W. B. Cohen, J. L. David— one of Charles- 
ton's prominent merchants and most public-spirited citi- 
zens, M. M. David, L. Elias, Ralph Elias, R. Elias, D. B. 
Falk, J. Flaum, M. Frank, M. Furchgott, J. Goldman, A. 
A. Goldsmith, M. Goldsmith, D. L. Hart, M. E. Hertz, 
A. A. Hirsch, G. A. Hirsch, I. W. Hirsch, H. Hirsch- 
mann, S. Hirschmann, M. Hornik — one of Charleston's 
most successful merchants, M. J. Hornik, A. Israel, L. 
Israel, M. Israel, M. M. Israel, N. Israel, S. Israel, N. 
P. Jacobi, I. Jacobs, J. Jacobs, L. Jacobs, W. M. Jacobs, 
M. H. Lazarus, L. Levine, 0. Le\^, E. J. Lewith, S. Link, 
J. Livingston, J. S. Loeb, L. Loeb, M. E. Lopez, B. Man- 
toue, I. Marks, J. Marks, L. Marks, M. Marks, M. M. 
Marks, I. M. Mendelsohn, I. M. Monash, A. J. Myers, H. H. 
Nathan, M. H. Nathan, J. N. Nathans, Sr., J. N. Nathans, 
Jr., H. Oppenheim, H. Pearlstine, I. M. Pearlstine, I. Pin- 
kussohn, J. S. Pinkussohn, G. M. Pollitzer, S. Rittenberg, A. 
Rubin, I. D. Rubin, E. M. Solomons, Dr. R. Solomons, T. 
Solomons, J. J. Strauss, A. Tobias, J. R. Tobias, T. Jef- 



266 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

ferson Tobias, M. Triest, J. Visanska, J. A. Volaski, L. 
Wetherhorn, Sr., L. Wetherhorn, Jr., A. Williams, H. J. 
"Williams, S. Williams. 

Our task is ended. We have endeavored to present the 
story in as faithful a light as possible. Many errors have 
doubtless crept in, as they will into the most careful work, 
but every precaution has been taken to avoid them.^ We 
can find no more fitting words with which to conclude than 
those of another historian of the ancient congregation that 
gave birth to our own Congregation Beth Elohim : 

''I have tried to resuscitate the past and to bring it out 
in as faithful a light as documents and personal interpreta- 
tion of them could warrant. It is a remarkable history. 
Old names have again come to light * * * Old passions 
have been exhibited which had long been extinguished. Old 
books have been opened, which had been closed for genera- 
tions, and though the voices are sometimes strange and the 
sound distant, and though tendencies and aspirations seem 
to run in different directions, and individual efforts are 
checked by insurmountable obstacles, yet there is a constant 
evolution upwards and downwards. At times, noble ideas 
prevail and lift the Congregation on to a pinnacle of lofti- 
ness, of progress, of light and learning; at others, retro- 
gression and narrow views prevail, and the consequences 
make themselves felt in a narrowing of interest, in the 
thinning of the ranks, in the decline of men of character 
and of men of courage. At times a perfervid enthusiasm 
prevailed, at others cool indifference ; but above all the con- 
flicting currents, the great lesson stands out boldly, that 
good work yields a rich harvest, that great thoughts will 
succeed, however long and painful the process may be ere 
they do succeed, that the attachment to the synagogue 



' Every reference in this volume has been verified from the paged 
proof. 



MODERN PERIOD 



267 



grants to its followers and adherents some of its own eter- 
nity." ^^ 

May the record of the past continue to live and to in- 
spire our children to emulate the virtues of their sires ! 



" Gaster : History of the Antient Synagogue. A few verbal changes 
have been made in the text of the quotation. 





MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES 




R. SIMON BARUCH, formerly of Cam- 
den, S. C, now one of the leaders of the 
medical profession in America, was born 

(5 fTwl I ^^ '^^^^ ^^' 1^^^' ^^ Schwersenz, Prus- 
sia. He graduated at the Medical Col- 
lege of Virginia in 1862, and served as 
a surgeon in the Army of Northern 
Virginia under General Robert E. Lee for three years. He 
practised medicine in Camden, S. C, for fifteen years, was 
president of the South Carolina Medical Society in 1873, 
and chairman of the State Board of Health of South Caro- 
lina in 1880. Later he removed to New York, where he was 
physician to the Northeastern Dispensary in 1883-84, and 
gynaecologist to the same dispensary for three years follow- 
ing. He was physician and surgeon to the New York Ju- 
venile Asylum for thirteen years, having the care of one 
thousand children, and was chief of the medical staff of the 
Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids for eight years, 
during which time he organized its medical department, 
and since that time has been its consulting physician. He 
is now professor of hydrotherapy in the New York Post- 
Graduate Medical School and Hospital. 

Doctor Baruch diagnosticated the first recorded case of 
perforating appendicitis successfully operated upon,^ and 



* New York Medical Journal, 1889. 



268 



MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES 269 

Dr. J. A. Wyeth stated in a discussion in the New York 
Academy of Medicine that "the profession and humanity 
owe more to Dr. Baruch than to any other one man for the 
development of the surgery of appendicitis." 

It would be impossible within the limits of a short biog- 
raphy to refer in detail to the many achievements of this 
great physician. One thing, however, might be mentioned, 
namely, that the successful introduction of free public 
cleansing baths in the largest cities of the United States is 
largely the result of his agitation of this subject before 
medical societies and boards of health. 

Dr. Kellogg, in an appreciative biography which he 
printed in Modern Medicine for May, 1903, has well summed 
up Dr. Baruch 's work in these words : 

"The pioneer work which he has done for physiological 
therapeutics and rational medicine and in the philanthropic 
application of hydropathic principles entitles him to a 
splendid monument which the next generation will doubtless 
see, and has earned for him a large place in the hearts of all 
who are interested in the progress of rational medicine and 
in the development of physical methods in therapeutics. 
* * * Certainly there is not a man in the medical profes- 
sion to-day whose services have been of greater worth than 
have those of Dr. Simon Baruch. He is a man of whom any 
country might be proud, and, although he was born in a 
foreign land, he had adopted America as his home, and 
America has adopted him as one of her chosen sons and a 
man whom the medical profession delights to honor for the 
noble and practical way in which he has devoted his distin- 
guished abilities to the betterment of his fellow-men. "^ 

C. Henry Cohen, one of the leading members of the 
Augusta Bar, was born in Charleston on April 7, 1854. 
While quite a child his parents removed to Augusta, Ga. 



*See Modern Medicine for May, 1903. 



270 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

He was educated at the Richmond County Academy, then 
conducted by General Frank Capers, and also at George- 
town College, D. C, from which he graduated with distinc- 
tion in 1877. On his return from college he studied law in 
the office of Messrs. Barnes & Cumming, and was admitted 
to practice in 1877. He was for fourteen years Solicitor of 
the City and County Court of Richmond County, where he 
made an enviable reputation, and left the office with one of 
the largest practices in the State. Mr. Cohen is now City 
Attorney of the City of Augusta, and is one of the most 
influential political leaders in the Tenth Congressional Dis- 
trict of Georgia. He is a prominent member of several 
secret organizations, has been Grand Chancellor of the 
Knights of Pythias, of Georgia, and has also held the 
highest offices in the Order of B'nai B'rith. He is highly 
esteemed by all classes in the city of his adoption. Mr. 
Cohen's father was Mr. John Jay Cohen, of Charleston, 
and his mother Miss Cornelia Ann Jacobs, daughter of 
Colonel Myer Jacobs, for many years Surveyor of Customs 
in Charleston. 

JuDAH Baekett Cohen was a prominent member of the 
Charleston Bar. He was born on August 5, 1835, received 
his education in Charleston, and was graduated at the Col- 
lege of Charleston, where he won the gold medal for oratory 
in his class. After graduation he continued his classical 
studies and also made himself master of several modern 
languages. He was a scholar both in his tastes and acquire- 
ments, and his reading and culture were wide and varied. 
Soon after his graduation he was selected to deliver the 
anniversary address before the South Carolina Historical 
Society. His oration exhibited marked ability and was 
worthy of the occasion.^ He was admitted to the Bar in 
1857 and soon after became a resident of New York, where 



* This address is printed in Collections of the South Carolina Historical 
Society, Vol. 2, pp. 104-117. 



MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES 271 

he was entering upon the successful practice of his profes- 
sion when the war broke out. After an adventurous experi- 
ence he came home to share the fortunes of his native State. 
After the war he resumed the practice of his profession in 
Charleston with eminent and acknowledged ability. At the 
same time he took part in editing the original Charleston 
News, and later he was associated with the editorship of the 
old Courier. This was at a critical period in the history of 
the State, and in all his work at that time he displayed an 
admirable comprehension of the duties and necessities of 
the political situation, and did manful battle for truth and 
for justice for his people. On the occasion of the celebration 
of the hundredth anniversary of the birthday of Sir Moses 
Montefiore he was chosen by the Jews of Charleston to 
represent them in an appropriate oration, which was an 
eloquent and impressive effort.^ 

As a lawyer Mr. Cohen was both subtle and philosoph- 
ical. In private life he was singularly genial, and no one 
was more generous in his appreciation of the successful 
efforts of other men. He died on July 16, 1885.' 

Dr. David Camden De Leon was the son of Dr. Mordecai 
H. De Leon, of Columbia. His career was a very active and 
eventful one. Born and reared in South Carolina, shortly 
after obtaining his medical diploma at Philadelphia he 
entered the United States army as assistant surgeon, and 
went through the Seminole War, after which he was sta- 
tioned for several years at outposts on the Western frontier. 
At the breaking out of the Mexican War he went with 
General Taylor to the Eio Grande, was present at most of 



* Celebration of the Centennial Anniversary of the Birthday of Sir 
Moses Montefiore at the Hasel Street Synagogue, Charleston, S. C. 
Charleston, S. C, 1884. 

' The above sketch is taken from an appreciative editorial obituary in 
The News and Courier of July 17, 1885. For resolutions on his death by 
the United States District Court see the issue of July 18, 1885. 



272 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

the battles which led the victors to the gates of Mexico, and 
entered that city when it surrendered, riding at General 
Scott's left hand. For these services, as well as for gal- 
lantry in action (when commanding officers were killed or 
wounded and he took their place), Dr. De Leon twice re- 
ceived the thanks of Congress, but was again assigned to 
frontier duty in Mexico on the ground of his great energy 
and hardihood. When secession took place he ranked very 
high on the list in his department and was in sight of its 
highest place by seniority, yet he was one of the first of the 
Southern officers of the army to tender his resignation. 
When he did so he was sent for by his old commander and 
friend, General Scott, who refused to accept it, at the same 
time offering to send him to the Northwestern frontier, with 
the pledge that he should be kept there while the strife 
continued. In the alternative of his refusal General Scott 
threatened to put him under arrest, giving him a few hours 
for his decision. He returned home, packed his trunk, and 
immediately started for the South and reported to Mr. 
Davis, the Provisional President of the Confederacy, who 
assigned him the difficult but important task of arranging 
the Medical Department, at the head of which he acted for 
several months, until the resignation of Dr. Moore (who 
ranked him in the old army), under Mr. Davis's rule, gave 
that gentleman the highest post. Transferred to another 
department and to various places during the war, he shared 
the struggles and sufferings of his brethren until it closed 
in disaster and defeat. After the war, with several other 
officers, he passed from Texas into Mexico, vowing that he 
would never return to the conquered South until she was 
free. After a few years' trial of Mexico he left it in disgust 
and returned to New Mexico, where he had been stationed 
for many years and owned property. Here he planted and 
practised his profession until his death, which occurred at 
Santa Fe, N. M., on September 3, 1872. Dr. De Leon was 



MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES 273 

unmarried. Both as a surgeon and as a man of science he 
stood high. He was a man, too, of considerable literary cul- 
ture and a terse and vigorous writer.^ 

Edwin De Leon, brother of David C. De Leon, was born 
in Columbia, S. C, in 1828. He was well known on both 
sides of the Atlantic as an author, lecturer, and diplomatist. 
He started his career as a lawyer, but soon abandoned law 
to take charge of the National Democrat, a paper published 
at Washington, D. C. In 1854 he was appointed by Presi- 
dent Pierce Consul General and Diplomatic Agent at Cairo, 
Egypt, which post he filled for eight years, under Pierce and 
Buchanan. At the commencement of the war between the 
States he resigned and was appointed by Jefferson Davis a 
special agent of the Confederacy to negotiate with France 
and England. He made frequent ocean trips during this 
period and ran the blockade seven times. He contributed 
his whole personal fortune to the Confederate cause. After 
the war he remained abroad, writing for various English 
periodicals. In 1881 he established the Bell telephone in 
Egypt. He published several books, the best known being 
The Khedive's Egypt and Thirty Years of My Life on 
Three Continents. He also wrote two Eastern romances 
and numerous magazine articles. He was a friend of Chi- 
nese Gordon, De Lesseps, King Otho of Greece, from whom 
he refused a decoration, Louis Napoleon, and Lord Palmer- 
ston. He came to New York a few weeks before his death 
for the purpose of going on a lecture tour, when he was 
stricken with the disease that soon proved fatal. He died 
on December 1, 1891. His wife was a Miss Nolan, of Dublin, 
who survived him only a few days."^ 



' The above sketch is taken from a biography printed in the Savannah 
Republican of Sept. 22, 1872, which was reprinted in The Courier of Sept. 
24, 1872. 

' The New York Times, Dec. 2, 1891. See also issue of Dec. 8. 



274 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Ex-Judge A. J. Dittenhoefer was born in Charleston on 
March 17, 1836. His parents came from Germany, arriving 
in Baltimore in 1834. They removed from that city to 
Charleston and then to New York. The father, Isaac Ditten- 
hoefer, became a prominent merchant in New York, was one 
of the founders of the Order of B'nai B'rith and of the 
Hebrew Benevolent Society, one of the original founders 
and the first President of Temple Emanu El, of which Judge 
Dittenhoefer is at present a trustee. The Judge attended 
the public schools in the city of New York and finished his 
education at Columbia College, from which he graduated 
in 1856 with high honors. On reaching his majority he was 
admitted to the Bar, and shortly thereafter was selected as 
the Eepublican candidate for Justice of the City Court, and 
was appointed by the Governor of New York to fill a vacancy 
in that Court. While on the Bench he gave his entire salary 
to the widow of his predecessor, who had been left in desti- 
tute circumstances. At the expiration of his term he de- 
clined a renomination and resumed his practice. He was 
one of the Presidential Electors for Lincoln and Johnson in 
1864, and was on intimate terms with Abraham Lincoln, 
who, before the end of the Confederate war, offered him a 
judgeship of one of the Federal Courts in South Carolina, 
which he declined. He was a delegate to the National Re- 
publican Convention that nominated Hayes and Wheeler, 
and for many years was president of the Republican Com- 
mittee of New York. Judge Dittenhoefer is one of the 
counsel for the Lincoln National Bank in New York and 
other corporations. He married Miss Sophie Englehart, 
of Cleveland, who died in May, 1901. He has built up a 
large practice in all branches of the law, being senior mem- 
ber of the firm of Dittenhoefer, Gerber & James, one of his 
partners being his son, Irving M. Dittenhoefer. He is 
acknowledged as an authority in litigations relating to the 
law of the stage, and has been connected as counsel with 



MISCELLANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES 275 

some of the most important lawsuits. In fact, there have 
been few important litigations within the last twenty years 
in which he has not been counsel on one side or the other. 

Judge David Leventeitt was born in Winnsboro, S. C, in 
1845. He was educated at the public schools of New York 
and at the College of the City of New York, from which he 
graduated — the salutatorian of his class — in 1864. He at- 
tended the law school of the University of the City of New 
York and was admitted to the Bar in 1871. Among the 
notable cases in which Mr. Leventritt has been engaged was 
the one for the City of New York in reference to the con- 
demnation of lands for park purposes between Harlem and 
Washington Bridge, in which the property owners claimed 
damages of $1,500,000, but through his efforts they were 
awarded less than half that amount. He was president of 
the Commission appointed to investigate the new Third 
Avenue bridge over the Harlem River, and is counsel for 
the Theatrical Syndicate, He has been chairman of the 
Tammany Hall Committee, and for many years has been 
vice-president of the Aguilar Free Library. He is asso- 
ciated with many charitable institutions of the City of New 
York, and since 1899 has been a Justice of the Supreme 
Court of the State of New York.^ 



' The New Era for October, 1902. 




APPENDICES 



APPENDIX A 

''An Act for the Making Aliens Free of this Part of this 

Province, and for Granting Liberty of Conscience to all 

Protestants. 

''Whereas Prosecution for Religion hath forced some 
Aliens, and trade and the fertility of this Colony has en- 
couraged others to resort to this Colony, all which have 
given good testimony of their humble duty and loyalty to his 
Majesty and the Crown of England, and of their fidelity to 
the true and absolute Lords and Proprietors of this Prov- 
ince, and of their obedience to their Laws, and their good 
affections to the inhabitants thereof, and by their industry, 
diligence and trade have very much enriched and advanced 
this Colony and Settlement thereof; 

"L Be it Enacted * * * That all Aliens, male and 
female, of what nation soever, which now are inhabitants 
of South Carolina, their wives and children, shall have, use 
and enjoy all the rights, privileges, powers and immunities 
whatsoever, which any person may, can, might, could or of 
right ought to have, use and enjoy; and they shall be from 
henceforth adjudged, reputed and taken to be in every con- 
dition, respect and degree, as free to all intents, purposes 
and constructions, as if they had bee"n and were born of 
English parents within this Province. * * * 

' ' VI. And Whereas several of the present inhabitants of 
this country, did transport themselves into this Province, 
276 



APPENDICES 



277 



in hopes of enjoying the liberty of their consciences accord- 
ing- to their own perswasion, which the Royal King Charles 
the Second, of blessed memory, in his gracious charter was 
pleased to impower the Lords Proprietors of this Province 
to grant to the inhabitants of this Province for to encourage 
the settlement of the same. Be it Therefoee Enacted by the 
authority aforesaid, That all Christians which now are, or 
hereafter may be in this Province (Papists only excepted) 
shall enjoy the full, free and undisturbed liberty of their 
consciences, so as to be in the exercise of their worship 
according to the professed rules of their religion, without 
any lett, molestation or hindrance by any power either 
ecclesiastical or civil whatsoever. Always Provided, That 
they do not disturb the publick peace of this Province, nor 
disturb any other in the time of their worship. 

''Read three times and ratified in open Assembly, March 
10,1696-7." 



APPENDIX B 

DIRECTORY 1695-1800. 

1695-1750. 



Avila, Abraham (1697). 

Carvallo, (1734). 

Depaz, Isaac (1738). 
Franks, David (1743). 
Gutteres, Aaron (1734). 

Hart, (1744). 

Isaacs, Solomon (1748). 
Isack, Abraham (1710). 



Aaron, Solomon. 
Abraham, Philip. 
Abrahams, Emanuel. 

" , Isaac Brisco. 

" , Joseph. 

" , Judah. 



Levy, Samuel ((1741). 
Mattos, Moses De (1739). 
Mendis, Jacob (1697). 
Nathan, Mordicai (1715). 
Solomons, Moses (1741). 
Tobias, Joseph (1737). 
Valentine, Simon (1697). 



1750-1783. 



Abrahams, Levy. 
Alexander, Abraham. 
Cardozo, Abraham N. 

" , David N. 

" , Samuel N. 
Cohen, Abraham. 



278 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 



1750-1783 (Continued), 



Cohen, Gershon. 

" , Is. 

" , Jacob. 

" , Jacob I. 

" , Moses. 

" , Moses. 

" , Philip. 

" , Philip Jacob. 

" , Solomon. 
Cortissoz, Imanuel. 
Da Costa, Abraham. 
" , Isaac. 
" , Isaac, Jr. 
" , Joseph. 
" , Samuel. 
David, Joseph, 
De La Motta, Emanuel. 
De Leon, Jacob (?). 
De Lieben, Israel (?). 
De Lyon, Abraham. 

" , Isaac. 
De Palacios, Joseph. 

" , Joseph, Jr. 
De Young, Bernard. 
Don-es, Benjamin (Tores?). 
Eliazer, Moses. 
Franks, Myer. 
Harris, Henry. 

" , Mordecai. 

" , Moses. 
Hart, Joshua. 

" , Moses. 

" , Philip. 

" , Simon. 
Isaacs, Henry. 

" , Solomon. 
Jacobs, Frederick. 

" , Israel. 

" , Jacob. 

" , Philip. 



Jones, Samuel. 
Joseph, Israel. 
Lazarus, Marks. 

" , Michael. 
Levi, Solomon. 
Levy, Ezekiel. 

" , Hart. 

" , Israel. 

" , Joseph. 

" , Michael. 

" , Moses Sim. 

" , Nathan. 

" , Samuel. 
Lindo, Moses. 
Lyon, Mordicai. 
Marques, Joseph. 
Minis, Philip. 
Mordecai, Samuel. 
Moses, Abraham. 

" , Barnard. 

'* , Barnard, Jr. 

" ,D. 

" , Henry. 

" , Jacob. 

" , Meyer. 

" , Philip. 
Myers, Joseph. 

" , Mordecai. 

" , Moses. 
Noah, Mordecai M. (?). 
Olivera, David De. 
" , Jacob De. 
Phillips, Jonas. 
Pimenta, Moses. 
Pinto, Isaac. 

Polak, Samuel (Pollock ?). 
Pollock, Solomon. 
Ramos, Jacob. 
Salomons, Myer. 
Salvador, Francis. 



APPENDICES 



279 



Sarzedas, David. 
Sasportas, Abraham. 
Seixas, A. M. 
Sheftall, Le^'i. 

" , Mordecai. 
Simons, Montague. 

" , Moses. 

" , Sampson. 

" , Saul. 
Solomon, Joseph. 

" , Myers. 

" , Zadok. 



1750-1783 (Continued). 

Solomons, Hyam. 
" , Joseph. 

, Levi. 
" , Levy. 
Spitzer, Bernard M. 
Tobias, Jacob. 
" , Jacob, Jr. 
" , Joseph. 
" , Joseph, Jr. 
" , Meshod. 
Wolf, . 



1783-1800. 

[Names occurring in previous lists omitted.] 

De Lieben, Israel. 
De Pass, Ralph. 
Derkheim, Myer. 
EUzer, Eleazer. 



Aaron, Solomon, Jr. 
Aarons, Jacob. 
Abendanone, Joseph. 
Abrahams, Abraham. 
" , Isaac. 
" , Jacob. 
Abrams, Moise. 
Alexander, Abraham, Jr, 
Azuby, Rev. Ab. 
BaiTett, Solomon. 
Benedix, Isaac. 
Benzakin, Joseph. 
Bush, David. 
Canter, David. 

" , Emanuel. 

" , Joshua. 
Cantor, Jacob. 

" , Jacob, Jr. 
Cohen, Jacob A. 

" , Levi. 

" , Mordicai. 

" , Solomon I. 
Da Costa, Aaron, 
De La Motta, Isaac. 
De Leon, Jacob. 



Gomez, Elias. 
Harby, Isaac. 

'' , Solomon. 
Harris, Andrew. 

" , Hyam. 
Hart, Abraham Levy. 

" , Alexander M. 

" , Bernard. 

" , Daniel. 

" , Ephraim. 

" , Hart Moses. 

" , Hymon. 

" , Naphtali. 

" , Nathan. 

" , Simon M. 
Hyams, Samuel. 

" , Solomon. 
Isaacks, Moses. 
Isaacs, Abraham. 
Jacobs, Abraham. 

" , Samuel. 



280 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 



1783-1800 (Continued), 



Jonas, Joshua. 
Joseph, Solomon M. 
Labatt, David. 
Lazarus, Aaron. 
Levi, Abraham. 
Levy, Hyam. 

" , Hyam E. 

" , Lyon. 

" , Mordecai. 

" , Moses. 

" , Moses C. 

" , Reuben. 

" , Solomon, Jr. 
Lopez, Aaron (from Newport). 

" , David. 
Marks, Humphrey. 
Milhado, Benjamin (from Jamaica). 
Moise, Abraham (from Cape Fran 
Qois). 

" , Cherry. 

" , Hyam. 
Molina, Moses. 
Moses, Hart. 

" , Isaac. 



Moses, Joseph, Jr. 

" , Lyon. 
Moses, Philip (from St. Eustatius). 
Myers, Abraham. 

" , Israel. 

" , Levi. 

" , Samuel. 
Nathan, Abraham. 

" , Solomon. 
Nathans, David. 
Noah, Manuel. 
Phillips, Benjamin. 

" , David (from Jamaica). 
Pimentel, Aaron. 

Poloek, Solomon (from Newport). 
Salvador, Joseph. 
Sarzedas, Moses. 
■Solomons, Francis. 
Snares, David (from Cuaragoa). 
Tobias, Isaac. 
Tongues, Mark. 
Wolfe, Henry. 
Woolf, Solomon. 



APPENDIX C 
THE SALVADOR GRANT OF ARMS. 

''To All and Singular to whom these Presents shall 
come John Austis Esq^- Garter Principal King of Arms, 
and Stephen Martin Leake Esq^. Clarenceux King of 
Arms, send Greeting. Whereas Francis Salvador of Lon- 
don Merchant, hath represented unto the Right Honourable 
Thomas Earl of EflSngham, Deputy (with the Royal appro- 
bation) to the most Noble Edward Duke of Norfolk, Earl 
Marshal and Hereditary Marshal of England that he is the 



APPENDICES 281 

Son of Joseph Salvador, late of Amsterdam, Merchant de- 
ceased, after whose death coming over into England, and 
setling here, he was Enfranchised, and made a ffree Deni- 
son, by Letters Patent dated at Westminster, the Twenty 
fourth Day of April, in the Fifth Year of his late Majesty: 
And that his said Father during his Life, did constantly 
bear and use for his Arms, Vert a Lyon Rampant, between 
three Flowers de Lys Or, and for his Crest a Demi Lyon 
Gules, langued and Armed Azure holding between his Paws 
a like flower de Lys, which said Arms he hath likewise con- 
tinued to bear, as his Father did. But as he cannot produce 
such Authentick proofs of his Right thereto as the Laws of 
Arms require, hath therefore prayed his Lordship War- 
rant for our Granting, and Exemplifying, to him and his 
Descendants, and likewise to all the Descendants of his said 
Father Joseph Salvador deceased, the said Arms, or with 
such Variation as may be necessary; And that the same 
so Exemplified may be entred upon Record among the 
Gentry of this Realm, in the College of Arms. And fok- 
ASMUCH as his Lordship being satisfied of the truth of the 
Premises, did by Warrant under his hand and Seal bearing 
date the Nineteenth Day of March One Thousand and Seven 
Hundred and Forty four, Order and direct us, to Grant 
such Arms and Crest accordingly Now Know Ye that 
We the said Garter and Clarenceux Kings of Arms, in 
Pursuance of the said Warrant, and by Virtue and Au- 
thority of the Letters Patent of our several Officers, to each 
of us respectively granted, under the Great Seal of Great 
Britain, do by these Presents, Grant, Exemplify and Con- 
firm, unto the said Francis Salvador, the aforesaid Arms 
and Crest that is to say. Vert a Lyon Rampant, between 
three Flowers de Ly^ Or, and for his Crest a Demi Lyon 
Gules langued and Armed Azure, holding between his Paws 
a like Flower de Lys as in the Margin hereof are more 
Lively Depicted, To be borne by him the said Francis Salva- 
dor and his Descendants, and likewise by the Descendants 



282 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

of his Father Joseph Salvador, lawfully begotten, with their 
due Differences, according to the practice and Law of Arms, 
without the Let or Interruption of any person or persons 
Whatsoever, In Witness whereof, we the said Garter and 
Clarenceux, have hereunto set our Hands, and Affixed the 
Seals of our Offices, the First day of June in the Eighteenth 
Year of the Reign of our Sovereign Lord George the Sec- 
ond, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France 
and Ireland, Defender of the Faith &<=• And in the Year of 
our Lord God One Thousand Seven Hundred and Forty 
Five. 

' ' John Austis Garter * * S Mabtin Leake Clarenceux 
* ' Principal King of Arms ' ' King of Arms ' ' 



APPENDIX D 
THE HEBREW BENEVOLENT SOCIETY. 




Organized, June 25, 1784. 
Reorganized, October 20, 1824. 
Incorporated, December 18, 1830. 
Reorganized, October 7, 1866. 

The Hebrew Benevolent Society, of Charleston, S. C, is 
the oldest institution of its kind in America. Till quite 
recently, when the author recovered and identified the orig- 
inal seal of the Society, its early history was absolutely 



APPENDICES 283 

unknown. The late Nathaniel Levin, in his sketch of the 
Congregation Beth Elohim, was unaware of the date when 
the Society was established. Nor were his predecessors 
better informed. In The Courier of December 5, 1825, 
there is a notice of the " Anniversary Celebration of the 
Hebra Gemilut Hassadim or Hebrew Benevolent Society." 
In The Courier of December 21, 1827, the third anniversary 
meeting is noticed. In The Courier of December 18, 1840, 
the meeting is described as the eleventh anniversary. In 
The Courier of December 22, 1843, the forty-seventh anni- 
versary is noted, and in The Courier of November 29, 1847, 
the meeting of November 24, 1847, is referred to as the 
fifty-sixth anniversary! The discovery of the seal in the 
possession of the family of one who was for many years 
the secretary of the Society puts the matter beyond doubt. 
How it came to pass that the origin of the Society was so 
obscure, with the seal in existence, is somewhat difficult to 
surmise. 

In 1899 a committee was appointed for the purpose, 
among other things, of obtaining such data as would give 
the history of the Society from its organization. This Com- 
mittee reported " that it was unable through lack of ma- 
terial — part of the earlier records of the Society being lost 
and others destroyed by fire — to present the sketch of its 
life, which would have been of genuine interest to its mem- 
bers to-daj^, and an incentive to them to continue its honor- 
able record of over a century." 

The following paragraph from the Preamble of the Re- 
port of the Committee on Revision (1870) tells the story of 
the origin of the Society : 



" The object of this Society is Benevolence. In that one emphatic, 
grateful word, are comprehended all the tender offices of Charity. For 
though the original motive of the establishment of this Institution, on June 
25th, 1795, was the relief of the invalid emigrant who landed on our 



284 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

shores, and "who might fall a victim to a climate less hospitable than our- 
selves, yet that primary view was enlarged at the revival of this Society, 
on the 20th October, 1824, and a more expansive idea of gentle kindness 
was determined upon when the Society obtained an Act of Incorporation 
by the Legislature, on the 18th of December, 1830; and now upon the 
reorganization of the Society, October 7th, 1866, our energies gathering 
strength with time, our fond aspiration for diffusing good, increasing as 
season follows season, in the noiseless flight of time, we have gradually 
enlarged our wishes for serving our fellow beings, as year has succeeded 
to year, until at this day our bosoms swell so high with the ennobling 
desire, that we acknowledge no limit to our benevolence, save in the means 
of executing our charitable intents. Thus, while in our restricted ability 
to do good, we recognize our utter dependence on the Divine Author of our 
being, we testify, by our boundless ardor to serve His creatures, our grati- 
tude to that Merciful Father who sends down His dew alike on all flowers, 
and sheds His sunbeams on every people: And, to effect these ends, as 
far as in our power, we adopt the following — " * * 

There is one very important mistake, however, in the 
story, and that is in the date of the foundation of the 
Society. It should be 1784 and not 1795. This is clearly 
shown by the seal. This seal is a beautiful specimen of the 
engraver's art, very quaint and unlike the seals we see to- 
day, having been made by hand. It is cut in silver and the 
edges are considerably worn. The picture on its face is 
very suggestive of the original object of the Society — the 
Angel of Death, with a scythe in one hand and an hour- 
glass in the other. The inscription reads as follows: 

"BENEVOLENT SOCIETY. 

Founded 8th Tammuz 

Charity delivereth from death. 

[5] 544 [1784] 



APPENDICES 285 

APPENDIX E 
THE HEBREW ORPHAN SOCIETY. 

This Society was founded in 1801. Its object is explained 
in the following preamble to its constitution ; 

" Whereas, at a meeting of Israelites held in Charleston on the 15th 
day of July, 1801, it was resolved that a Hebrew Society should be formed, 
for the purpose of relieving widows, educating, clothing and maintaining 
orphans and children of indigent parents; making it a particular care to 
inculcate strict principles of piety, morality and industry; and designing 
at the same time to cultivate any indications of genius they may evince 
for any of the arts or sciences, that they may thereby become qualified for 
the enjoyment of those blessings and advantages to which they are entitled 
— kind Heaven having cast their lot in the United States of America, 
where freedom and equal rights, religious, civil and political, are liberally 
extended to them, in common with every other class of citizens ; and where, 
no longer oppressed by the contracted policy and intolerant spirit which, 
before the happy dawn of liberty and philanthropy had circumscribed 
those natural rights granted by Almighty God to the great family of man- 
kind, they can and may freely assume an equal station in this favored 
land with the cheering conviction that their virtues and acquirements may 
lead them to every honor and advantage their fellow citizens can attain." 



In pursuance of such design an act of incorporation was 
asked for and passed by the General Assembly of this State 
in 1802 in the following words: ''An Act to incorporate the 
Abi Yetomin Ubne Ebyonim, or Society for the Eelief of 
Orphans and Children of Indigent Parents." On June 4, 
1833, Rene Godard conveyed to the corporation "All that 
lot, piece or parcel of land situate, lying and being at the 
corner of Broad street and State House square, in Charles- 
ton, forming, as is believed, a parallelogram, of forty-five 
feet fronting on Broad street, by one hundred and seven 
feet deep, fronting on the State House square aforesaid." 
Upon this square the Court-House now stands. It would 
appear that this property was devised by John Laurens to 



286 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

his son, Henry Laurens. In the deed from Henry Laurens 
and Eliza, his wife, to Edward Trescot, an intermediate 
owner, of date February 28, 1804, the following words are 
part of the description : ' ' And now occupied by the direct- 
ors of the Bank of the United States of America. ' ' It was 
well adapted for such use; it was built in the olden days 
when safety and solidity were deemed important. Its in- 
terior with its wainscoting and colonial mantlepieces de- 
clare its age. It is unknown what inner safeguards the 
bank provided for the security of its treasury, the massive 
doors and ancient locks, with keys of proportionate size, 
proclaim what was its outer defence. It was in all prob- 
ability a residence before the bank occupied it. It ceased 
to be used by the bank before 1838. This is clearly seen 
from the fact that, after the burning of the Hasell Street 
Synagogue in the fire of that year, which destroyed many 
valuable public and private buildings, the Hebrew Orphan 
Society tendered to the Congregation its building as a tem- 
porary place of worship. This offer was accepted, and 
until the Synagogue was rebuilt the hall was used for that 
purpose. 

From the date of its purchase to January 8, 1860, its 
bounty was administered by specific annual appropriations 
for the children under its care ; they were not housed within 
its walls, but were domiciled with worthy persons, known 
to the committee charged with the disbursement to whom 
the donation was paid. In this way, in addition to the 
pecuniary assistance given, the misfortune of orphanage 
was softened and the little ones were permitted to live in 
a healthful family atmosphere. At the date above men- 
tioned it was determined to try the experiment of an orphan 
house by a residence within its walls. With appropriate 
ceremony it was so dedicated. 

A hymn was written for the occasion, the closing stanza 
being: 



APPENDICES 287 

" Assist us, Great Spirit of Truth, to enlighten 
The beings, whose lot our bounty shall brighten; 
In godly endeavor their lives to engage, 
'Till from childhood they pass to maturity's stage. 
Prepared in all stations temptation to brave, 
And their names on the breastplate of virtue engi'ave." 

After the war the original and more parental execution 
of its trust was resumed and is still continued.^ 



APPENDIX F 
THE CONGREGATION BETH ELOHIM. 1800-1824. 

The broad sketch of the Congregation Beth Elohim which 
we have given in Chapter VIII should be supplemented by- 
further details gathered from the recently discovered 
archives, that throw an interesting side-light upon the early 
history of Judaism in America. The discovery of the rec- 
ords of Beth Elohim was an important one in many ways. 
These records not only tell us what Jews lived in South 
Carolina during the period they cover, but they enable us 
to identify names that could often otherwise not be identi- 
fied. In studying the records, the reader is often bewildered. 
He meets on every hand such names as Abrahams, Barnett, 
Hart, Henry, Isaacs, Jacobs, Myers, Phillips, Wise — which 
names are not specifically Jewish, and in many instances 
cannot be traced to Jewish origin. Those who leave wills 
are comparatively few and other sources of information are 
often wanting. Without the assistance of the Synagogue 
records identification would be absolutely impossible. The 
early directories are very imperfect nor are they available. 
There are a few in Charleston and a few scattered in 



^ The above account is taken from The Interlude, Charleston, S. C, 
1901, p. 6. 



288 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

private libraries tlirougli the State. Everybody does not 
advertise in tlie newspapers, nor has he a tombstone in the 
cemetery. The Health Office returns are very incomplete 
and only begin in 1821. The Synagogue archives, there- 
fore, fill in an important gap. 

The reader who studies attentively the directory on pages 
132-140, which has been compiled, after infinite labor, from 
every available source, will at once be struck by the fact 
that practically every Jew who lived in South Carolina is 
to be found on the Synagogue books. This is accounted 
for by the fact that under the autocratic regime of the early 
Synagogue every Jew was compelled to subscribe to its 
maintenance.^ Many names are met with in the records 
of the Congregation and nowhere else. These, at least, the 
records will save from oblivion. 

Let us now look at a few facts gathered from the archives, 
some of which now tell their tale after slumbering undis- 
turbed for well nigh a century. 

In 1800 there were one hundred and seven names of mem- 
bers and contributors on the books. The income of the 
Congregation was £802.12.1. Eev. Abraham Azuby was 
Minister, and his salary £100. Israel Davis was Shochet 
(killer of cattle for the use of Jews), who received £60. 
Hart Levy was sexton, at a salary of £45. He was also 
"Shomar to the children," — whatever that may be, — for 
which he received £12. Lyon Levy was secretary, at a 
salary of £20. Hyam Jacob was Shomar (inspector of 
meat) of the market, for which he received £20. 

Among the items of Congregational expense were: Pen- 
sions, £23; expenses of Kabano (tabernacle), £30.10.5; wax 
and making candles, £57.9.10; charity to the poor coming 
and going, £10; sick persons and doctor's bills, £33.17.10; 
allowances and donations to sundry poor, £82.7.7. 

' See pp. 152-3. 



APPENDICES 289 

A large portion of the income of the Congregation was 
derived from voluntary offerings. The members contrib- 
uted generously. Daniel Hart's contributions for the year 
1800 amounted to £50.5.6. The members were assessed ac- 
cording to their means. Then there were legacies to the 
Congregation. There were few, indeed, who did not re- 
member the Synagogue in their wills. 

A study of the treasurer's books bears out the picture 
of the Synagogue as a severely autocratic institution. The 
Vestry was absolute and promptly disciplined the rebel- 
lious. The number of fines is indeed remarkable, but they 
seem to have been paid without protest. There is not a 
single instance on record of withdrawal from the Congre- 
gation in consequence of imposed penalties. The fines seem 
to have been proportioned to the means of the individual 
fined, and varied in amount from a few shillings to many 
pounds. Abraham Isaacks was fined £20 in 1802 and Solo- 
mon Harby a similar amount in 1803. In 1805, out of one 
hundred and fifty-six accounts on the books, which include 
the contributions of women and strangers, there are sixty- 
seven fines. These fines were inflicted for various offences : 
''For not attending general meeting," "fine in private 
adjunta," ''for not accepting adjunta," "for not serving 
in adjunta," "for not serving in the selection," "for re- 
signing seat as a member of the private adjunta," "for 
not attending meeting, " "for not accepting Hatan Beres- 
hit," "for non-acceptance Taxator of Seats." It is remark- 
able that people were willing to submit to such a regime, 
but they did. They had been brought up under the same 
discipline in England and it was quite natural to them. 

A study of the items of expense irresistibly puts us back 
to the time when Judaism was a religion that was lived 
rather than talked about. It had not yet been evaporated in 
the crucible of rationalism. Here are items in 1805 : "Fund 
in the Charity Box, 14/-;" "Collected on the day of Mr. 



290 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

Harby's funeral, £1.6.0." In 1808 we have : ''Mikva ^ and 
Dwelling painted, £5.16.8," and in 1809, ''Entire Comple- 
tion of Mikva, £34.3.2." In 1810 "For erecting an oven,^ 
£4.8.8." In 1818 we read among the items of expense, ''For 
Liqour, $10," ^ and " For Tikmn, $6.50." " Cash to Goy 
[non-Jew], $11.75." Such items mean nothing to the pres- 
ent generation, but are vividly real to those of a generation 
ago. We find, too, contributions of wine and oil for the 
use of the Synagogue. In the old Jewish ritual, a blessing 
is asked every Sabbath upon "those who give the lamps for 
lighting and wine for Kiddush and Habdalah,^ bread to the 
wayfarers and charity to the poor." The author of that 
prayer literally pictured the Jews of Charleston at the be- 
ginning of the nineteenth century. Scientific charity was 
not yet in vogue, but the cry of distress was never heard 
unanswered. The travelling beggar found no difficulty in 
touring the country. In 1818 we read: "A Marks for De- 
parture, $15;" "Little Englishman, $5;" "Little Dutch- 
woman, $5;" "Departure for Polander " 

The Congregation was often without a regular Minister. 
Ministers were not as abundant in those days as they are 
to-day, and the Congregation could not always find the man 
it wanted, and if the truth be told, it did not always know 
exactly what it did want. Abraham Azuby was Minister 
till 1805, having served the Congregation for twenty years. 



"" Ritual bath — an appurtenance now found only in the most orthodox 
congregations. 

^ For baking the Passover bread. This congregational oven was kept 
up for many years after 1810. 

■* Pious orthodox Jews still observe the custom of sitting vip twice a 
year and participating in an all-night devotional service. It was customary 
to serve refreshments at these meetings. The service was called " Tikkun." 
It was later abandoned in Charleston. The incongruity of such " aids to 
devotion" had doubtless much to do with its abandonment. 

" The services greeting and speeding Sabbath and festivals. 



APPENDICES 291 

He was much esteemed and his widow received his salary, 
together with the free rent of the house he occupied, until 
another Minister could be procured — then a pension of $300 
a year for life. She gratefully refers to the generosity of 
the Congregation in her will.^ 

After the death of Abraham Azuby the Vestry, with a 
view of obtaining a desirable Minister, addressed a letter 
to the Board of Elders of the Spanish and Portuguese 
community in London. It reads in part as follows : 

" In a free and independent country like America, where civil and 
religious freedom go hand in hand, where no distinctions exist between the 
clergy of different denominations, where we are incorporated and known 
in law; freely tolerated; where, in short, we enjoy all the blessings of 
freedom in common with our fellow-citizens, you may readily conceive we 
pride ourselves under the happy situation which makes us feel that we 
are men, susceptible of that dignity which belongs to human nature, by 
participating in all the rights and blessings of this happy country; to 
which nothing could add more than having a Hazan of tnerit and classical 
education, who would reflect honour on himself and stamp an additional 
degree of dignity and respectability upon our congregation." ' 

The authorities at Bevis Marks were empowered to select 
a suitable person for the vacant position. They elected and 
in 1807 sent out Mr. Benjamin Cohen D'Azevedo, a son of 
the Portuguese Haham, of London, who, after arriving in 
Charleston, did not please the Congregation. He was re- 
munerated for his trouble and expense and returned to 
Europe. This lack of courtesy to the nominee of the parent 
Synagogue in London gave great offence. " The conduct 
of the Charleston community stung to the quick the Portu- 
guese pride of the rulers of Bevis Marks, who resented it 
in no measured words, and took the returned Minister into 
their service as teacher." ^ The Congregation had no regu- 



' Probate Court Records, Will Book D, pp. 5S6-7. 

' The Occident, Vol. 1, p. 390. 

' Picciotto : Sketches of Anglo-Jewish History, pp. 271-2. 



292 THE JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA 

lar Minister till 1811. Jacob Suares officiated as Hazan 
from 1806 till that time and was assisted by Moses C. Levy 
and Emanuel De La Motta. From 1811 to 1814 Rev. E. N. 
Carvalho was Hazan, when he resigned, and for four years 
the Congregation had to rely on volunteer lay readers. In 
1818 Rev. Hartwig Cohen was elected and officiated till 
1823, when he was succeeded by Rev. S. C. Peixotto. 



APPENDIX G 
MINISTERS OF BETH ELOHIM. 1750-1905. 

Moses Cohen, 1750-1762. 
Isaac Da Costa, 1750-1764.* 
Abraham Alexander, 1764-1784.* 
Abraham Azuby, 1785-1805. 
Jacob Suares, 1807-1811. 
E. N. Carvalho, 1811-1814. 
Hartwig Cohen, 1818-1823. 
S. C. Peixotto, 1823-1835. 
Gustavus Poznanski, 1836-1850. 
Julius Eckman, 1850-1851. 
Maurice Mayer, 1852-1859. 
Abraham Harris, 1860-186- 
M. H. Myers, 1866-1868. 
J. H. M. Chumaceiro, 1868-1874. 
Falk Vidaver, 1875 (four months). 
David Levy, 1875-1893. 

Lewis, 1893- 

Barnett A. Elzas, 1894-1905. 



* The dates of Isaac Da Costa and Abraham Alexander are somewhat 
uncertain. The list of Ministers and Presidents in the Year Book for 
1883, pp. 315-316, is absurdly incorrect. There is hardly an item in this 
list that is accurate. 



APPENDICES 293 

APPENDIX H 
OLD JEWISH CEMETERIES IN SOUTH CAROLHSTA. 

The inscriptions on the tombstones in the th'ree old Jew- 
ish cemeteries in Charleston, antedating in their origin the 
nineteenth century, have been collected and published by 
the author. This volume contains complete historical in- 
troductions, giving the full histories of these burial grounds. 
Georgetown has the next oldest Jewish cemetery in South 
Carolina, which likewise antedates the nineteenth cen- 
tury in origin. Several of its inscriptions are histori- 
cally interesting. The cemeteries in Columbia are more 
modern. One of these, now abandoned, contains many in- 
teresting tombstones. The cemeteries in Camden and Sum- 
ter are of recent date. In the early days the Jews of the 
rest of the State were buried in Columbia, Charleston, or 
Savannah. The inscriptions on the tombstones outside of 
Charleston, that are of historical interest, will be published 
by the author in the near future. 





BIBLIOGRAPHY^ 



MANUSCRIPT SOURCES. 

Archives of the Congi-egation Beth Elohim, of Charleston, S. C. Re- 
covered by the author. 

[Treasurers' Cash Books for the years 1800-1815, 1818, 1819, 1832. Minute 
Books, 1838-1843, 1846-1852, 1857-1866. Births, Marriages, and Deaths Book, 
1830-1845. One volume covering twelve years of the Minutes of the Hebrew 
Orphan Society.] 

[These books throw an interesting side-light on the development of Judaism 
In America. The publication of the Minute Books will correct many historical 
errors and perversions of history which have come down to us.] 

Colonial Records of South Carolina. Copied from the State Paper Office, 

London. Secretary of State's Office, Columbia, S. C. Thirty-six 

volumes. 
Confederate Records of Camps Burnet Rhett, Palmetto Guard, Sumter, 

and Washington Artillery. Charleston, S. C. 
Derkhiem, Myer. Record of Circumcisions at Charleston. A MS. of 

the end of the eighteenth century. In the library of the Jewish 

Theological Seminai'y of America. 
Orderly Book, Charlestown Regiment of Militia, in the New York Public 

Library. [Uncalendared MSS.] 
Private letters and documents in the possession of the author. 
Records in the offices of the Register of Mesne C< nveyances and Judge of 

Probate, Charleston, Camden, Columbia, Savannah, and Sumter. 
Revolutionary Records in the Collections of the South Carolina Historical 

Society, the Secretary of State's Office, Columbia, S. C, the Library 

of Congress, the Record and Pension Office, Washington, D. C, the 

New York Public Library, and the Wisconsin State Historical 

Society. 



• Completeness is not claimed for this attempt at a bibliography. Exact refer- 
ences to volumes and pages can be found by means of the index. Of articles in 
periodicals only a few are siven. 

296 



296 BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Smith, Josiah, Jr. Diary of Josiah Smith, Jr., one of the exiles from 
Charles Town to St. Augustine, during the British Occupation, 1780- 
1781. Unpublished MSS. (Copy.) Collections of the South Caro- 
lina Historical Society. 

Tombstone Inscriptions in the Jewish Cemeteries in Charleston, Columbia, 
Georgetown, and Savannah. 

Winyah Indigo Society. MSS. Collections. 
[See also under Masonic Works in Section II.] 

II 

GENERAL WORKS CONTAINING INFORMATION RELATING TO THE 
JEWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Adams, Hannah. History of the Jews. Boston, 1818. 

Adams, H. B. Life and Writings of Jared Sparks. Boston, 1893. 

American Jewish Historical Society Publications. Nos. 3, 4, 6, 9, 12. 

American Jewish Year Book, 5661. 

American Jews' Annual. Cincinnati, 1885~1889. 

Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography. New York, 1895-6. 

Archdale. A New Description of that Fertile and Pleasant Province of 

^Carolina. London, 1707. Charleston reprint, 1822. 
Berlin, N. Z. J. Meshib Dabar. [Responsa.] Warsaw, 1894. 
Blogg. -ZEdificium Salomonis. Hanover, 1831. 

Boogher. Gleanings of Virginia History. Washington, D. C, 1903. 
Capers. Life and Times of C. G. Memminger. Richmond, Va., 1893. 
Census of Pensioners for Revolutionary or Military Services. Washing- 
ton, 1841. 
Charieston, S. C, 

Almanacs: 1756-1797, 1821-1860, 1876-1892. 

City Directories: 1802, 1803, 1806, 1807, 1809, 1813, 1831, 1837, 

1838, 1840-1, 1849, 1855, 1859. 
Newspapers : 

The South-Carolina Gazette and its successors, 1732-1801. 

The South-Carolina Gazette; And Country Journal, 1765-1775. 

The South-Carolina and American General Gazette, 1766-1781. 

The Royal South-Carolina Gazette, 1780-1781. 

The Royal Gazette, 1781-82. 

The South-Carolina State Gazette and General Advertiser, 1783- 

1785. 
The Evening Gazette, 1785-1786. 
The Columbian Herald, 1784-6, 1794-6. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 297 

Charleston Newspapers (Continued). 

The Morning Post and Daily Advertiser, 1786-1787. 

The Investigator, 1812. 

The Southern Patriot, 1819-1848. 

The Mercury, 1823-1868. 

The Courier, 1803-1873. 

The News and Courier, 1873-1905. 
Year-Books, 1880-1904. 
Charleston Book, The. A Miscellany in Prose and Verse. Charleston, 
1845. Published by Samuel Hart, Sr. 
[Contains poems by Penina Molse and Lewis C Levin.] 

Confederate Militaiy History, Vol. 5, 1899. Atlanta, 1899. 

Congressional Globe, The. First Session^ Twenty-sixth Congress. [Decem- 
ber, 1839- July, 1840.] 

Cyclopaedia of Eminent and Representative Men of the Carolinas of the 
Nineteenth Century. Vol. 1. Madison, Wis., 1892. 

Dalcho. Historical Account of the Protestant Episcopal Church in South 
Carolina. Charleston, 1820. 

Daly. Settlement of the Jews in North America. New York, 1893. 

Davidson, J. W. Living Writers of the South. New York, 1809. 

Dawson and De Saussure. Census of the City of Charleston «or the Year 

1848. Charleston, S. C, 1849. 

[Contains an interesting note about the Hebrew Orphan Sopiety (p. 41). The 
annual expenditure is given as $1300.] V 

Drayton. Memoirs of the American Revolution. Charleston, 1821. Two 
volumes. 

Dunlap. History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in the 
United States. New York, 1834. Two volumes. 

Floyd. South Carolina in the Spanish- American War. Columbia, 1901. 

Friinkel, David. Mittheilungen neuester Reisenden iiber die Israeliten in 
Charleston. ... In Sulamith, Vol. 7, part 12, page 360. 

Friedenberg, A. M. Calendar of American Jewish Cases. In Publications 
of the American Jewish Historical Society, No. 12. 

Garden. Anecdotes of the American Revolution. Charleston, 1828. 

Anecdotes of the Revolutionary War. Charleston, 1822. 

Garrett. Reminiscences of Public Men in Alabama for Thirty Years. At- 
lanta, 1872. 

Gaster. History of the Antient Synagogue of the Spanish and Portuguese 
Jews. London, 1901. 

Gentleman's Magazine, The. Vols. 6, 8, 10, 11, 19, 24, 30, 33. 

Georgetown Gazette, The. 1798-1803. 



298 BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Georgia Gazette, The. 1774, 

Georgia Historical Society Collections. Five volumes. 

Gibbes. Documentai-y History of the American Revolution. Three vol- 
umes. New York and Columbia, 1853-1857. 

Goldsmid. The arguments advanced against the enfranchisement of the 
Jews, considered in a series of letters. London, 1831. 

Heitman. Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army, 1775-' 
1783. Washington, D. C, 1893. 

Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army during the 

War of the Revolution. Washington, 1903. 

Hotten. List of Emigrants to America, 1600-1700. New York, 1874. 

[The Jewish names are reprinted by Cyrus Adler in Puilications of the Ameri- 
can Jewish Historical Society, No. 1, pp. 105-108.] 

Hough. Siege of Charleston. Albany, 1867. 

Interlude, The. Charleston, 1901. 

Jewish Chronicle, The. [London.] December 28, 1900, and January 4, 

1901. 

Jewish Encyclopaedia, The. TAvelve volumes. New York, 1901-1905. 

[Useful in some of its biographical material though remarkable in its omis- 
sions. Scant In historical data and thoroughly unreliable in all matters relating 
to the Jews of South Carolina.] 

Jewish Quarterly Review, The. October, 1897, and July, 1900. 

Johnson. Sketches of the Life and Correspondence of Nathanael Greene. 

Two volumes. Charleston, 1822. 
Johnson, Joseph. Traditions and Reminiscences Chiefly of the American 

Revolution in the South. Charleston, 1851. 
Jones. History of Georgia. Two volumes. Boston, 1883. 
Kapp, Friedrich. The Life of John Kalb. New York, 1870. 
Kayserling. Zur Geschichte der jiidisehen Aerzte. In Monatsschrift, 

Vol. 8, 
King. The Newspaper Press of Charleston, S. C. Charleston, 1882. 
Kohut, G. A. Ezra Stiles and the Jews. New York, 1902. 
London Remembrancer, The. London, 1776. 
Lossing. The Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution. Two volumes. New 

York, 1850-1860. 
Markens. The Hebrews in America. New York, 1888. 
Masonic Works : 

Allocution of the Acting Grand Commander of the Supreme Council, 

33°. Washing-ton, D. C, 1901. 

[Refers to the part played by Jews in the establishment of Scottish Rite 
Masonry in South Carolina.] 

Mackey. Cryptic Masoni-y. New York, 1872. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 299 

Masonic Works (Continued) 

Record Book of Solomon's Lodge, No. 1, Charleston, S. C, for 1753. 
[Contains the signature of Isaac Da Costa.] 

Records in the Home of the Temple, Washington, D, C. 

[Several Masonic Minute Books prior to 1800, containing signatures of 
Jewish visitors.] 

Richardson. Centennial Address. Washington, D. C, 1901. 

The Voice of Masonry and Tidings from the Craft. Vol. 1, No. 23. 

Louisville, Ky., 1S59. 

[Contains the address made by Dr. Abraham De Leon, of Camden, on the 
occasion of the visit of Lafayette and the reinterment of the remains of Karon 
De Kalb.] 

McCrady. History of South Carolina. Four volumes (1670-17S3). New 

York, 1897-1902. 
Mills. Statistics of South Carolina. Charleston, 1826. 
Morals. Jews of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, 1894. 
Moultrie. Memoirs of the American Revolution. Two volumes. New 

York, 1802. 
XIX Century, The. Vols. 1 and 2. Charleston, 1869-1870. 
Occident, The. Philadelphia, 1843-1869. 
O'Neall. Biographical Sketches of the Bench and Bar of South Carolina. 

Two volumes. Charleston, S. C, 1859. 
Orion, The. Vol. 3. Athens and Penfield, Ga., 1843. 
Peters. Law Reports. Vol. 6. " Lessee of Levy et al. vs. M'Cartee," 

pp. 102-123. 
Philosophical Transactions. Vol. 53. London, 1763. 
Picciotto. Sketches of Anglo-Jewish History. London, 1875. 
Ramsay. The History of South Carolina, from its first settlement in 1670 

to the year 1808. Charleston, 1809. Two volumes. 

The History of the Revolution of South Carolina, from a British 

Province to an Independent State. Trenton, 1785. Two volumes. 

Richardson. South Carolina Law Reports, Vol. 2. 

Rivers. A Sketch of the History of South Carolina. Charleston, 1856. 

Sabine. The American Loyalists in the War of the Revolution. Boston, 

1847. 
St. Andrew's Society of Charleston, S. C. Rules. Charleston, 1870. 
Scott, E. J. Random Recollections of a Long Life. Columbia, 1884. 
Shecut. Medical and Philosophical Essays. Charleston, 1819. 
Simms. History of South Carolina. Second Edition. Charleston, 1842. 

Articles in the Southern Quarterly Review for July and October, 

1848. 

Sinai. Edited by Einhorn. Baltimore, 1856. 



300 BIBLIOGRAPHY 

South Carolina: 

Extracts from the Joi;rnals of the Provincial Congress of South- 
Carolina, Second Session, held at Charles Town, February 1st- 
March 26, 1776. Charles Town, 1776. 
Journal of the Convention of the People. Held in 1860, 1861, and 

1862. Columbia, S. C. 
Statutes of. Vols. 2, 6, 8. 

South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, The. Five volumes. 
1900-1904. 

South Carolina Historical Society Collections. Five volumes. 1857-89, 
1887, 1897. 

South Carolina Women in the Confederacy. Columbia, 1903. 

Traiteur, The. Charleston, 1795. 

Trott. Laws of the Province of South Carolina. Charleston, 1735. 

United States Supreme Court. In Memoriam. Proceedings of the Bar of 
the Supreme Court of the United States on the death of Philip Phillips 
and the Action of the Court Thereon. Washington, D. C, 1884. 

War of the Rebellion. Official Records of the Union and Confederate 
Armies. Four series, seventy volumes, and three indexes. Washing- 
ton, D. C, 1881-1900. 

Watson. Physicians and Surgeons of America. Concord, N. H., 1896. 

Webster, Pelatiah. Journal of a Voyage to Charles Town in So. Carolina 
in 1765. Charleston, 1898. 

Weston. Documents connected with the History of South Carolina. Lon- 
don, 1856. 

Winterbotham. A Historical, Geographical, Commercial, and Philosophi- 
cal View of the United States of America. New York, 1796. 

Winyah Indigo Society. Rules * * * with a short History of the Society 
and lists of Living and Deceased Members. Charleston, 1874. 

Wise, I. M. Reminiscences. Ti'ans. by David Philipson. Cincinnati, 1901. 

[Chapters 6 and 7, pp. 119-154. deal with Dr. Wise's experiences in Charles- 
ton. They are good reading from the viewpoint of the raconteur, but must not be 
regarded as history.] 

Wolf, Lucien. Crypto Jews under the Commonwealth. (In Jewish His- 
torical Society of England Transactions, Vol. 1.) 

Wolf, Simon. The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen. Phila- 
delphia, 1895. 

Mordecai Manuel Noah, A Biographical Sketch. Philadelphia, 1897. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 301 

III 

BOOKS AND AETICLES DEALING SPECIFICALLY WITH THE JEWS OF 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Elzas, Barnett A. The Jews of South Carolina (1695-1800). Four pam- 
phlets. Charleston, 1902-3. 

The First Naturalization in the Province. Charleston, 1903. 

Documents Relative to a Proposed Settlement of Jews in South 

Carolina in 1748. Charleston, 1903. 

Moses Lindo — A Sketch of the Most Prominent Jew in Charles Town 

in Provincial Days. Charleston, 1903. 

Old Jewish Cemeteries. Charleston, 1903. 

A Review of the Article " Charleston" in Vol. 3 of The Jewish En- 

cyclopcedia. Charleston, 1902. 

The Elzas-Hiihner Controversy (two pamphlets). Charleston, 1903. 

Joseph Salvador — A Sketch of a Jewish Merchant Prince who came 

to South Carolina, where he died in 1786. Charleston, 1903. 

The Organ in the Synagogue — An interesting chapter in the His- 
tory of Reform Judaism in America. Charleston, 1902. 

A History of the Congregation Beth Elohim, of Charleston, S. C, 

1800-1810. Compiled from Recently Discovered Records. Charles- 
ton, 1902. 

Minutes of Testimony taken before a Court of Enquiry after the 

Revolution in the Cases of Certain Jews whose Loyalty was Sus- 
pected. Charleston, 1903. 

The Story of a Long Lost Seal. [The Hebrew Benevolent Society 

of Charleston, S. C] Charleston, 1903. 

A Century of Judaism in South Carolina (1800-1900). Charleston, 

1904. 

Edwin Warren Moise — In Memoriam. Charleston, 1903. 

Constitution of the Hebrew Congregation of Kaal Kadosh Beth 

Elohim or House of God (MDCCCXX). Reprinted from a unique 
copy. Charleston, 1904. 

The Old Jewish Cemeteries at Charleston, S. C. A Transcript of 

the Inscriptions on Their Tombstones, 1762-1903. Charleston, 1903. 

[With three exceptions, these are all pamphlet reprints of articles which 
appeared originally in the columns of The Sunday Neics and The News and 
Courier, of Charleston, S. C, during the years 1902-4.] 

Harby, Isaac. Discourse before the Reformed Society of Israelites. 

Charleston, 1825. 
Hebrew Benevolent Society of Charleston. Constitution and By-Laws, 

1795-1900. Charleston, 1900. 



302 BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Hebrew Benevolent Society of Columbia, S. C, Constitution of, January, 
1S44. Columbia, 1844. 

Hebrew Orphan Society of Charleston, S. C, Constitution of. Charleston, 
1887. 

Hiihner, Leon. Francis Salvador, a Prominent Patriot of the Revolu- 
tionary War. In Publications of the American Jewish Historical 
Society, No. 9. 

[An attempt at fine writing, but contains nothing new. Mr. Hvihner's numer- 
ous mistalves were corrected by Mr. A. S. Sal ley, Jr., in The South Carolina His- 
torical and Oenealogical Magazine for January, 1902. Every one of these mistakes, 
nevertheless, reappears in the article " Charleston" in The Jewish Encyclopaedia. 
Mr. Hiihner has, besides, written a short article on this subject in Vol. 10 of The 
Jewish Encyclopaedia, and another in The New Era for July, 1905.] 

Charleston. In Vol. 3 of The Jewish Encyclopcedia. 

[A veritable historical curiosity. Erroneous in almost every statement.] 

The Jews of South Carolina from the Earliest Settlement to the End 

of the American Revolution. In Publications of the American Jewish 

Historical Society, No. 12. 

[Somewhat better than Mr. Hiihner's other work in this fleid. He might have 
done still better had he incorporated more than he has done of already published 
material and used better historical discrimination. This article contains much 
irrelevant matter and many mistakes.] 

Jacobs, Joseph. South Carolina. In Vol. 11 of The Jewish Encyclopcedia. 
K. K. Beth Elohim. Constitution of the Hebrew Congregation of Kaal 

Kadosh Beth Elohim or House of God. Charleston, 1820. 
Charleston, 1871. 

Charleston, 1904. 

Kohut, G. A. Some Notes on the Jews of Georgia and South Carolina. 
In Hebrew Union College Journal for April, 1898. 

A Literary BiogTaphy of M. M. Noah. In Publications of the Amer- 
ican Jewish Historical Society, No. 6, pp. 112-121. 

Levin, Nathaniel. The Jewish Congregation of Charleston. In The Occi- 
dent. Vol. 1, pp. 336-342, 384-390, 434-440, 491-496. 

[These four articles have been practically the only sources of Information of 
all previous writers. These sketches make good reading, but are poor history.] 

Lewis. Correspondence between Washington and Jewish Citizens. In 
Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, No. 3, pp. 
87, 92-94. 

Moi'se, Charles H. An Account of the Lazarus and Levy Families. In The 
Hebrew Journal, of New York, December, 1887. Incorporated into 
Lucien Wolf's " The History and Genealogy of the Jewish Families 
of Yates and Samuel of Liverpool." London, 1901. For private 
circulation. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 303 

Moi'se, Penina. Biographical sketches of, by Mrs. S. A. Dinkins in Ameri- 
can Jews' Annual for 5648, by Charlotte Adams in The Critic, Vol. 15 
(1889), and by Mrs. Lee C. Harby in American Jewish Year Book 
for 5666. 

Myei's, R. P. Biographical Sketch of Dr. Levi Myers. By his Grandson 
Robert Pooler Myers, M.D. Honolulu, 1903. 

North American Review, The. July, 1826. 

[Many interesting data concerning the Jews of Cliarleston and the Reformed 
Society of Israelites.] 

Petrikowsky, I. M. Jews in Charleston. In the monthly Voskhod, Novem- 

bei— December, 1888, pp. 166-169 (Russian), 
Raisin, Max. The Jews in Charleston (Hebrew). In his Toledoth ha- 

Yehudim be-Ameriea. Warsaw, 1902, pp. 181-182. 

[From Judge Daly"s work.] 

Reformed Society of Israelites, for promoting true Principles of Judaism 
according to its Purity and Spirit, Constitution of. Charleston, 1825. 
8vo, pp. 16. 

IV 

WORKS OF JEWISH INTEREST PRINTED IN SOUTH CAROLINA OR BY 
SOUTH CAROLINA JEWS. 

Elzas, Barnett A. Judaism — an Exposition. Charleston, 1896. Pp. 
30. 24°. 

The Sabbath School Companion. Charleston, 1895-1896. 

Kugel, Charlotte. Pseud, of M. Jaffe. Hanukkah Not Christmas. N. d. 

Levy, David. Service of the Sanctuary. For the Sabbath and Festivals. 
Arranged for the use of Congregation Beth Elohim, Charleston, S. C. 
New York, 1879. 

Moise, Penina. Hymns Written for the Use of Hebrew Congregations. 
Charleston, 1856. Fourth Edition, 1867. 

Raphall, M. J. The Constancy of Israel — a Discourse Delivered before 
the Congregation Shearit Israel, Charleston, S. C. Charleston, 1850. 

The Sabbath Service and Miscellaneous Prayers, Adopted by the Reformed 
Society of Israelites, Founded in Charleston, South Carolina, Novem- 
ber 21, 1825. Charleston, 1830. 

Salomon, Dr. G. Twelve Sermons Delivered in the New Temple of the 
Israelites at Hamburgh, Translated by Anna Maria Goldsmid. 12mo. 
Charleston, 1840. First American Edition, Levin & Tavel, pub- 
lishers. 

The Southern Hebrew. A Jewish weekly published in Charleston in 1877. 
Only a few numbers appeared. 



304 BIBLIOGRAPHY 



OTHER BOOKS BY SOUTH CAROLINA JEWS. 

Cardozo, J. N. Notes on Political Economy. Charleston, 1826. 

A Plan of Financial Relief addressed to the Legislature of Georgia 

and Confederate States Congress. Atlanta, 1863. 

Reminiscences of Charleston. Charleston, 1866. 

Carvalho, S. N. Last Expedition Across the Rocky Mountains: In- 
cluding Three Months' Residence in Utah and a Perilous Trip Across 
the Great American Desert to the Pacific. By S. N. Carvalho, Artist 
and Daguerreo-typist. New York, 1857. 

Cohen, J. Barrett. Oration Delivered on the First Anniversary of the 
South Carolina Historical Society, June 28, 1855. In South Carolina 
Historical Society Collections, 1858, Vol. 2, pp. 104-117. 

Cohen, M. M. Notices of Florida and the Campaigns. Charleston, 1836. 

De La Motta, Jacob. Discourses. Savannah, 1820. 

An Oration on the Causes of the Mortality among Strangers During 

the Late Summer and Fall. Savannah, 1820. 

De Leon, Edwin. The Position and Duties of Young America. An 
Address Delivered before the two Literaiy Societies of the South 
Carolina College, December, 1845. Columbia, 1845. 

The Khedive's Egypt; or, The Old House of Bondage Under New 

Masters. London, 1877. New York, 1878. 

Three Letters from a South Carolinian, relating to Secession, 

Slavery and the Trent Case. London, 1861. For Private Circula- 
tion. 

De Leon, T. C. Four Years in Rebel Capitals, Mobile, 1890. 

[Mr. De Leon is the author of numerous novels, plays, and translations. 
For a list of his publications see Who's Who in America, Chicago, 1903-1905.] 

Harby, Isaac. A Selection from the Miscellaneous Writings of the Late 
Isaac Harby, Esq., by Moi'se and Pinckney. Charleston, 1829. 

Harby, Mrs. Lee C. Earliest Texas. (In American Historical Associa- 
tion's Annual Report, 1891, pp. 197-205.) 

The Tejas: Their Habits, Government, and Superstitions. (In 

American Historical Association's Annual Report. 1894, pp. 63-82.) 

[Mrs. Harby has published numerous poems, stories, and historical articles. 
For list see Who's Who in America, Chicago, 1903-1905.] 

Lewisohn, Ludwig. Books we Have Made : A History of Literature in 
South Carolina. The Sunday News, Charleston, S. C, July 5-Septem- 
ber 20, 1903. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



305 



Lewisohn, Ludwig, An Appreciation of Viereck. In Georg Sylvester 
Viereck's Gedichte. New York, 1904. 

Marks, Elias. Preliminary Discourse to Lectures on Belles Lettres con- 
nected with Female Education. New York, 1S50. 

Poems. New York, 1850. 

Moise, Penina. Fancy's Sketch Book. Charleston, S. C, 1833. 

Moses, Myer. Full Annals of the Revolution in France, 1830. With 

a Full Account of the Celebration of Said Revolution in the City of 

New York. New York, 1830. 

Oration Delivered at Tammany Hall on the 12th May, 1831; being 

the Forty-second Anniversary of the Tammany Society, or Columbian 
Order. New York, 1831. 





INDEX 



" A Hundred Years Ago," 148. 
Aaron, Solomon, 91, 106, 132, 277. 

Solomon (younger), 279. 
Aarons, Jacob, 279. 

Moses, 132, 167. 
Abbeville, 253. 

County, 118. 

District, 118. 
Abendanone, David, 132. 

Hyam, 132. 

Jacob, 132. 

Joseph, 132, 279. 
Abraham, Philip, 45, 277. 
Abrahams, A. H., 167. 

Abraham, 132, 279. 

Abraham S., 132. 

Alexander, 167. 

E., 167, 204. 

Edmund H., 238. 

Edwin H., 239. 

Elias, 133, 167. 

Emanuel, 44, 45, 91, 103, 117, 
122, 133, 277. 

Mrs. Emanuel, 92. 

Hyam, 133. 

Hyman, 133. 

Isaac, 133, 279. 

Isaac (another), 239. 

Isaac Brisco, 277. 

Israel, 133. 

Jacob, 133, 279. 



Abrahams, Joseph, 103, 277. 
Judah, 91, 277. 
Mrs. Judith, 92. 
Levy, 277. 
Levy J., 133. 
Moses, 133, 167. 
Samuel, 133. 
T. H., 167, 223. 
Abrams, Moise, 133, 279. 
Act for Making Aliens Free, 20, 

276-277. 
Adams, Life and Writings of Jared 
Sparks by, 178. 
Charlotte, 182, 183. 
Hannah, History of the Jews 
by, 145. 
Adjutant and Inspector-General of 

South Carolina, 249, 251. 
yEdificium Salomonis (Blogg), 146. 
Aguilar, Joseph, 133. 

Free Library, 275. 
Aiken's Regiment, 233. 
Ainslie, John, 54. 

Alabama, 191, 233 ; a digest of the 
decisions of the Supreme Court 
of, 202. 
Albany, N. Y., 21, 217, 218. 

Law School, 254. 
Albemarle (ram), the, 227. 
Albergo, Judah, 133. 
Moses, 133. 

307 



308 



INDEX 



Alberti, 175. 
Albuoy, Captain, 93. 
Alexander, A., of Columbia, 246. 
Aaron, 167. 
Rev. Abraham, 43, 44, 102, 133, 

143, 145, 277, 292. 
Abraham (younger), 133, 167, 

279. 
Alexander, 133, 
Mrs. Ann Sarah, 44. 
Isaac, 223. 
Joseph Raphael, 44. 
Judah, 133. 
Moses, 133. 
Alexander Severus, 175. 
Alfieri, 175. 
Aliens, Act for making free, 20, 

276-277. 
Allgevieine Zeitung des Juden- 

thums, 216. 
Allocution of the Acting Grand 

Commander, 145. 
Altman, James P., 239. 
America, 35, 59, 77, 85, 98, 110, 
120, 125, 130, 145, 146, 147, 150, 
155, 159, 164, 175, 181, 182, 204, 
256, 268, 269, 282, 285, 286, 287, 

291. 
"America, List of persons quali- 
fied according to the Act for Nat- 
uralizing Protestants in his Maj- 
esty's Colonies of," 24; the first 
Jew to represent the masses in a 
popular assembly in, 77. 
American Art Union, 191. 

Hebrew, The, 22, 85, 160. 
Israelite, The, 85, 182, 201, 262. 
Jew as Patriot, Soldier and 
Citizen, The, 94, 95, 126, 144, 
200, 228, 238. 



American Jewish Historical So- 
ciety, 7, 42, 61, 76, 82, 94; 
Publications of the, 21, 37, 
42, 65, 95, 142 
Jews'' Annual, 184, 191. 
Journal of Dental Science, 204. 
Loyalists (Sabine), 104. 
Amesquita, R. D., 133. 
Amsterdam, 33, 68, 110, 111, 147, 

280. 
Ancker, State vs., 34. 
G. v., 167, 238. 
S. P., 238. 
Ancrum, George, 54. 

William, 54. 
Anderson, David, 104, 105. 
Anderson's Brigade, 237, 
" An Early Ownership of Real Es- 
tate in Albany, New York, by a 
Jewish Trader," 21, 
Annapolis, Naval Academy at, 201, 
Antient Artillery Society, 196. 
Apalachicola, Fla., 199. 
Apothecary General, 128. 
Appelt, Henry, 264. 
Louis, 255, 256. 
Appleby, George, 54. 
Appletons' Eneyclopcedia of Amer- 
ican Biography, 179, 
Appomattox, 223, 229. 
Apprentices' Library, 194. 
Arbuthnot, Admiral Marriott, 101, 
Archdale, Governor John, 19, 
Archives Israelites, 216. 
Army of Northern Virginia, 235, 

248, 268. 
Aronson, Woolf, 133, 242, 243. 
Art and Artists, 140, 178, 187, 196, 

217, 256, 262. 
Asher, Abraham, 223. 
Harris, 223. 



INDEX 



309 



Asher, Henry, 223. 
Ashim, L. N., 167. 

Simon, 167, 
Asmonean, The, 141. 
Atlanta, Ga., 178, 203, 224, 227, 

229, 235. 
Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, 190. 
Attorney-General, C. S. A., 185. 
Audler, E., 133. 

I., 167. 

Myer, 133. 

Solomon, 133. 
Augusta, Ga., 166, 192, 196, 227, 
269, 210. 

Convention, 197. 
Austis, John, 280, 282. 
Averysboro, N. C, 232, 248. 
Avila, , 20. 

Abraham, 21, 277. 
Azevedo, B. C. D', 133, 291. 

Isaac D', 133. 

M. Cohen D', 133. 
Azuby, Rev. Abraham, 133, 279, 

288, 290, 291, 292. 
Bachman's Battery, 229, 234, 236. 
Bacot, Peter, 54. 
Bailey, Henry, 210. 
Ball, Barney, 239. 
Baltimore, Md., 160, 166, 177, 187, 
188, 190, 197, 274. 

Medical and Surgical Journal 
and Revieiv, 190. 

Sun, The, 96. 
Bank of Camden, 194. 

of Charleston, 196, 205. 

of Hamburg, 205. 

of Manning, 254. 

of South Carolina (Charles- 
ton), 205. 

of South Carolina (George- 
town), 189. 



Bank of the State of South Caro- 
lina, 143, 189, 192, 205. 

of the United States, 286. 
Barbadoes, 19, 29. 

rum, 27. 
Barbary, 172. 
Barhamville School, 195. 
Barker's Creek, 74. 
Barkesdale's Regiment, 223. 
Barnard, Alexander, 133. 
Barnes & Gumming, 270. 
Barnet, Barnet, 133. 

John, 246. 

Moses, 133. 

Woolf, 167. 
Barnett, B. J., 223. 

H. D., 253. 

John, 247. 
Barnwell, 253. 
Barrett, Abraham, 133. 

Isaac, 137, 167, 223. ' 

Jacob, 133, 167, 185. 

Judah, 133, 245, 246. 

S. I., 167. 

Solomon, 279. 

Solomon J., 246. 
Barry, Captain John, 104. 
Barue, B. S., 167, 223. 
Baruch, A., 262. 

Herman, 223. 

Dr. Simon, 223, 268-269. 
Battery Wagner, 230. 
Baum, Elkin, 167. 

Gabriel H., 245. 

Harry, 245. 

Heman, 167. 

M., 223. 

M. H., 224. 

Mannes, 245. 

Marcus, 224. 
Bavaria, 256, 



310 



INDEX 



Bay, the (Charles Town), 29, 43, 

66. 
Beale, Hon, Othniel, 54. 
Bean's Station, 229. 
Beaufam Street (Charleston), 186. 
Beaufort, 132, 138, 166, 192, 250, 

253, 254 ; the battle of, 84, 87. 
Beauregard, General P. G. T., 223. 

Light Infantry, 236. 
Bedon Alley (Charleston), 173. 
Bee, Thomas, 54. 
Behrmann, S., 265. 
Belitzer, Isaac, 167. 
Jacob, 167, 224. 
Theodore, 224. 
Bell Telephone, 273. 
Bellinger, Edmund, 58. 
Bench and Bar (O'Neall), 128, 144, 

193, 206, 210. 
Benedix, Isaac, 279. 
Benfield, John, 54. 
Benjamin, David, 167, 238. 

Judah P. (1811-1884), 185- 

187, 221. 
Philip, 133, 163, 185, 186. 
S., 205, 224. 
S. A., 167. 
family, 185. 
Bensadon, Dr. J., 167, 206. 

Judah, 167. 
Bentonville, N. C, 226, 229, 248, 

249. 
Bentschner, Isaac, 167. 
I. W., 167. 
Jacob, 167. 
Benzakin, Joseph, 279. 
Beresford Street, 120. 
Beresford's Wharf, 56. 
Berg, J., 224. 
Bergen, Morris, 167. 
Berkeley County, 21, 25. 



Berlin, Naphtali Zebi Judah, 219. 

Ralph, 167. 
Berman, Clarence M., 264. 
Bernard, Levy, 167. 

M., 133. 
Bernstine, Nathan, 167. 
Berryville, Va., 229. 
Best, Dr., 172. 

Beth Elohim. (See Congregation 
Beth Elohim.) 
Unveh Shallom, 33, 116. 
Shalome, Congregation, 131. 
Bevis Marks Synagogue, 47, 69, 
108, 111, 147, 148, 151, 157, 291. 
(See also Portuguese Jews' Syna- 
gogue of London.) 
Bibliography, 295-305. 
Bishopsgate Street (London), 109. 
Black Mingo, 132. 

River, 229. 
Blaine, James G., 185. 
Blake, Hon. Daniel, 54. 

Governor Joseph, 20, 21. 
William, 54. 
Blakely, Ala., 233. 
Blank, H., 265. 
L, 265. 
J., 238. 
Josiah, 167. 
S., 265. 
Blankensee, D., 239. 

H., 224. 
Blankenstine, Jacob, 224. 
Bloch, Louis L., 245. 
Blogg, Leo de, 146. 

Sol. Ephr., yEdificium Solo- 
monis by, 146. 
"Bloody Scout," 104. 
B'nai B'rith, 270, 274. 
Board of Pharmaceutical Examin- 
ers (S. C), 256. 



I 



INDEX 



811 



Board of Trade (Charleston), 179. 
Boogher, Wm. F., Gleanings of 

Virginia History by, 93. 
Booksellers, 191. 
Boone, Joseph, 25. 

Governor Thomas, commission 
of, to Moses Lindo, 55. 
Boonesboro, 223, 229, 230, 231. 
Booth, Edwin, 193. 
Boquet, Captain Peter, company 

of, 88. 
Boscawen, the, 58. 
Boston, 145, 184. 
Bounty on indigo, 57, 63. 
Bowie, Captain John, 75. 
Bowman, L., 224. 
Bramson, Jacob, 133. 
Branchville, 253. 
Brandon, David, 133, 145. 
Brandy Station, 224, 248. 
Branford, William, 50, 54. 
Breslau, M., 167. 
Brewton, Miles (1731-1775), 54. 
Brilles, S., 243. 
Bristol, 51. 

water, 60. 
British Colonies, 53. 

Government, 93, 177. 

Parliament, 48, 53, 57, 63. 
Broad Street, 27, 36, 38, 43, 87, 285. 
Brooks Guards, 227, 234. 
Brown, Charles, 117. 

E., 265. 

H., 265. 

Joseph, 224. 

Louis, 224. 

Mendel, 224. 

Z., 265. 
Brussels, 201. 

Buchanan, President, 192, 273. 
Buley, Jacob, 133. 



Bull, Hon. William (1710-1791), 

54, 57. 
Bull Run, 229. 

Bullett, Captain William F., 144. 
Bulloch, Martha, 195. 
Bureau of Pensions, 85-6, 92. 
Bury Court, London, 47. 
Bush, Colonel, 95. 

David, 244, 279. 

Isaiah, 244. 
Butler, Judge A. P., 210. 

Isaac, 243. 

John, 50. 

General M. C, 248, 249. 

Guards, 229. 
Butterfield, Jonas, 50. 
Cairo, Egypt, 273. 
Calhoun, John C, 174, 204. 

Street, Charleston, 87. 
California, 191. 
Camden, Mississippi, 193. 

S. C, 96, 132, 136, 141, 144, 
166, 193, 194, 205, 244-245, 
268, 293; battle of, 95, 96; 
Kirkland and Kennedy's his- 
tory of, 97. 

District, 244. 

Gazette, The, 245. 
Cameron, David, 99. 
Camp Chase, 233. 

Sumter, U. C. V., 227, 228, 
229, 230, 235. 
Campbell, Martin, 54. 

Martin, & Son, 66. 

William, 58. 
Canter, Abraham, 133. 

Benjamin, 133. 

David, 133, 279. 

Emanuel, 133, 167, 279. 

Isaac, 133, 145. 

Jacob, 133. 



312 



INDEX 



Canter, John, 133, 140. 
Jonathan, 133. 
Joshua, 133, 140, 279. 
R., 239. 
Cantor, David, 133. 

Jacob, 133, 143, 279. 
Jacob, Jr., 279. 
Manning, 143. 
Cape Frangois, 280. 
Capers, General Ellison, 235. 
General Francis W., 269. 
Cardozo, Abraham Nunez, 32, 39, 
277. 
Daniel N., 84. 
Daniel W., 95. 

David, 95, 133, 142, 143, 154. 
David Nunez, 84, 87, 92, 95, 

167, 193, 277. 
Mrs. David Nunez, 92. 
Mrs. Hannah, 39. 
Isaac, 143. 
Isaac N., 95, 133, 161, 163, 

164, 167, 179, 204. 
Jacob N., 133, 141, 167, 172, 

176-179, 206, 258. 
Samuel Nunez, 45, 277. 
Mrs. Sarah, 92. 
Carolina, 20, 21, 22, 26, 31, 115, 
158. 
A New Description of that 
Fertile and Pleasant Prov- 
ince of (Archdale), 19. 
indigo, 48, 51, 52, 61, 62, 63, 65. 
Military Institute, 254. 
Carolinian, The, 257. 
Carrillon, Rev. B. C, 216. 
Carvalho, David Nunez (1784- 
1860), 133, 158, 161, 163, 
167, 187. 
Rev. E. N., 145, 146, 167, 187, 
292. 



Carvalho, E. N. D., 133. 
Solomon N., 167, 187. 
Mr., 27, 277. 
& Gutteres, 26. 
Casberry, Aaron, 224. 
Cashby, .A., 239. 
Cedar Mountain, Va., 234. 

Run, Va., 229. 
Celler, M., 247. 
Cemeteries, Jewish, 35, 88, 120, 134, 

195, 246, 253, 293. 
Centennial Address (Richardson), 

44, 145. 
Central Railroad Bank, 190. 
Chamber of Commerce, Charleston, 

163, 178, 194. 
Chancellorsville, battle of, 224, 235. 
Chapman, John, 54. 
Charles II., 276. 

Captain, battery of, 223. 

Town (changed to Charleston 

in 1783) ; Pelatiah 

Webster's Journal of a 

voyage to, 61. 

(and Charleston) Neck, 

87. 
Regiment (militia), 41, 83, 
86, 87, 91. 
Charleston; article on in The Jew- 
ish Encyclopcedia, 82, 84, 
143 ; Portuguese Jewish 
Congregation in, 33, 116, 
117. 
Book, The (Simms), 182. 
County, mesne conveyance and 
Probate Court records of, 21, 
22, 23, 24, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 
42, 44, 45, 67, 70, 110, 111, 
112, 113, 114, 115, 120, 225. 
Courier, The, 88, 163, 164, 172, 
173, 176, 179, 180, 181, 189, 



INDEX 



313 



Charleston Courier (Continued) — 
190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 196, 
197, 199, 203, 204, 206, 207, 
217, 221, 222, 223, 227, 228, 
231, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 
271, 273, 283. 
Directory, 141, 186. 
Dispensary, 179. 
Evening Gazette, The, 33. 
Guards, 237. 
Harbor, 95, 207. 
Insurance Co., 193. 
Library, 19, 26, 47, 144, 163; 
gazettes in the, 26, 47. 
Society, 8, 241. 
Light Dragoons, 233. 
Mercury, The, 161, 163, 174, 

176, 217, 222. 
Morning Post and Daily Ad- 
vertiser, The, 114. 
Neck Rangers, 144. 
Orphan House, 41, 188, 263. 
Riflemen, 144. 
Zouaves, 228. 
Charlestown, W. Va., 229. 
Charlotte, N. C, 254. 

Observer, The, 186. 
Charming Nancy, the, 65. 
Chatham County, Ga., 189. 
Cheraw, 134, 166. 

Bank, 192. 
Cherokee Indians, 74, 75, 76. 

War, 42. 
Chester, 205, 253. 
Chesterfield District, 192, 199, 202, 

206. 
Cheves, Langdon, 172. 

Langdon, grandson of above, 17. 
Chickahominy, battle of, 233. 
Chickamanga, 259; battle of, 228- 
9, 230, 234. 



Chief Justice of South Carolina 
mentioned, 121. 
Rabbi, the first, in Charles 
Town, 30, 33, 34, 94, 241. 
Christaos Novos, 111. 
Chumaceiro, Rev. J. H. M., 292. 
Churubusco, 207. 

City Gazette and Daily Advertiser, 
142, 174, 176. 
Orphan Asylum (Charleston), 
263. 
Civic Improvement, 197. 
Claiborne, Colonel W. C, 248. 
Claremont (election district), 198. 
Clarenceux King of Arms, 69, 280, 

281, 282. 
Clarendon County, 254, 255. 
(election district), 197. 
Clariosophic Society, 257. 
Clark, Eliza Steinmeyer, 256. 
Clarke, Henry, 224. 
Clay Club, 180. 
Cleveland, Ohio, 274. 

President, 255. 
Clifford Street (Charleston), 185. 
Clinton, Sir Henry, petitioners to, 
who desired to take the oath of 
allegiance to Great Britain, 92, 
101, 102-3. 
Coats-of-arms, 69. . 
Cochineal, 48, 51. 
Cockpit Point, 230. 
Coffee, 49. 

Cohen, Corporal, 224. 
A. Marion, 224. 
A. N., 167, 247. 
Aaron, 239. 
Abraham, 34, 91, 103, 106, 127, 

133, 242, 243, 277. 
Abraham, Jr., 133. 
Abraham A., 133. 



314 



INDEX 



Cohen, Ansley D., 225, 263, 265. 
Arthur M., 225. 
Asher D., 167, 225, 262. 
Aug. E., 167, 238. 
Barnard, 133. 
Barnard, Jr., 133. 
Barnet, 133. 
Barnet A., 143. 
Benjamin, 133. 
C. H., 167. 
C. Henry, 269-270. 

C. S., 239. 
D., 225. 

D. M., 225. 
David, 225. 
David D., 167, 225. 
David L., 167. 
Mrs. Dinah, 45. 

E., 167. 

E. B., 225. 
E. H., 167. 

E. Louis, 225. 

Edward P., 225. 

Esdaile P., 133, 161, 163, 167. 

Fishel, 239. 

Francis, 45. 

G., 167. 

Gershon, 91, 98, 99, 103, 116, 

117, 121, 122, 133, 277. 
Mrs. Gershon, 92. 
Gershon (younger), 133. 
Gustavus A., 225 
Rev. H., 167. 
H. C, 167. 
H. F., 225. 
H. S., 247. 

Rev. Hartwig, 133, 292. 
Henry, 133, 225, 237. 
Hy. S., 167. 

Hyam, 133, 144, 167, 204, 207. 
I., 237. 



Cohen, I. S., 167, 238. 
I. S. (another), 265. 
Is., 277. 

Captain Isaac, 207. 
Isaac, 133, 225. 
Isaac Barrett, 225. 
Isaac S., 133, 188, 246. 
Miss Isabel, 262 
Isdel, 133. 
J., 91, 237. 
J., Jr., 207. 
J. Quintus, 9, 151. 
J. S., 167. 
Jacob (1780), 91, 93, 94, 104, 

106, 121, 122, 124, 127, 133, 

167, 277. 
Jacob (younger), 134, 144, 167, 

204. 
Jacob (1818), of Georgetown, 

134. 
Jacob A., 279. 
Jacob B., 226. 
Jacob D., 134. 
Jacob H., 167, 239. 
Jacob I. (1783), 84, 95. 
John, 134. 
John Jay, 167, 270. 
Jonas, 134. 
Joseph, 134, 167, 226. 
Judah, 134. 
Judah Barrett, 167, 206, 225, 

270-271. 
JuUus, 226. 
L., 238, 265. 
L. L., 226, 262. 
Lawrence L., 226. 
Dr. Lawrence L., 167, 206. 
Leopold, 167. 
Levi, 279. 
Lewin, 134. 
Lewis, 134, 168. 



Ji 



INDEX 



815 



Cohen, M., 226. 
M. D., 238. 
M. M. (admitted to the Bar in 

1829), 205. 
M. M. (admitted to the Bar 

in 1855), 206. 
Marx E., 168, 188, 226. 
McDuff, 168, 226, 265. 
Melvin M., 168. 
Mordecai S., 134. 
Mordicai (1763-1848), 134, 

143, 168, 188, 279. 
Morris, 226. 
Moses, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 

45, 94, 241, 277, 292. 
Moses (younger), 91, 134. 
Myer M., 134, 142, 168, 189, 

207. 
N. A., 168. 
Nathaniel, 134. 
Dr. P. Melvin, 168, 189, 204, 

206, 207. 
P. S., 168. 
Philip, of Charleston, 102, 133, 

134, 143, 144, 145, 168, 189, 

206, 277. 
Philip, of Union, 259. 
Philip L, 226. 
Philip Jacob, 91, 92, 277. 
Philip L., 226. 
Mrs. Rebecca, 92. 
Robert, 226. 
S., 237. 
S. A., 247. 

Samuel, 134, 168, 226. 
Solomon, 127, 134, 143, 241, 

242, 243, 277. 
Mrs. Solomon, 221. 
Solomon (younger), 134, 141, 

168, 189, 205, 243. 
Solomon I., 134, 144, 168, 279. 



Cohen, W. B., 265. 
Wolf, 134. 

family, of Georgetown, 241. 
Cohn, Alexander, 226. 

L., 168. 
Colcaisen Pass, 228. 
Colcock, Captain, 29. 
Cold Harbor, 229, 234. 
Coleman, Benjamin, 134. 

Sylvester, 134. 
Collections of the Georgia Ilistori- 
cal Society, 104. 
of the Home of the Temple, 

144. 
of the South Carolina Histori- 
cal Society, 17, 270. 
College of Charleston, 172, 187, 263, 

270; library of, 69. 
Colleton, Sir John, 54, 57. 
"Colonial Assembly" (incorrect), 
83. 
Records of South Carolina," 
31. 
Columbia, 8, 20, 24, 31, 34, 44, 96, 
97, 100, 126, 134, 136, 141, 
166, 187, 188, 190, 193, 194, 
205, 207, 223, 225, 229, 235, 
245-247, 249, 257, 259, 264, 
271, 273, 293. 
College (N. Y. City), 274. 
Female Academy, 142, 195. 
Records" (State records), 24, 

41, 61, 105, 129, 244. 
Trust Company, 259. 
Columbus, Ga., 199, 201, 248. 
Comedian, 143. 
Coming Street, 120. 

Cemetery, 35, 88, 120, 134. 
Commander, James, 58. 
Commercial Bank, of Columbia, 
188, 195. 



316 



INDEX 



Commercial Times, The (New Or- 
leans), 184, 
Commissary-General of South Car- 
olina, 41, 84. 
for South Carolina and Geor- 
gia, 84. 
Commission for Repairs of State 

House, 252. 
" Commissioner of Education," 143. 
Committee for Effectually Carrying 
into Execution the Continen- 
tal Association and for Re- 
ceiving and Determining 
upon Applications Relative 
to Law Processes, 71. 
of Intelligence, 72. 
Commons House of Assembly of 

South Carolina, 25, 54, 83. 
Cone, G. Herbert, 142. 
Confederate Home College, 262. 
Military History, 232, 236. 
States, 185, 190, 221, 227. 
Court, 196. 
Navy, 201, 227, 228. 
Confiscation Act, 97. 
Congregation Beth Elohim, 7, 8, 
24, 33, 34, 35, 41, 43, 94, 102, 
116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 
126, 127, 128, 131, 134, 137, 138, 
139, 147, 150, 151, 155, 160, 180, 
182, 185, 186, 194, 195, 202, 208, 
209, 210, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 
218, 219, 221, 265, 266, 283, 287- 
292 ; A History of, 132 ; Consti- 
tution of, 44, 151 ; ministers of, 
292. 
Congressional Globe, 94. 
Consalo, Jacob, 113. 
Conspiracy of the Pazzi, The, 175. 
Constitution of Beth Elohim, 44, 
151, 209, 214. 



Constitution of South Carolina, 
Locke's, 17, 18 ; 1776, 73, 83 ; 
1790, 126; 1865, 198; 1868, 198. 
Constitutional Convention of 1790, 
126. 
of 1865, 198. 
of 1895, 258, 264. 
Conway, 262. 
Coosawhatchie, 230. 
Copenhagen, Denmark, 140. 
Cordova, M., 238. 
Corker, Thomas, 54. 
Cornwallis, Lord, addressers of, 

101. 
Coronaca (" Cornacre"), 71, 77, 
113, 115. 
Creek, 74. 
Corre, Jacob, 134. 
Cortissos, Emanuel, 134. 
Cortissoz, Imanuel, 43, 277. 
Cotton, 51. 

gin factory, 120. 

Mill Industry, Review of the 

(Kohn), 259. 
Statements," 179. 
Council, His Majesty's for South 

Carolina, 54. 
Courier, The Charleston. (See 

Charleston Courier.) 
Court of Arbitration (Philadel- 
phia), 187. 
of Inquiry, 1783, 97. 
Courtenay, Hon, William Ashmead, 

9, 89, 
Cowen, Captain Jacob, 93, 94. 
Cox, William, 99, 
Crafts, William, Jr,, 173. 
Crater, battle of the ("Mine"), 

248. 
Craven County, 25. 
Creiswell, Edmund, 23. 



INDEX 



317 



Cripps, John S., 248. 
Critic, The, 183, 184. 
Cromwell, Oliver, 35. 
Cronheim family, of Marion, 256. 
Crouch, Mrs. Ann, gazette of, 88. 
Cryptic Masonry (Mackey), 37. 
Crypto-Jews under the Common- 
wealth (Wolf), 35. 
Culpepper's Battery, 224, 225, 226, 

227, 233. 
Cumberland County, Va., 93. 
Cuningham, Pamela, 195. 
Curagoa, 120, 280. 
Custom House, Charleston, 44, 143, 

192, 193, 204. 
Da Costa, Aaron, 134, 279. 

Abraham (1750), 32, 37, 38, 

103, 278. 
Benjamin Mendes, 32. 
Emanuel Mendez, 59, 60. 
Isaac (1750), 32, 33, 34, 35, 
36, 37, 38, 43, 104, 106, 115, 
120, 144, 278, 292. 
Isaac, Jr., 91, 106, 134, 141, 

278. 
Isaac (younger), 278. 
Joseph, 37, 116, 134, 278. 
Joshua Mendes, 116. 
Mrs. Joshua Mendes, 110, 116. 
Mrs. Judith Mendes (Salva- 
dor), 110, 116. 
Mrs. Rebecca Mendes, 112, 

113. 
Samuel, 37, 106, 278. 
Mrs. Sarah, 37, 39, 117. 
Solomon, 32. 

burial ground, 83, 115, 195. 
family, 35, 114. 
& Farr, 36. 
Daily Times, The (Boston), 184. 
(Columbus, Ga.), 201. 



Dalcho, Rev. Frederick, M.D., 20. 
Daly, Settlement of the Jews in 

North America by, 142. 
Damascus, 182. 
D'Ancona, A., 253. 
Daniell, Mrs. Mary M,, 58. 
Daniels, Henry, 134, 

L., 239. 
D'Anynilar, Benjamin, 113. 

Solomon, 113. 
Darlington, 253, 254, 256. 

County, 262. 

District, 198. 

Rebellion," 258. 
Dart, Benjamin, 54. 
Davega, A. H., 205. 

Dr. Columbus, 168, 206, 226. 

David, 134. 

Isaac, 134, 168, 205. 

Moses, 134, 246. 
David, J. L., 265. 

Jacob, 134. 

Joseph, 45, 278. 

M. M., 265. 

R. L., 168, 238. 
Davis, D., 168. 

Davis, 134. 

George, 134. 

H., 134. 

Henry, 168. 

Isaac B., 168. 

Israel, 134, 288. 

Mrs. Jane, 117. 

President Jefferson, 192, 272, 
273. 

Joseph, 168. 

Moses, 134, 168. 

House, fight at the, 248. 
D'Azevedo, Benjamin Cohen, 291. 

Isaac, 154. 
de Blogg, Leo, 146. 



318 



INDEX 



De Jongh, J., 134. 
De Kalb, Baron, 95, 96. 

Life of, 96. 
De La Motta, Emanuel, 94, 134, 
145, 278, 292. 
Isaac, 279. 

Dr. Jacob (1789-1845), 
141, 144, 168, 172, 179- 
181, 190, 206. 
Jacob, 84, 94, 95, 96, 134, 
168, 190. 
De Lange, J. L., 168. 

S. J., 168. 
De Leon, Abraham, 134, 141. 

Dr. Abraham, 96, 144, 194, 

206, 245. 
Dr. David C, 207, 221, 

226, 271-273. 
Edwin, 205, 227, 273. 
H. H., 168, 204, 262, 263. 
Jacob, 84, 86, 95, 95-6, 96, 

134, 227, 278, 279. 
Dr. Mordecai H., 134, 168, 

190, 206, 271. 
Perry M., 227. 
De Lesseps, Ferdinand, 273. 
De Lieben, Israel, 95, 134, 145, 278, 

279. 
De Lion, Commissary, 86. 
De Lyon, Abraham, 278. 

Isaac, 44, 86, 103, 104, 134, 

278. 
& Moses, 103. 
de Mattos, Moses, 27, 277. 

Mrs. Texeira, 110, 117. 
De Medici, Lorenzo, 175. 
De Mendes, Rebecca, 185. 
de Olivera. (See Olivera.) 
De Palacios, Joseph, 91, 278. 
Joseph, Jr., 91, 278. 
De Pass, Abraham, 134. 



De Pass, Isaac, 27, 277. 

the original name of, 
27. 
Jacob, 134. 
Jacob S., 245. 
Joseph, 134. 
Ralph, 134, 279. 
de Saussure, Henry A., 9. 
De Witt's Corner, 74. 
De Young, Bernard, 44, 278. 

M. H., 134. 
Deas, David, 58. 
Deep Bottom, 229, 234, 235. 
Dehaan, L. S., 168. 

Samuel, 168. 
Delong, Leo, 168. 
Democratic Independent Ti-easury 

ticket, 192. 
Denmark, 120, 140. 
Deputies of British Jews, 48. 
Deputy Commissary-General of Is- 
sues for the Southern Depart- 
ment, 84. 
Derkheim, Myer, 279. 
d'Estaing, Count, 88. 
Diana, The, 36. 

Diary of Josiah Smith, Jr., 37, 93. 
Digby, Admiral, 93. 
Dinkins, Mrs. Sarah Ann, 184, 206. 
Directories, 132-140, 167-172, 265- 

266, 277-280. 
Disqualifying Act, of Georgia, 92. 
D'Israeli, Isaac, 148. 
Dissenters, 25, 26. 
Dittenhoefer, A. J., 274. 
Gerber & James, 274. 
Irving M., 274. 
Isaac, 274. 
Doctors, 43, 128, 129, 141, 142, 144, 
179, 189, 196, 203, 206, 207, 221, 
223, 226, 233, 241, 262, 264, 268. 



INDEX 



319 



Documentary History of the Amer- 
ican Revolution (Gibbes), 77, 
100. 
Documents Relative to a Proposed 
Settlement of Jews in South Car- 
olina in 1748 (Elzas), 31. 
Dodgson (Snow), 49. 
Domestic Arts and Manufactures, 
South Carolina Society for the 
Promotion of, 143. 
Dorres (Tores?), Benjamin, 278. 
Douglas Democrat, a, 249. 
Douxsaint, Paul, 54. 
Downes, Richard, 54. 
Drama, 141, 174, 175, 176, 178. 
Drayton, Captain Charles, militia 
company of, 1775, 40. 
Hon. John, 54. 
John, Memoirs of the American 
Revolution by, 70, 71, 76, 
77, 93. 
William Henry, 77. 
Di'eyfus, Herman, 239. 
Droutman, T., 168. 
Drui-y's Bluff, 226, 230. 
Dublin, 273. 

Henry, 168. 
Dundas, A. J., 243. 
Dunlap (writer on art), 140. 
Dunn, "William, 49. 
Dutch East India Company, 70, 

109. 
Dyers' Company, 51. 
Dyes, 50, 51, 52, 60. 
Eagle, the, 64. 
Eames, Wilberforce, 9. 
Eckman, Rev. Julius, 168, 218, 292. 
Edict of Nantes, 20. 
Edisto Bank, 257. 
Island, 172. 
Rifles, 230. 



Edisto River, 132, 133. 
Education (schools, teachers, etc.), 
35, 40, 142, 143, 145, 146, 172, 
173, 176, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 
189, 190, 192, 195, 255, 257, 259, 
263. 
Edwards, Matthew, 112. 
Effingham, Thomas, Earl of, 69, 

280. 
Egypt, 273. 
Ehrich, L. S., 243. 
Ehrlich, M., 237. 
Einhorn's Sinai, 160, 218. 
Election for Commons House of 
Assembly in 1703, Jews vote at, 
25. 
Elias, L., 246, 247, 265. 

Levy, 168. 

R., 265. 

Ralph, 263, 265, 
Eliazer, Moses, 102, 278. 
Elizer, Eleazer, 128, 134, 141, 279. 

Elisha, 134, 142. 

Isaac, 134. 
Ellbaum, G., 239. 
Elliott, Charles, 58. 

Colonel William, 250. 

Street (Charleston), 27. 
Ellis, Myer, 134. 

Thomas, 54. 
Elzas, Rev. Barnett A., 31, 35, 182, 

213, 244, 292. 
Emanuel, Edwin, 227. 

Emanuel, 134. 

H., 239. 

Isaac, 134. 

J., 239. 

Joel, 168. 

Michael, 134. 

Nathan, 134, 168, 205. 

Sol., 227, 243. 



320 



INDEX 



Emanuel, Washington, 227. 

Eminent Israelites of the Nine- 
teenth Century, 142. 

Emmet Collection, New York Pub- 
lic Library, 86, 89. 

Emsden, August, 134. 

Engelberg, M., 168. 

England, 21, 25, 27, 42, 47, 51, 53, 
58, 59, 68, 69, 70, 79, 98, 109, 
111, 112, 120, 149, 150, 172, 185, 
213, 227, 256, 273, 276, 280, 289; 
Grand Convention of Ubiquar- 
ians of, 27. 

Englehart, Sophie, 274. 

English Government, 19. 

Esdra, Arthur, 227. 
Eugene, 168, 238. 
J. E., 168. 

Essenecca Indians, 75. 

Established Church (of England) 
Party in S. C, 25. 

Ethical will, an, 38. 

Etting, Elkan, 134. 

Europe, 40, 57, 59, 110, 159, 175, 
209, 291. 

European and Indian goods, 36. 

Eutaw Regiment, 229. 

Eveleigh, Nicholas, 113. 

Evening News, The (Charleston), 
178, 188, 204, 217. 
Post, Lloyd's (London), 52. 
Post, The (New York), 176. 

Examiner, The, 174. 

Exchange Bank, of Columbia, 205. 

Ezekiel, Emanuel, 134. 
Jacob, 246. 

Ezra Stiles and the Jews (Kohut), 
35. 

Fabian, H., 168. 

Factory for cotton gins, 120. 

Fajardo, Porto Rico, 203. 



Talk, Abraham, 168. 

D. B., 265. 

George, 168. 

Isaac L., 168. 

Zachariah, 168. 
Falling Water, battle of, 235. 
Falls Church, battle of, 229. 
Fancy's Sketch Book, 182. 
Farmer, George, 51. 
Farmers' and Exchange Bank, 197. 
Farr, Thomas, 36. 

Thomas, Jr., 54, 84. 
Fayetteville, N. C, 186. 
Fearon, Peter, 52. 
Federal Government, 122, 123, 124, 

125. 
Federation of Women's Clubs, 262. 
Female Auxiliary Jew Society, 245. 
Ferguson, Thomas, 54. 
First Battalion, S. C. V., 234. 
Five Forks, battle of, 248. 
Flaum, J., 265. 

M., 227. 

S. J., 243. 
Florance, Jacob, 134. 

Le\^, 134. 

Lewis, 134. 

Zachariah, 134, 141. 
Florence, 253. 
Florida, 98, 207. 

indigo, 63. 

War, 206. 
Floyd, General John W., 264. 
Foot, Michael, 227. 
Forlorn Hope, Savannah, Oct. 9, 

1779, 88. 
Fort Fisher, 225, 226. 

Moultrie, 86, 233, 236. 

Sumter, 230, 232, 236. 
Fortress Monroe, 224. 
Fox, Charles, 201. 



INDEX 



321 



Fox, M., 239. 

William, 227. 
France, 21, 70, 120, 227, 273, 282. 
Franco, David, 113. 

Francis, 113. 

Jacob, 113. 

Joseph, 113. 
Frank, Joseph, 168. 

M., 265. 
Frankel-Graetz's Monatsschrift fur 
Geschichte und Wissenschaft des 
Judenthums, 60. 
Frankford, S., 168. 
FrankUn, battle of, 235. 
Franks, Mr., 45. 

David, 25, 277. 

Jacob, 24, 25. 

Myer, 104, 105, 278. 
Fraser, Alexander, 54, 58. 
Frazier's Fai-m, 230, 234. 
Fredericksburg, battle of, 229, 230, 

233, 234, 235. 
Free Market, of Charleston, 221, 
222. 

Trade, 177, 178. 
Freemasonry, 36, 37, 44, 96, 122, 

144, 193. 
Freidus, A. S., 9. 
Fremont, John C, 187. 
French Huguenots, 18, 20, 25. 

indigo, 48, 52, 53, 59, 62, 63, 
66. 

prizes, 49, 242. 

Republic, agent of, 242. 

Frideburg, , 135. 

Friedeburg, J., 207. 
Friedenwald, Dr. Herbert, 42. 
Friedlander, M., 168. 
Friedman, B., 227. 
Friendship Literary Society, 189. 
Lodge, 145. 



Fromberg, M., 253. 

Full Annals of the Revolution in 

France (Moses), 199. 
Furchgott, M., 265. 
Furst, Dl., 168. 
Furth, Bavaria, 256. 
Joseph, 168, 238. 
Gaillard, Captain, 42. 
Gaines's Mill, battle of, 230. 
Galveston, Texas, 228. 
Garden, Major Alexander, Anec- 
dotes of the American Revolution 
by, 93. 
Garretson, I., 168. 
Garrett, Reminiscences of Public 

Men in Alabama by, 203. 
Garter King of Arms, 69, 280, 281, 

282. 
Gas Light Co., of Charleston, 192, 

197. 
Caster's History of the Antient 
Synagogue Bevis Marks, 69, 111, 
267. 
Gattman, Maier, 246. 
Gazette, The City, 174. 

The Charleston Evening, 33. 
The Georgetown, 34, 127, 128, 

241, 242. 
The Royal, 37, 38, 103, 104. 
The Royal South-Carolina, 102, 

103. 
The South Carolina, 24, 26, 28, 
29, 34, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 
48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 57, 
58, 59, 66, 68, 71, 72, 81. 
The South-Carolina and Amer- 
ican General, 38, 71, 88. 
The South-Carolina; And 

Country Journal, 66. 
The South-Carolina State, 122, 
130. 



322 



INDEX 



Gazette of the State of South-Caro- 
lina, The, 37, 81, 83, 87, 101, 119. 
Gazettes in the libraiy of the 
Charleston Libraiy Society, 
296. 
published in Charles Town, 
earliest notice of the death 
of a Jew in the, 28. 
Geddes, John, Jr., 174. 
Geiger, Dr., 216. 
Geisenheimer, William, 227, 245. 
Genealogical Magazine. (See South 
Carolina Historical and Gene- 
alogical Magazine, The.) 
General Assemblj'- (of South Car- 
olina), 65, 73, 74, 83, 285; the 
first Jew to sit in — the first Jew 
in America to represent the 
masses in a popular assembly, 
77. 
Gentlemen's Magazine, The, 35, 47, 

76, 114. 
George II., 282. 

IV., 184. 
Georgetown, 34, 38, 41, 45, 100, 106, 
127, 128, 132, 133, 134, 135, 
136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 
166, 189, 194, 205, 206, 241- 
244, 293. 
College (D. C), 269-70. 
Gazette, The, 34, 127, 128, 241, 
242. 
Georgia, 30, 31, 40, 42, 43, 51, 82, 
88, 89, 92, 92-3, 93, 98, 144, 
190, 196, 202, 229, 248, 249, 
250, 270. 
Insurance Co., 196. 
Line, Continental Establish- 
ment, 82. 
militia, 89. 
navy, 201. 



Georgia Reserves, 228. 

Volunteers, 228. 
German Artillery, 230, 235, 236, 
237. 
Hussars, 224. 
Jewish Congregation in 

Charleston, 116. 
Jews, 43, 117. 
Palatines, 18. 
Riflemen, 236. 
Volunteers, 230, 234, 236. 
Germany, 120, 213, 216, 274. 
Gettysburg, battle of, 223, 224, 227, 

230, 235, 236, 248. 
Gibbes, Dr. R. W., Documentary 
History of the American Revolu- 
tion by, 77, 93, 100. 
Gibbes, William, 50, 54. 
Gideon, Sampson, 109. 
Gilman, Rev, Samuel, D.D., 173. 
Gin factory, 120. 
Gist Guards, 231. 
Gladstone, S. M., 243. 
Gleanings of Virginia History 

(Boogher), 93. 
Godard, Rene, 285. 
Godey^s Lady^s Book, 184. 
Gold, S., 243. 
Goldburg, Marcus, 246, 
Goldman, J., 265. 
Goldsmidt, Jonas, 168, 
Goldsmith, A. A., 168, 227, 263, 
265. 
Abraham, 135. 
F., 205. 

Henry, 142, 168, 
L H., 168. 
I. M., 135. 
Isaac, 135. 
Isaac P., 228. 
J. L., 228. 



INDEX 



323 



Goldsmith, M., 238, 265. 

M. M., 228. 

Morris, 135, 142, 161, 163, 168. 

Moses, 135, 168, 228. 

Kichard, 135. 

Samuel, 135. 

Solomon, 135. 
Goldsmith's Directory (of Charles- 
ton), 1831, 157, 159. 
Goldstein, A., 168. 

I., 168. 

J., 168. 
Gomez, Elias, 135, 279. 

Isaac D. C, 135. 

Jacob, 135. 

Lewis, 135, 142. 

P. H., 135. 
Gonzales, N. G., 257. 
Goodman, Dr. M., 135. 
Gordian Knot, The, 175. 
Gordon, General "Chinese," 273. 
Goudkopp, J., 238. 
Govan, Andrew, 50. 
Governors of South Carolina, 19, 

20, 54, 55, 199. 
Governor's Guards, 235. 
Grant, General U. S., 248. 
Gratz, Rebecca, 182. 
Gravelly Run, battle of, 226. 
Great Britain, 48, 53, 55, 112, 115, 

281, 282. 
Greece, 273. 
Green, David, 135. 

Moses, 253. 
Greene, Life of Nathanael (John- 
son), 96. 
Greensboro, N. C, 226, 229, 231. 
Greensport, L. I. (N. Y.), 255. 
Greenville, 128, 229, 253. 
Gregg, John, 54. 
Gregg's Regiment, 231. 



Grenadier corps, 88. 
Guatemala indigo, 63. 
Guerard, Hon, John, 54. 
Guerin, William, 54. 
Gunhaus, I. L., 239. 

S., 239. 
Gutteres, Carvallo &, 26. 

Aaron, 27, 277. 
Haas, J., 238. 
Hagood's Brigade, 237. 
Hague, The, 40, 70. 
Haine, Samuel, 113, 
Hall, Captain William, 93. 
Hamburg, Germany, 41, 209. 

South Carolina, Bank of, 205. 

Volunteers, 206, 
Hamilton, John, 32, 70, 111, 
Hammerslough, A., 239, 

H,, 239, 
Hammond, Lieutenant-Colonel Le 

Roy, 77. 
Hampstead, Charleston, 33. 

London, 165. 
Hampton, Edward, 104. 

Colonel Wade, 86, 

General Wade (1818-1902), 
199, 248, 249, 250, 251; cat- 
tle raid of, 248. 

Legion, 223, 224, 225, 226, 229> 
230, 233, 235, 236, 237. 

Monument Commission, 252. 
Hannah Le^d Memorial Library, 

255. 
Hanover, 146. 

Square, 112. 

Street, 37, 83, 115. 
Harbor Commissioner, 263. 
Harby, Abraham, 168. 

Ansley D., 264. 

Caroline, 206, 

George Washington, 135, 190, 



324 



INDEX 



Harby, Henry J., 168, 191, 206, 253. 

Horace, 253. 

Horace, Jr., 154, 253. 

Isaac, 99, 100, 135, 141, 142, 
151, 157, 158, 159, 161, 163, 
164, 168, 172-176, 190, 191, 
279; A Selection from the 
Miscellaneous Writings of 
the late, 151, 157, 172, 174, 
176. 

Mrs. Isaac, 176, 

J. D., 228. 

Mrs. J. D., 262. 

Jackson M., 253. 

Joshua J., 253. 

Captain L. M., 228. 

Mrs. Lee C, 262. 

Levi Charles, 144, 228. 

Solomon, 135, 172, 279, 289, 
290. 

Solomon H., 168. 
Hardee, General W. J., 249. 
Harlem, N. Y., 275. 
Harriet Lane, the, 228. 
Harris, A. J., Sr., 168, 238. 

A. J., Jr., 168. 

Rev. Abraham, 168, 219, 292. 

Abram, 238. 

Andrew, 135, 279. 

George, 168. 

Henry, 99, 278. 

Hyam, 135, 279. 

Isaac, 168, 238. 

Jacob, 135. 

Jacob, Jr., 135. 

Marcus, 239. 

Mordecai, 278. 

Morris, 228, 263, 

Moses, 91, 92, 106, 135, 278. 

N., 168. 

Z., 168, 246. 



Hart, Mr., 28, 277. 

Abraham Levy, 279. 

Alexander M., 279. 

Bernard, 279. 

D. L., 265. 

Daniel, 117, 135, 168, 279, 289. 

Daniel S., 229. 

Ephraim, 279. 

Frances, 40. 

Hart Moses, 279. 

Henry, 135, 

Hyam N., 168. 

Hymon, 279. 

J. J,, 168. 

J. N., 106. 

Joseph, 135. 

Joshua, 43, 65, 278. 

Leo, 135. 

Levi, 135, 168. 

Mathias, 135. 

Michael, 117. 

Moses (1761), 40, 278. 

Moses, 135. 

Naphtali, 168, 279. 

Naphthaly, 135. 

Nathan, 135, 168, 206, 242, 243, 
279. 

Philip, 32, 41, 91, 92, 106, 117, 
121, 122, 168, 178, 278. 

Ritcey, 43. 

S. N., Sr., 168, 204. 

S. N., Jr., 168. 

Samuel, Sr. (1805-1896), 168, 
191, 237, 262, 263. 

Simon, 278. 

Simon M., 135, 154, 279. 

Solomon, 135. 
Hart's Battery, 223, 224, 225, 226. 
Hartz, H., 229. 
Hasell Street, 120. 
Hayes, President, 274. 



INDEX 



325 



Health Office, Charleston, 288. 
Hebrew Benevolent Association 
( Orangeburg) , 257, 
Society (Charleston), 120, 
154, 282-284. 
(Columbia), 246. 
(New York), 274. 
(Sumter), 252, 253. 
Journal, The, 194. 
Orphan Home, Atlanta, 259. 
Orphan Society, Charleston, 
175, 187, 285-287. 
Hebrews in America, The, 7, 187, 

188, 237. 
Heitman, F. B., Historical Register 
of the United States Army by, 
144. 
Hencoop Creek, 75. 
Hendricks, J., 168. 
Heni-y, Barnard, 135, 169. 
Jacob, 135. 
Joel, 135. 

Maurice L., 135, 145. 
P. J., 169. 
Patrick, 202. 
Heraldrj', 69, 280-282. 
Heralds' College, 111, 281. 
Heriofs Magazine, 184. 
Hertz, Alexander, 135. 
H. M., 135, 169. 
I. E., 169. 
Isaac E., 238. 
J. H., 238. 
Jacob, 135, 169. 
L., 169. 
M. E., 265. 
Thad. E., 169. 
Hess, H., 247. 
Hessians, 98, 99. 
Hetch's Run, 248. 
Heydenfeld, Jacob, 135. 



Heydenfeldt, Solomon, 169, 191, 

206. 
Heyman, I., 239. 
M. H., 245. 
Heyward, Governor D. Clinch, 252, 

259. 
Hill, Benjamin H., 200. 
Hilzeim, Alexander M., 229. 
Hirsch, A. A., 265. 
G. A., 265. 
Gus, 245. 

I. W., 169, 229, 263, 265. 
Jacob, 245. 
John M., 169, 246. 
Melvin J., 229, 263. 
Hirschmann, H., 265. 

S., 265. 
Historical Account of the Protes- 
tant Episcopal Church in South 
Carolina (Dalcho), 20. - 
History of Georgia (Jones), 92. 
of the Antient Synagogue 
Bevis Marks (London), 69, 
111, 267. 
of the Congregation Beth Elo- 

him, A (Elzas), 132. 
of the Jews (Adams), 145. 
of South Carolina (Simms), 

86, 87. 
of South Carolina under the 
Proprietary Government 

(McCrady), 25, 26. 
of the Rise and Progress of the 
Arts of Design in the United 
States (Dunlap), 140. 
Hoffman, G., 169. 
Julius, 229. 
M., 238. 
Michael, 229. 
R., 215. 
Hogskin Creek, 74. 



326 



INDEX 



Holcombe Legion, 226. 
Holland, 43, 108, 109-10, 120. 

Rev. Mr., 173. 
Holmes's field, 74. 
Home for the Widows and Orphans 
of Soldiers, 222. 

Guard" (militia), 237, 238. 

Journal, The, 184. 

Rule, 80. 
Honour, George, 51. 
Hood's campaign, General, 229. 
Horne-Forest, Edward, 24. 
Hornet, J. D., 239. 
Hornik, M., 265. 

M. J., 265. 
Horry, Colonel Peter, 100. 
Hotton, John Camden, 29. 
House of Commons (Great Brit- 
ain), 48. 

of Lords (Great Britain), 25, 
182. 
Howarth, Lieutenant-Colonel Pro- 

bart, 42. 
Hudson, Mark, 52. 
Huguenots, 18, 20. 
Huhner, Leon, LL.B., 61, 76, 82, 85. 
Hunt, Solomon, 135. 
Hunter, Thomas, 187. 
Hutchinson, John, 50. 
Hyam, Daniel, 135. 
Hyams, David, 135. 

Hamilton, 169. 

Henry, 135. 

Henry M., 163, 169, 191. 

Isaac, 135, 169. 

Mordeeai, 135, 169. 

Dr. Moses, 246. 

Moses D., 169. 

Moses K., 135, 141, 169. 

Pinckney, 169. 

S. (of Hamburg), 206. 



Hyams, Samuel, 135, 142, 145, 279. 

Solomon, 135, 169, 179, 279. 
HjTnan, B., 135. 

C, 237. 
Hj'^neman, L., 169. 
Incorporation of the Congregation 

Beth Elohim, 121. 
Indemnity Insurance Co., 205. 
Independent Republican ticket, 

1834, 189. 
India, 25. 

Indians, 19, 74, 75, 76, 110. 
Indigo, 47-67, 71. 
Inglis, George, 54. 

Lloyd & Hall, 56. 
Inquisition, the. 111. 
Inspector-General of Indigo, 55, 

57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66. 
Interlude, The, 287. 
Interpreter, Jew, 19. 
Investigator, The, 174:. 
Ireland, 21, 282. 
Irish Coffee House, 38. 

Volunteers, 227. 
Iron-clad Batteiy, 230, 232. 
Isaacks, A. M., 135. 

Abraham, 135, 289. 

Abraham, Jr., 135. 

Alexander, 169. 

Michael, 135. 

Moses, 279. 

Sampson, 135. 

Solomon, 135. 
Isaacs, Abraham, 279. 

Alexander, 169. 

Henry, 278. 

Isaiah, 84, 95. 

S. ¥., 169. 

Samuel, 41. 

Solomon, 28, 38, 40, 41, 277, 
278. 



INDEX 



327 



Isaacs & Co., Solomon, 28. 
Isack, Abraham, will of, 23, 277. 

Henry, 23. 

Sarah, 23. 
Isear, J., 243. 

Iseman family, of Marion, 256. 
Isenburg, B., 169. 

J., 169. 
Israel, A., 265. 

L., 265. 

MoiTis, 169, 263, 265. 

M. M., 265. 

Nat., 265. 

N. H., 169. 

S., 265. 
Jackson, Andrew, 174. 

Montagu, 135. 

Mississippi, 228, 235. 
Jacksonborough, 132. 
Jacob, Hyam, 288. 
Jacobi, M., 169. 

N. P., 265. 

Nathaniel, 238. 

W. J., 169. 
Jacobowsky, S. D., 238. 
Jacobs, Mr., 98, 99. 

A. Jack, 239. 

Abraham, 135, 142, 279, 

Abraham L., 229. 

Barnard, 135. 

C, 169. 

Cornelia Ann, 270. 

David, 169, 239. 

Emanuel, 239. 

F. C, 169, 230. 

Fisher, 135. 

Frederick, 92, 278. 

H., 237. 

H. R., 169, 230. 

Rev. Henry S., 169, 219, 238. 

Hyam, 135. 



Jacobs, Hyman, 135. 

I., 265. 

Isaiah, 230. 

Israel, 106, 278. 

J., 265. 

J. J., 239. 

J. S., 169. 

Jacob, 43, 91, 103, 135, 278. 

Joseph, 45. 

Joshua, 106. 

L., 265. 

Levi, 135. 

Louis, 230, 263. 

Maximilian, 263. 

Mitchell, 230. 

Moses, 135, 169. 

Colonel Myer, 135, 163, 169, 
192, 206, 222, 237, 270. 

P. S., 169. 

Philip, 278. 

Samuel, 135, 279. 

Rev. Solomon, 169, 219. 

W. M., 265. 
Jacobson, H., 230. 

M. L., 238. 
Jacobus, J. J., 239. 
Jamaica, 19, 22, 29, 120, 172, 216, 

280. 
James, writer, 173. 
James's Battalion, 223, 227, 234. 

Island, 230, 232. 
Jansen, Sir Stephen Theodore, 48. 
Jefferson, Thomas, 157, 176, 202. 
Jenkins, Captain David, 58. 
Jessurun Rodrigues, Francis (Sal- 
vador), 68. 
Jacob, 111. 
Joseph, 68, 108-118. 
family, 68, 69, 108, 111. 
Jew Certificate, 24. 

Company," 107. 



328 



INDEX 



Jewish Cemetery, Coming Street, 
Charleston, S. C, 88. 
Chronicle, The (London), 147- 

149. 
Comment, 85. 
Encyclopcedia, 7, 35, 61, 82, 84, 

85, 143, 187, 196, 207. 
Exponent, The, 185. 
Messenger, The, 141. 
Quarterly Beview, The, 160, 
182. 
Jews of Philadelphia, 106, 188, 193. 
Jews' lands, the, 118. 
Joel, Julius, 239. 
John's blood (dye), 51. 

Island, 231, 232. 
Johnson, President, 198, 274. 
John, 155. 
Dr. Joseph, 86, 105. 
William, 58. 

Hon. William, Life of Nath- 
anael Greene by, 96. 
Johnson's campaign, Colonel, 229. 
. Johnston, Andrew, 54. 
George, 55. 

General Joseph E., army of, 
249. 
Jonas, Joshua, 279. 
Jones, Abraham, 135. 

Charles Colcock, History of 

Georgia by, 92. 
Edward, 173. 
Evan, 54. 
Joshua, 106. 
Samuel, 91, 135, 278. 
Joseph, A., 135. 
A. H., 230. 
Barnet, 135. 
Daniel M., 135. 
E. C, 169. 
Henry, 136. 



Joseph, Isaac, 136. 

Israel, 117, 121, 122, 136, 278. 

J., 169. 

J. J., 169. 

Joseph, 136. 

L., 242. 

L. H., 169. 

Lazarus, 136. 

Levy, 136. 

Lizar, 136, 142, 205, 242, 243. 

Moses, 136. 

S., 243. 

Samuel, 136. 

Solomon M., 136, 279. 
Josephson, Manuel, 126. 
Josephus, Joseph, 239. 
Journal of a Voyage to Charles- 
town in So. Carolina by Pelatiah 
Webster in 1765, 61. 
Judah, Dr. Andrew, 43. 

Jacob, 136. 
Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim. (See 

Congregation Beth Elohim.) 
Kahn, David, 239. 

Isaac, 239. 
Kaminski, E. W., 243. 

H., 230, 243. 

J., 243. 
Kaphan, Theodore, 239. 
Kapp, Life of Be Kalb by, 96. 
KaufEman, H., 247. 
Kayserling, Dr., 60. 
Keeling, S., 247. 
Kellogg, Dr., 269. 
Kenesaw Mountain, battle of, 229. 
Kennedy, R. M., 97. 
Kentucky, 96, 192. 
Keowee River, 75. 
Kershaw, General J. B., 224. 
Joseph, 244. 
County, 245. 



INDEX 



329 



Kershaw District, 140, 193, 194, 
198. 

Lodge, 96. 
Kershaw's Regiment, 227. 
Khedive's Egypt, etc.. The, 273. 
Kilpatrick, attack on the camp of, 

248. 
Kjng, MitcheU, 210. 

W. L., The Newspaper Press of 
Charleston by, 174, 179, 197. 

Street, 36, 38, 40, 87, 107, 120, 
185. 
Kingston, Jamaica, 216. 
Kingstree, 253, 263. 
Kirkland, Moses, 72. 

T. J., 97, 245. 
Klein, Rev. J., 253, 254. 

J., 230. 
Knight, Christopher, 127. 
Knights of Pythias, 270. 
Knox\dlle Railroad Convention, 194- 
Kohler, Max J., 95. 
Kohn, August, 257-259, 264. 

David, 257. 

Sol., 257. 

Theodore, 230, 256. 
Kohut, G. A., 35, 141. 
Koopman, M., 169. 
Labat, A. C, 136. 

David, 136, 145, 279. 

Isaac C, 136, 169. 
La Caudeur Lodge, 144. 
La Grange, Ga., 201. 
La Reunion Fran^aise, 145. 
La Roche, Daniel, 24. 

James, 58. 

Thomas, 24. 
Ladies' Memorial Association, 262. 
Lafayette, Marquis de, 96. 
Lancaster, Pa., 131. 

District, 193. 



Lance, Lambert, 54. 

Landsberger, Dr. Julius, 216. 

Lange, John H., 169. 

Lara, Aaron, 52. 

Last Expedition Across the Rocky 

Mountains (Carvalho), 187. 
Laurens, Mrs. Eliza, 286. 
Henry, 54, 64, 286. 
Henry, son of above, 286. 
James, 54. 
John, 285. 
District, 104. 
Laws of the Province of South 

Carolina (Trott), 20. 
Lawyers, 128, 141, 185, 189, 190, 
191, 192, 193, 196, 197, 199, 200, 
202, 205, 242, 249, 251, 253, 254, 
255, 263, 264, 265, 270, 273, 274, 
275; the first Jew admitted 
to the bar in South Carolina, 
128. 
Lazarus, Aaron, 136, 279. 
B. D., 136, 231. 
Benjamin D., 169. 
Edgar M., 231. 
Gershon, 169, 204. 
Henry, 136. 
Isaac, 136. 
J. E. P., 169. 
Jacob, 136. 
Jacob, Jr., 136. 
Jacob B., 136. 
John, 256. 
Joseph, 136. 
Major Joshua, 136, 169, 192, 

204, 206. 
Marks, 40, 84, 91, 92, 102, 136, 

169, 278. 
Mrs. Marks, 92. 
Marks IL, 231, 265. 
]VIichael, 32, 40, 136, 278. 



330 



INDEX 



Lazarus, Michael (younger), 161, 
162, 163, 164, 169, 1^2, 206. 

Moses L., 136. 

Mrs. Rachel, 92. 

Simon, 136. 

Solomon, 231. 

family, a history of, 194. 
Leake, Stephen Martin, 280, 282. 
Leary, J, S., 186. 
Lebowich, Joseph, 185, 187. 
Le Sage and De Solis, 174. 
Ledyard, John, 65. 
Lee, Joseph, 136. 

General Robert E., 227, 248, 
268. 
Leesburg, Va., 229. 
Leeser, Isaac, 159, 187, 209, 210. 

Library, 181. 
Leeser's Occident. (See Occident, 

The.) 
Legislature of South Carolina, 161, 
189, 192, 193, 194, 197, 198, 202, 
206, 263, 284. 
Lehman, A., 237. 

Lemmon, , 136. 

Leopold, Jack, 239. 
Leresbaum, Leiser, 215. 
Lesley, John, 113. 
" Letters on the Presidency," 174. 
Leventritt, Judge David, 275. 
Levey, Moses Isaac, 113. 
Levi, Abraham, 254-255, 279. 

Ferdinand, 253. 

Mrs. Hannah, 255. 

Leopold, 239. 

Mitchell, 253. 

Moses, 231, 254, 255. 

Solomon, 44, 278. 
Levin, Emanuel, 136. 

G. H., 215. 

George W., 231. 



Levin, I., 247. 

Jacob, 246. 

L. C, 231. 

L. J., 169, 239. 

Lewis, 136. 

Lewis, Jr., 136. 

Lewis C, 169, 192. 

Lipman, 246. 

Lu., 231. 

Moritz, 169. 

N., 238. 

Nathaniel (1816-1899), 7, 33, 
43, 44, 158, 169, 193, 283. 

R. D., 205. 

S. W., 231. 

Samuel S., 231. 
Levine, L., 265. 
Levy, Miss, 185, 186. 

A., 169. 

Abraham, 136. 

Abraham L., 136. 

Barnard, 136. 

Barnet, 169. 

C. F., 169. 

C. J., 243. 

Chapman, 136, 140, 141, 144, 

193, 205, 206, 245. 
Clarence, 169, 231. 
Cossman, 169. 

D. J., 169. 
David, 136, 292. 

David C. (1805-1877), 163, 

169, 193. 
E., 205. 
Eleazer, 136. 
Elias, 136, 144, 169. 
Emanuel, 136, 169. 
Ezekiel, 106, 278. 
Ezra L., 169. 
G. J., 169. 
George, 136. 



INDEX 



331 



Levy, Hart, 136, 278, 288. 
Hayman, 136, 194, 245. 
Hyam, 280. 
Hyam E., 280. 
Isaac, 42, 169. 
Israel, 42, 278. 
J., 238. 
J. C, 169. 
J. H., 253. 
J. M., 231. 
Jacob, 136. 
Jacob, of Fayetteville, N. C, 

186. 
Jacob C, 136, 194. 
Jacob L., 136. 
Jacqueline, 183. 
Jonas J,, 136. 
Joseph, 42, 278. 
Judah B., 136. 
Julian C, 144, 231. 
L., 247. 
L. C, 169. 
L. L., 169. 
Lewis, 205, 246. 
Lewis J., 231. 
Lionel C, Jr., 239. 
Lionel L., 239. 
Lyon, 136, 141, 142, 169, 193, 

280, 288. 
Marks, 169. 
:Michael, 278. 
Mordecai, 136, 280. 
Mordecai M., 194, 245. 
Moses, 136, 280. 
Moses A., 169. 
Moses C, 117, 136, 145, 169, 

280, 292. 
Moses E., 169. 
Moses Sim., 278. 
Nathan, 129, 136, 278. 
Orlando, 169, 207, 265. 



Levy, Rebecca, 206. 

Reuben, 136, 169, 280. 

S., 231. 

Sam. L., 136. 

Samuel (1741), 24, 277. 

Samuel (1783), 98, 136, 278. 

Samuel, of Camden, 244. 

Samuel M., 246. 

Simon, 136. 

Solomon, 136. 

Solomon, of Philadelphia, 193. 

Solomon, Jr., 136, 280. 

Uriah, 136. 

Zachariah, 136. 

family, history of the, 194. 
Lewenthal, P., 243. 
Lewis, Rev. Mr., 292. 

David, 136. 
Lewith, E. J., 265. 

R. J., 169. 
Library (see Charleston Library). 

at Georgetown, 243. 

of Congress, 8, 106. 
Liehtenstein, L., 169. 
Liebeschutz, M., 231. 
Lieutenant-Governors, 54, 57. 
Lilienthal, L., 247. 

M., 247. 
Lime Street, 112, 113. 

water, 48, 60. 
Lincoln, Abraham, 274. 

General Benjamin, 88, 89, 90, 
91, 95. 

National Bank (New York), 
274. 
Lindo, Charles, 136. 

Moses, 41, 278; biographical 
sketch of, 47-67. 

Moses, Jr., 47. 

Moses D., 47. 

family, 47. 



332 



INDEX 



Link, S., 265. 
Lipman, A., 136, 169. 
Abraham, 246. 
Raphael, 169. 
Lisbon, 25, 70, 109. 
Lisle, Colonel John, 75. 
Liston, Thomas, 54, 61. 
Literary and Philosophical Society, 
180. 
Diary of Ezra Stiles, 35. 
Little River, 74. 
Liverpool, 216. 
Livingston, Edward, 176. 

J., 169, 265. 
Lloyd, John, 54. 
Lloyd's, 110. 

Evening Post (London), 52. 
Loafers, The, 191. 
Lobell, Moses, 136. 
Locke, John, 17. 
Loeb, J. S., 265. 

Jacob H., 231, 263. 
L., 265. 

Loevenstein, , 136. 

Logan, John, 54. 

London, 19, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 
34, 35, 39, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 51, 
58, 59, 65, 69, 77, 98, 102, 108, 
111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 147, 149, 
150, 165, 185, 194, 216, 280, 291; 
a shipping house of, 25; mer- 
chants of, trading to Carolina, 26. 
Longstreet, General James, 200 ; di- 
vision of, 237. 
Loovis, M., 170. 
Lopez, Mr., 45. 

Aaron, 136, 170, 194, 205, 243, 

280. 
Abraham, 136. 

David, 122, 136, 170, 194, 280. 
John, 136, 170. 



Lopez, John H., 231. 

Joseph, 137. 

Moses, 137, 170, 187. 

Moses E., 231, 265. 

Moses E., Jr., 264. 

Sally, 182, 262. 

Samuel, 137, 246. 

family, 45. 
Lords of the Committee of Coun- 
cil for Plantation Affairs, 32. 

Proprietors, 17, 20. 
Loryea, A., 170, 238. 

E., 170. 

Isaac, 170. 

Reuben B., 256. 
Lossing, Benson J., Pictorial Field- 

Book of the Revolution by, 96. 
Louis, D., 256. 
Louisiana, 192, 196. 
Louisville, Ky., 96. 
Louvado, Emanuel Baruk, 113. 
Lowenberg, David, 232. 
Lowndes, Rawlins, 54. 
Loyalists, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105. 
Lucas's Battalion, 233. 
Lunatic Asylum (Columbia), 190. 
Luria, Albert M., 200. 

family, 200. 
Lushing-ton, Captain Richard, 87; 
militia company of, 41, 44, 83, 84, 
87, 89, 107. 
Lynch, Thomas, 54. 
Lyon, Isaac, 137. 

Joseph, 137. 

L. S. D., 170, 205. 

Levy, 137. 

Mordecai, 98, 99, 137, 244. 

Mordicai, 278. 

Moses, 137. 

Philip, 170. 

Solomon D., 137. 



INDEX 



333 



Lyon, William, 137. 
Lyons, Rev. Ellis, 170, 219. 

George, 170. 

H., 247. 

Henry, 194, 246. 

I. C, 247. 

Isaac, 137, 143, 246. 

Isaac L., 239. 
■ J. C, 205, 232. 

Jacob, 137. 

Jacob C, 246. 

Joseph, 137. 
Maekey, A. G., Cryptic Masonry 

of, 37. 
Macon, Ga., 228. 
Madison, President, 174. 

Papers, 95. 
Mairs, Levy, 137, 170. 

Simon, 137, 170. 
Malvern Hill, battle of, 227, 230, 

233, 234. 
Manassas, first battle of, 224, 225, 
227, 229, 233, 236 ; second battle 
of, 229, 230, 235. 
Manheim, Israel, 137. 

Sol., 137. 
Manigault, Peter, 54. 
Manigault's Battalion, 226. 
Manning, 253, 254, 255, 256. 

Jacob, 239. 

Guards, 237. 

Times, The, 254, 256. 
Mantoue, Captain B., 263, 265. 
Marano name, 111. 
Marchand, Levy, 137. 
Marco, J. J., 232. 

M., 232. 
Marine Hospital, 189, 204-5. 
Marion, 166, 253, 256. 

General Francis, 94, 100. 

ArtiUery, 191, 196-7, 227. 



Marion County, 264. 

Rifles, 228. 

Square (Charleston), 263. 
Markeus, The Hebrew in America 

by, 7, 187, 188, 237. 
Markess, Joseph, 106. 
Market Square, Charles Town, 43. 
Marks, Alexander, 137, 246. 

Elias, M. D. (1790-1886), 137, 
142, 195. 

Humphrey, 137, 195, 246, 280. 

Hyam, 137. 

I., 265. 

Isaac D., 246. 

J., 265. 

J. M., 170. 

Joseph, 137. 

Joseph H., 246. 

L., 265. 

M., 170, 238, 265. 

M. M., 265. 

Mark, 137, 142. 

S. M., 137. 

Solomon, 137. 
Marlboro County, 264. 
Marques, Joseph, 94, 278. 
Marshall, George, 58. 
Marx, Jacob, 239. 
Maryland, 107, 192. 

Line, Continental Establish- 
ment, 96. 
Masonic lodge, the oldest in S. C, 

36. 
Masonry, Masons, 36, 37, 44, 96, 
122, 144, 145, 161, 193. 

and Tidings from the Craft, 
Voice of, 96. 
Massachusetts, 79. 
Massias, Abraham, 137. 

Abraham A., 137, 144, 170, 
195. 



334 



INDEX 



Massias, S. H,, 143. 

Sol. H., 137. 
Mattos, Moses De, 27, 277. 
Maxwell, William, 54. 
Mayer, I., 170. 

Rev. Dr. Maurice, 160, 170, 
219, 292. 
Mayrant, John, 54. 
Mazyek, Peter, 54. 
McClenaban, Miss, 199. 
McCord, John, 113. 
MeCrady, General Edward, LL.D., 
8; History of South Carolina by, 
25, 26, 93. 
McDuffie Rifles, 234. 
McGillivray & Struthers, 98. 
McGowan, Judge Samuel, 118. 
McQueen, John, 54. 
McSweeney, Governor M. B., 259. 
Mears, Jacob, 22. 
Mechanicsville, 237. 
Medical and Philosophical Essays 
(Shecut), 120, 141. 

and Surgical Journal and Re- 
view (Baltimore), 190. 

College of Virginia, 268. 

Society of South Carolina, 180. 
Medicine. (See Doctors.) 
Meeting Street, Charleston, 161. 
Melhado, Benjamin, 137. 

David, 137. 

Emanuel, 137. 
Melksham, Eng., 65. 
Melton, C. D., 198. 
Memminger, C. G., 210. 

Life and Times of, 219. 
Memoirs of the American Revolu- 
tion, Drayton's, 70, 71, 76, 77; 
Moultrie's, 71, 82, 101. 
Mendelsohn, I. M., 265. 
Mendes, Aaron, 137. 



Mendes family, 35, 114. 
Mendis, Jacob, 20, 277. 
Menken, Nathan, 239. 
Menorah, The, 187. 
" Mephistopheles of the Rebellion," 

185. 
Mercury, The Charleston, 161, 163, 

174, 176, 217, 222. 
Merrimac (man-of-war), 201. 
Meshih Dabar (Berlin), 219. 
Mesne Conveyance Records, 
Charleston County, 24, 34, 40, 70, 
111, 112, 113, 114, 120. 
Mesqueta, Ralph (1801), omitted in 

text, 137. 
Messer, A. W., 239. 
David H., 240. 
Metrical Translation of the 

Psalms, 187. 
Mexican War, 207, 236, 271. 
Mexico, 248, 272. 
Meyer, E. J., 170. 

Morris, 170, 238. 
Meyers, Lieutenant Abraham, 106. 

Eleazer, 170. 
Middlesex, County of, 70, 112. 
Middleton, Hon. Henry (1717- 
1784), 54. 
Colonel Thomas (1719-1766), 
42, 54. 
Mikveh Israel Congregation (Phila- 
delphia), 37, 106, 131. 
(Savannah, Ga.), 131, 
190. 
Milhado, Benjamin, 280. 
Militia system of South Carolina 
during the Revolution, 81, 82, 84. 
Miller, Captain, company of, 231. 

E. B., 237. 
Mills, Robert, Statistics of South 
Carolina by, 140, 245, 246. 



INDEX 



335 



Milner, Job, 54. 
Minis, Philip, 91, 92, 278. 
Ministers, 33, 35, 43, 161, 208, 217, 
218, 219, 244, 253, 254, 291, 
292. 

of Beth Elohim, 292. 
Mintz, E. H., 240. 

W. D., 240. 
Missionary Ridge, battle of, 224, 

229, 235. 
Mississippi, 192, 196, 223, 227, 228, 

235. 
Mitchell, Benjamin, 113. 
Mobile, Ala., 166, 178, 202. 
Modern Medicine, 268. 
Modigliani, Nathan, 113. 
Moise, Aaron, 137, 170, 205. 

Aaron, Jr., 137. 

Abraham, 137, 161, 163, 164, 
170, 181, 196, 205, 248, 280. 

Abraham, Jr., 137, 141, 170, 
196, 205, 206. 

B. F., 170, 262, 263. 

Benjamin, 137. 

Camillus, 207, 232. 

Camillus T., 170. 

Charles H., 170, 194, 263. 

Cheriy, 137, 145, 280. 

Columbus, 170, 206, 207. 

Cordelia, 206. 

Davis D., 253. 

Edwin H., 232. 

Dr. Edwin Warren (1811- 
1868), 170, 196. 

General Edwin Warren (1832- 
1903),196, 248-251, 263. 

Franklin, 170. 

Harmon D., 253. 

Howard C, 232. 

Howard S., 170. 

Hyam, 137, 280. 



Moise, Isaac, 137, 170, 182, 232. 

Jacob, 137, 170, 196. 

Marion, 251-252, 253. 

P. A., 238. 

Miss Penina, 172, 176, 181-184. 

Philip A., 170. 

Rachel, 183. 

T. J., 170. 

Theodore S., 170, 196. 

Warren, 170. 

family, 196, 207, 247. 
IMolina, Moses, 33, 280. 
Monash, I. M., 265. 
Monatsschrift fiir Geschichte und 
Wissenschaft des Judenthums 
(Frankel-Graetz), 60. 
Monocacy (man-of-war), 200. 
Monroe, President, 175, 177. 

administration of, 177. 
Monsanta, M. R., 137. 

Rodrigues, 137. 
Montagu, Lord Charles Greville, 64. 
Montaigne, 220. 
Montefiore, Sir Moses, 182, 271. 

Home for Chronic Invalids, 
268. 
Moore, Governor, of Louisiana, 
191. 

Dr., C. S. A., 272. 
Morais, Jews of Philadelphia by, 
37, 106, 188, 193; Eminent Is- 
raelites of the Nineteenth Cen- 
tury by, 142. 
Morales, Jacob, 137. 
Mordecai, A. L., 232. 

Ben., 170, 221, 222, 238, 261. 

Benjamin (Columbia), 246. 

David, 137. 

G. L., 232. 

Goodman, 137. 

L D., 240. 



386 



INDEX 



Mordecai, Isaac, 137, 161, 162-3, 
163, 164. 

Isaac D., 170, 205. 

Isaac W., 232. 

J., 170. 

J. R., 170. 

J. Randolph, 232. 

Jacob, 137. 

Joseph, 137. 

M. C, 170, 196, 206, 261. 

Noah, 137. 

Rachel, 176. 

Samuel, 91, 100, 278. 

T. Moultrie, 263, 265. 

T. W., 170, 207. 

Thomas W., 163, 164, 233. 
Morley, N., 137. 
Mormons, 188. 
Morning News, The (Savannah, 

Ga.), 179, 190, 194. 
Morocco, the Emperor of, 172. 
Morris, Aaron, 137. 

Henry, 137. 

Simpson, 137. 
Morris's Island, 225, 230, 232, 236. 
Morse, Solomon, 137. 
Mosaic Cosmogony, 188. 
Moses, the State vs., 154. 

A. De Leon, 233. 

A. J., 170, 238, 253. 

Abe, 243. 

Abraham, 91, 117, 122, 137, 
278. 

Abraham, Jr., 137. 

Altamont, 100, 233, 252, 253. 

Andrew, 137. 

Barnard, 278. 

Barnard, Jr., 91, 278. 

C. B., 170. 

Chapman, 137. 

D., 278. 



Moses, D. L., 170. 
Daniel, 239. 
Daniel L., 137. 
David, 137. 
David L., 233. 
E. J., 170. 
E. L., 170. 
Edwin L., 233. 
Eugene H., 253. 
Fishel, 137. 
Dr. Frank J,, 233. 
FrankUn J. (1804-1877), 100, 

137, 197-199, 205, 206, 247, 

252. 
Franklin J., Jr., son of above, 

199. 
H. Claremont, 233, 253. 
Hart, 117, 122, 137, 280. 
Heniy, 98, 137, 278. 
Herbert A., 264. 
Horace H., 233. 
I. Harby, 253. 
Isaac, 117, 122, 137, 280. 
Isaac, Jr., 137. 
Isaac C, 137, 141, 163, 233, 

242. 
Isaac H., 264. 
Isaiah, 137, 143, 170. 
Isaiah, Jr., 138. 
Israel, 138, 199. 
J. C, 138. 
J. H., 233. 
J. L., 170, 264. 
Jacob, 91, 170, 278. 
Joseph, 138, 170. 
Joseph, Jr., 280. 
Joseph W., 206. 
Joshua L., 233. 
L. J., 170, 205. 
Levy, 138, 170. 
Lyon, 117, 121, 122, 138, 280. 



INDEX 



337 



Moses, M. B., 205, 233. 
M. J., 170. 
M. P., 239. 
M. S., 170. 
Marks, 244. 
Meyer (17. .-1787), 45, 91, 

100, 129, 199, 278. 
Montgomery, 197, 205, 247, 

264. 
Moses L., 138. 
Myer, son of above, 138, 140, 

143, 144, 170, 197, 199, 252. 
Mrs. Octavia, 221. 
Perry, 170, 233, 253. 
Perry, Jr., 233, 253. 
PhiUp, 91, 102, 106, 138, 278, 

280. 
Raphael J. (1812-1893), 170, 

199-202. 
Raphael J., son of above, 200, 

201. 
Reuben, 138, 170. 
Samuel, 170. 
Simon, 138, 170. 
Solomon, 138, 170, 204. 
Solomon, the State vs., 154. 
Solomon, Jr., 138, 142. 
T. J., Jr., 239. 
W. A., 240. 
W. Graham, 265. 
Z. P., 233. 

family of Sumter, 247. 
Levi Memorial Institute, 255. 
with the big nose," 99. 
Moss, Joseph, 138, 170. 
Motta, Isaac, 138. 

Judah A., 138. 
Moultrie, Dr. John, Jr., 54, 57. 
Thomas, 54. 

William (1730-1805), 54, 84, 
95, 101, 122. 



Moultrie, William (Continued) -7- 
Memoirs of the American 
Revolution by, 71, 82, 
101. 

Fort, 86, 87. 
Murray, John, Deputy Secretary, 
55. 

Dr. John, 54. 
Muscogee (County), Ga., 201. 
Myers, Colonel A. C, 221. 

A. J., 265. 

Abraham, 128, 138, 205, 242, 
243, 280. 

Eleazer, 170. 

Israel, 138, 143, 280. 

Jacob, 138, 242, 243. 

Joseph, 90, 91, 102, 278. 

L. J., 170, 238. 

Dr. Levi, 128, 141, 142, 241, 
243. 

Levi, 138, 280. 

Levy J., 204. 

Lewis, 138. 

M. C, 206. 

Rev. M. H., 292. 

Michael, 138. 

Mordecai, 45, 100, 138, 278. 

Moses, 128, 138, 141, 242, 243, 
278. 

Philip, 170, 246. 

Samuel, 138, 170, 280. 

Sol., 170. 

Solomon, 138, 243. 

family of Georgetown, 241. 
Naar, Moi'se, 138. 

Mordecai, 138. 
Nantes, the Edict of, 20. 
Napoleon, 220. 

Louis, 273. 
Narrative of the Campaign of 1780, 
A (Williams), 96. 



338 



INDEX 



Nashville, Tenn., 235. 
Nathan, A. M., 138. 

Abraham, 280. 

David, 138. 

H. H., 265. 

Henry, 138. 

Hyman, 170. 

Isaiah, 138. 

Julius, 239. 

L., 170. 

M. H., 170, 205, 265. 

Mordicai, 22, 277. 

Moses, 138. 

Myer, 246. 

Nathan, 138. 

Solomon, 138, 170, 280. 
Nathans, David, 280. 

Henry, 170. 

J. N., 170, 206, 234, 264, 265. 

J. N., Jr., 265. 

Levy, 170 

Meyer, 170. 

Nathan, 170. 
National Democrat, 273. 

Democratic Convention, 190, 
252. 

Loan and Exchange Bank 
(Columbia), 259. 
Native American party, 192. 
Naturalization, Act of, for S. C, 

276-7. 
Naturalization Bill (Great Britain, 

1753), 109. 
Nauman, William, 170. 
Negroes, 25, 50, 60, 61, 181, 250, 
251. 

cloth for, 28. 

cure for a disease among, 62. 
Neo-Christians, 111. 
Neptune, the, 228. 
Nettling, Solomon, 138. 



Neufiville, Edward, 54. 

John, 54. 
New England, 80. 
New Era, The, 275. 
New Market, Va., 229. 
New Mexico, 272. 
New Orleans, 166, 184, 189, 191, 

196, 203. 
New York, 21, 22, 120, 255. 

Academy of Medicine, 268. 
City, 9, 23, 24, 30, 41, 42, 
64, 82, 93, 98, 125, 128, 
130, 131, 140, 151, 166, 
173, 176, 188, 195, 199, 
200, 209, 218, 219, 222, 
225, 244, 254, 255, 257, 
264, 268, 270, 273, 274, 
275. 
Juvenile Asylum, 268. 
Medical Journal, 268. 
Post-Graduate Medical 
School and Hospital, 
268. 
Public Library, 8, 9, 41, 
86, 89, 91. 
NewbeiTy, 253. 
Newport, R. I., 120, 131, 280. 
Newry, 9. 
News, The Daily, 271. 

and Courier, The, 9, 118, 179, 

186, 199, 230, 254, 255, 

256, 257, 258, 262, 264, 

271. 

" Centennial Edition" of, 

259. 
Columbia Bureau of, 257, 
258. 
Newspaper Press of Charleston, 

The (King), 174, 179, 197. 
Nick of the Woods, 191. 
Ninety Six, 112, 115. 



INDEX 



339 



Ninety Six District, 70, 71, 72, 74, 

77, 83, 104, 105, 114, 118. 
Noah, Manuel, 280. 
Mordecai, 138. 
Mordecai Manuel, 94, 141, 142, 

278. 
Uriah, 138. 
Nolan, Miss, 273. 
Nones, Major Benjamin, 84, 95, 

96, 97. 
Norfolk, Va., 177, 200. 

Edward, Duke of, 69, 280. 
North American Review, The, 99, 
151, 157, 158, 159, 161. 
Carolina, 42, 94, 186, 200, 223, 
228, 229, 231, 232, 248, 254. 
Northeastern Railroad Co., 204. 

Dispensaiy, 268. 
Notes on Political Economy (Car- 

dozo), 178. 
Nowell, John, 54. 
Nullification, 178, 189, 191, 193, 

202, 206. 
Nunez, Israel M., 200. 

family, 200. 
Occident, The, 7, 32, 33, 34, 40, 41, 
'43, 78, 95, 120, 121, 126, 127, 
158, 160, 180, 181, 184, 187, 188, 
190, 195, 201, 202, 209, 210, 215, 
216, 218, 247, 291. 
Oconee Creek, 75. 
Offen, Jacobus V., 138. 
Official Records of the Union and 

Confederate Armies, 200. 
Ohio, 233. 

Old Jewish Cemeteries at Charles- 
ton, S. C. (Elzas), 35, 179, 207. 
Olivera, David de, 30, 32, 39, 278. 
David Lopez de, 39. 
Jacob de, 30, 38, 278. 
Leah de, 38. 



O'Neall, John Belton, Bench and 
Bar of South Carolina by, 128, 
144, 193, 206, 210. 
Oppenheim, E. H., 234. 

H. W., 138, 170, 234. 

Henry, 170, 265. 

Heni-y H., 234. 

J. H., 171. 

Julius H., 234. 

S. H., 171. 

Samuel, 234. 
Orangeburg, 253, 256, 257. 
Oration delivered at Tammany 
Hall on the 12th May, 1831 
(Moses), 199. 
Organ in the Synagogue, 213. 
Orion, The, 105. 
Ori-'s Rifles, 231. 
Ossaba Island, 42. 
Otho, King, of Greece, 273. 
Ottoleugui, A., 171. 

Abraham, 138, 142, 202. 

Dan., 171. 

I., 171. 

Israel, 234. 

J., 171. 

Fund," 202. 
Oxford, Mississippi, 227. 
Pack-Horse (prison schooner), 93. 
Paintei-s, 140, 187, 196, 262. 
Palatines, 18. 
Palmer, John, 58. 
Palmerston, Lord, 273. ^ 

Palmetto Battalion, 225, 226, 23^. 

Guards, 225, 229, 230, 231, 232, 
233. 

Regiment, 207. 

Riflemen, 228. 

Society, 37, 192. 
Paris, 180, 185. 
Parker, John, 54. 



340 



INDEX 



Parliament (Great Britain), 48, 53, 

57, 63. 
Parnham, John, 54. 
Parsons, James, 54. 
Pearlstine, A,, 265. 
H., 265. 
I. M., 264, 265. 
Pearson, William, 58. 
Pecare, J., 171. 
M., 171. 
S., 171. 
Peixotto, D. C, 246, 247. 
J. C, 171, 207, 246. 
Rev. S. C, 292. 
Sol. C, 138, 234. 
Pennsylvania, 30, 95, 131, 192. 
Pensioners for Revolutionary or 
Military Services, A Census of, 
92. 
Percival, J. G., 173. 
Peronneau, Arthur, 54. 
Henry (1715), 22. 
Henry (1762), 54. 
Samuel, 54. 
Perrera, Jacob, 138. 
Petersburg, Va., 229, 235, 237, 248. 
Petigru, James L., 210. 
Petition of militia at the siege of 

Charles Town, 90, 91. 
Pharmaceutical Association of S. 

C, 256. 
Philadelphia, 37, 45, 93, 96, 106, 
120, 125, 126, 131, 141, 166, 
179, 181, 182, 187, 188, 192, 
193, 253, 271. 
Medical Society, 179. 
Stock Exchange, 193. 
Philipson, Dr., 160. 
Phillips, Aaron, 138, 161, 162, 163, 
171. 
Abraham, 138. 



Phillips, B., 171. 

Benjamin, 138, 280. 

Benjamin I., 138. 

David, 138, 280. 

Gabe, 240. 

H. Abraham, 240. 

Henry M., 253. 

Isidore, 234. 

Jacob, 138. 

Jonas, 64, 65, 278. 

Joseph, 163. 

Mitchell, 234. 

N., Jr., 171. 

Philip, 138, 163, 171, 202-3, 
205, 206. 

S., 264. 

Solomon, 138. 
Philosophical Transactions for 

1763, 60. 
Picayune, The (New Orleans), 196. 
Picciotto, Sketches of Anglo-Jeivish 
History by, 31, 32, 47, 69, 108, 
110, 115, 117, 291. 
Pickens's fort, Captain, 74. 
Pictorial Field-Book of the Revo- 
lution (Lossing), 96. 
Pierce, President, 190, 273. 
Pimenta, Moses, 32, 40, 278. 
Pimentel, Aaron, 280. 
Pimento, Mrs. Leah, 38. 

Rebecca, 38. 
Pinekney, Colonel Charles Cotes- 
worth, 73. 
Pineville, 137. 
Pinkussohn, I., 265. 

J. S., 265. 

P., 171, 238. 
Pinto, David, 138. 

Isaac, 42, 278. 
Pitt, William, 201. 
Planters and Mechanics' Bank, 143. 



INDEX 



841 



Platzek, Warley, 264. 
Poaug, John, 54. 
Pocotaligo, 230, 235. 
Point Lookout, 226, 231. 
Poke-weed, 60, 62. 
Polak (Pollock?), Samuel, 91, 278. 
Poland, 120, 188, 209, 211. 
Polish Jews' Congregation, 261. 
Political economy, 178. 
Polk, President, 192. 
Pollitzer, G. M., 264, 265. 
Pollock, Barney C, 234. 

Clarence, 234. 

J. L., 234. 

Joseph, 138. 

Le\-y, 138. 

Solomon, 106, 138, 278. 

Theodore M., 234. 
Polock, D., 207. 

E. C, 247. 

Elias, 246. 

I. B., 247. 

I. L., 247. 

J. L., 207. 

Levy, 246. 

Solomon, 92, 280. 
Pon Pon, 132. 
Pool, Isaac, 138. 
Porcher, Philip, 58. 
Port Royal, Jamaica, parish of, 22. 

S. C, 50, 264. 
Porto Rico, 203. 
Portugal, 68, 111. 
Portuguese Congregation in 
Charleston, 33, 116, 117. 

Deputies, 109. 

Intermarriages in the early 
days, 43, 117. 

Jews' Synagogue of London, 
34, 39, 108, 115, 116, 147- 
151, 157, 291. 



Potomac River, 225. 
Foyas, James, 54 ^ 

Poznanski, Frederika, 215. 
Gershon, 171, 215. 
Rev. Gustavus, 171, 209, 214, 
215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 292. 
G., Jr., 234. 
Heiman, 215. 
Hinde, 215. 
Hyam, 171. 
Joseph, 215. 
Leah, 215. 
Rebecca, 215. 
Mrs. Sarah, 215. 
Prado, Abraham, 70, 112. 
Preliminary Discourse (Marks), 

195. 
Prince, George, 171, 238. 
Prince George's Parish, Winyah, 

189. 
Princess Street (Charleston), 186. 
Pringle, Robert, 54. 
Prioleau, Samuel, Jr., 66. 
Probate Court Records, Charleston 
County, 21, 22, 23, 24, 37, 38, 39, 
40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 67, 115. 
Proceedings of the Bar of the Su- 
preme Court of the United States 
on the Death of Philip Philips, 
203. 
Protection, 63. 
Protestants, 20, 24. 
Provincial Congress (of S. C), the 
first, 71, 81, 83. 
the second, 72, 73, 83. 
Extracts from the Jour- 
nals of, 72. 
Provost Court (Sumter), 249. 
Prussia, 268. 

Psalms, A Metrical Translation of 
the, 187. 



342 



INDEX 



Public Advertiser (London), 48. 

Publications of the American Jew- 
ish Historical Society, 7, 21, 37, 
42, 65, 76, 95, 142. 

Pulaski, Count Cassimer, 94. 

Pulaski's " regiment," 84. 

Quartermaster-General, C. S. A., 
221. 

Queen Charlotte (ship), 43. 
Esther (tragedy), 187. 
of England, 64. 
Street (Charleston), 120, 185. 

Quince, Susannah, 120. 

Quit rents, 24. 

Quiver, The, 174. 

Ramos, Jacob, 45, 278. 

Ramsay, Dr. David, History of the 
Revolution in South Carolina, by, 
93, 101. 

Raphall, Dr., 217. 

Raphall-Poznanski debate, 218i 

Rapidan River, 229. 

Rapides Parish, La., 191. 

Rapley, Richard Andrews, 70, 71, 
112, 113, 114. 

Rattray, John, 49. 

Reader, the first of the Jewish Con- 
gregation in Charles Town, 33, 
35, 36, 43, 44. 

Rebellion Road, 39. 

Reconstruction Acts, 198. 
Convention, 249. 

Record and Pension Office, War De- 
partment, Washington, D. C, 85. 

Rees, , 138. 

Reeves, Captain, 43. 

" Reformed Israelites, The," 194. 
Society of Israelites, 147-165, 
175, 176, 208. 

Regiments of South Carolina Line, 
Continental Establishment, 94. 



Religious freedom in South Caro- 
lina, 17, 18, 20, 25, 149. 
Union services, London, 165. 
Remembrancer, The, 76, 77. 
Reminiscences of Charleston (Car- 
dozo), 179. 
of Public Men in Alabama, 
203. 
Republican, The (Savannah, Ga.), 

273. 
Review of the Cotton Mill Industry, 

259. 
Revolution, the Jews of South Car- 
olina in, 78-107. 
Rhode Island, 45, 131. 

Pacing Horse, 27. 
Ricardo, Benjamin, 138. 
Joseph, 138. 
Mrs. R. J., 142. 
Ralph, 138. 
Rice, 27, 53. 
Rich, J., 238. 
L., 237. 
M., 237. 
Richard, Meyer, 239. 
Richardson, Judge J. S., 197, 198. 
J. S. G., South Carolina Law 

Reports by, 34, 213. 
Hon. James D., centennial ad- 
dress of, 44, 145. 
Colonel Richard, regiment of, 

75. 
William, 52, 58. 
Richland Cotton Mills, 259. 
Richman, Julia, 182. 
Richmond, Va., 125, 131, 218, 231, 
233, 235, 237. 
County (Georgia) Academy, 
269. 
Riesenberg, M., 171. 
Riff, L., 243. 



INDEX 



343 



Rifle Regiment, 227. 
Ringel, M., 243. 
Rittenberg, S., 265. 
Riverra, Abraham B., 138. 
Rivers, Prof. Wm. Jas., 25. 
Robertson, Abraham, 239. 
Robinson, Charles C, 239. 
Rochfort, Captain, 101. 
Rock Hill, 253. 

Island prison, 224. 
Rodrigues, Abraham, 138. 

Dr. B. A., 171, 203, 238. 

Moise, 139. 

Moses, 171. 

Dr. Theodore, 139, 203. 
Roos, David, 171. 
Roosevelt, President, 195. 
Roper, William, 54. 
Rosenburg, S. I., 247. 
Rosendale, Hon. Simon, 21. 
Rosendorff, Jacob, 239. 
Rosenfeld, Rev. J., 171, 213. 
Rosenthal, Moses, 246. 
Rothschild, Benjamin, 234. 

M., 171. 
Roupell, George, 54. 
Rowand, Robert, 54. 
Royal Academy of Medicine, Paris, 
180. 

Exchange, London, 48. 

Gazette, The (Charles Town), 
37, 38, 103, 104. 

Society, of London, 59, 60. 

South Carolina Gazette, The, 
102, 103. 
Rubenstein, Moses, 219. 
Rubin, A., 265. 
Russel, Moses, 139. 

Samuel, 139. 

Solomon, 139. 
Russia, 120, 261. 



Rutledge, President (of South Car- 
olina) John, Williamson's 
report to, 77. 
Mounted Riflemen, 226. 
Ryttenberg, Abe, 253. 
Sabine, Lorenzo, American Loyal- 
ists by, 104. 
River, 228. 
Sacedote, Joseph C, 139. 
Sachua (gun-boat), 228. 
Salamon, Levy, 139, 242. 
Lewis, 139. 
Salamon, 139. 
Salley, A. S., Jr., 9, 302. 
Salomons, Myer, 91, 278. 
Salomons's Twelve Sermons, first 

American edition of, 219. 
Salt Lake City, 188. 
Saluda River, 74. 
Salvador, Abigail, 115. 
Elisebah, 115. 
Francis, the elder, 32, 68, 69, 

109, 111, 280, 281. 
Francis (1747-1776), grandson 
of above, 45, 68-77, 83, 107, 
108, 110, 112, 116, 278. 
Jacob, son of first Francis, 69, 

76. 
Jacob, son of Francis (1747- 

1776), 116. 
Joseph, of Amsterdam, 68, 69, 

111, 280, 281. 
Joseph, son of first Francis, 33, 

69, 70, 83, 108-118, 280. 
Judith, 109, 116. 
Moses, 69, 70. 
Mrs. Sarah (Salvador), 70, 

116. 
Susannah, 115. 
coat-of-arms, 69, 111, 280-282. 
family, 68, 108, 111. 



344 



INDEX 



Sampson, A, J., 171. 

E., 171. 

Edwin J., 235. 

Elias, 139. 

Emanuel, 246. 

Henry, 139, 235. 

J. H., 171. 

J. R., 264. 

Jack, 243. 

Joseph, 139, 171, 235, 243. 

Michael, 139. 

S. S., 205. 

Sam., Sr., 171, 243. 

Sam., Jr., 171. 

Samuel, 139, 205, 235, 243. 

Thomas, 171, 204. 

family of Georgetown (S. C), 
243. 
Samson, A. J., 234. 

J., 238. 

Sam., 238. 
Samuel, Hyman, 139. 

Joshua, 139. 

Moses, 171. 

family, of Liverpool, 194. 
Samuels, Moses, 240. 

Wade H., 240. 
San Bernardino, 188. 
San Francisco, Cal., 166, 191. 
Sancta Maria, 19. 
Sanders, Thomas, 113. 
Santa Fe, N. M., 272. 
Sappelo Island, 42. 
Sarzedas, Dr., 92, 128. 

David, 91, 92, 139, 141, 278. 

David, Jr., 139, 171. 

Moses, 244, 280. 
Sasportas, Mr., 242. 

Abraham, 106, 139, 278. 
Savage, Mr., 93. 

Station, Va., 225, 227. 



Savannah, Ga., 30, 39, 40, 43, 84, 
87, 88, 92, 93, 95, 104, 131, 
144, 166, J76, 179, 180, 181, 
189, 190, 194, 221, 232, 253, 
273, 293. 
River, 192. 
Saxby, George, 57. 
Schenck, Herman, 243. 
Schenk, Joseph, 243. 

L., 245. 
Schiller, Lewis, 235. 
Schools (in S. C), 142, 143, 182, 

183, 184, 186, 187, 189, 195. 
Sehur, B., 171. 
D., 171. 
L, 171. 
Schwabe, G., 238. 

L. B., 171. 
Schwartz, C. D., 253. 

Isaac, 253. 
Sehwerin, J., 171. 
Schwersenz, Prussia, 268. 
Scotland, 21. 
Scott, John, 54. 
William, 54. 
General Winfield, 272. 
Scottish Rite Masonry, 44, 144-5. 
Seaman, George, 58. 
Secession, 197, 249, 250, 272. 
" Secession" Convention, 221. 
Secessionville, 226, 228, 229, 230, 

232, 234, 235, 236. 
Seekendorf, Isaac, 171. 
Seckendorff, J., 238. 

M., 238. 
Secretary of the Province of South 
Carolina, 55. 
of the State of South Carolina, 

20, 97. 
records in office of (since trans- 
ferred to the custody of the 



INDEX 



345 



Secretary of State (Continued) — 
Historical Commission of 
South Carolina), 24, 31. 
Segar, Isaac, 171. 

Samuel, 240. 
Seixas, Abraham Mendez, 43, 82, 
92, 93, 106, 128, 278. 
poetical advertisement of, 
129-130. 
B. M., 235. 
D. C, 171. 
Isaac M., 139. 
J. M., 142, 171. 
Jacob, 139. 

Seminole War (see Florida), 271. 
Seneca, 75. 
Serra, Phineas, 113. 
Settlement of the Jews in North 

America, 142. 
Seven Pines, the battle of, 200, 223, 

226, 229, 233, 235. 
Sewell's Point, Va., 200. 
Seyle's Masonic Hall, 161. 
" Shaftesbury Papers," 17, 18. 
Shapira, Louis D., 235. 
Sharpsburg, battle of, 227, 229, 230, 

231, 235. 
Shearith Israel, Congregation, 131, 

213, 215, 219. 
Shecut, Dr. J. L. E., W., Medical 
and Philosophical Essays by, 
120, 141. 
Sheftall, Benjamin, 40. 

Levi, 30, 32, 40, 104, 278. 
Mordecai, 30, 32, 40, 43, 84, 93, 

278. 
Sheftall, 95. 
Shepard, Mrs., 50. 
Sheridan, H. G., 257. 
Shiloh, battle of, 227. 
Shirley, Thomas, 54. 



Shirras Dispensary, 192. 
Siege of Charles Town, petition of 
citizens at, petition of militia at, 
90, 91. 
Silk, 63, 180. 
Silverston, M., 171. 
Simmonds, M. B., 171. 
Simmons, James Wright, 173. 

L., 247. 
Simms, W. Gilmore, 80 ; History of 

South Carolina by, 86, 87. 
Simon, A., 239. 

Michael, 139. 
Simons, Israel, 139. 

Jacob, 171. 

Montague, 98, 139, 278. 

Mordecai, 171. 

Moses, 99, 139, 278. 

Sampson, 92, 139, 278. 

Samuel, 139. 

Samuel, 240. 

Saul, 102, 279. 
Simpson, A., 171. 

Annie, 262. 

Jacob, 139. 

M. M., 171. 

Michael, 139. 
Simson, Sampson, 41. 
Sinai, Einhorn's, 160, 218. 
Sinking Fund Commission, 252. 
Sirqui, Joseph, 139. 
Sketches of Anglo-Jewish History 
(Picciotto), 31, 32, 47, 69, 108, 
110, 115, 117, 291. 
Sketch of the History of South Car- 
olina (Rivers), 25. 
Slaves, or slavery, 19, 50, 60, 61, 

71. 
Sloman, John, 238. 

S. J., 240. 
Slowman, Abraham, 139. 



346 



INDEX 



Smith, Captain Aaron, 74, 76. 

Captain, son of above, 76. 

Hon. Benjamin, 54. 

Henry A. M., 9. 

John, 54. 

Josiah, Jr., diary of, 37, 93. 

William, 22. 
Smithfield, N. C, 248. 
Smyth, Hon. J. Adger, 89. 

Robert, 54. 
Snowden, Prof. Yates, 9. 
Society for Encouraging Arts, 51. 

of Israelites (Sumter), 252, 
253. 
Solomo, Zadok, 91. 
Solomon, A. L., 171, 264. 

Aaron, 139. 

Ab., 171. 

Abraham, 139. 

Augustus, 171. 

Chapman, 246. 

H., 239. 

Henry, 171. 

Israel, 139, 243. 

J. F., 239. 

Joseph, 87, 93, 279. 

Levy, 242. 

Levy J., 246. 

Lewis, 139. 

M., 142, 171. 

Moses, 28. 

Myers, 92, 279. 

Phineas, 171, 246. 

R., 171. 

Sampson, 243. 

Solomon, 171. 

Zadok, 279. 

Zodiack, 92. ~ 

Lodge, 36. 
Solomons, A. L., 235. 

Abraham, 243. 



Solomons, Alexander, 139. 

Benjamin, 139. 

Chapman, 139. 

•D., 171. 

E., 171, 205. 

E. M., 265. 

Francis, 280. 

Hart, 139. 

Hyam, 98, 279. 

Israel, 139. 

Dr. J. R., 171, 238, 262, 264. 

J. T., 235. 

Joseph, 91, 139, 243, 279. 

Judah, 139. 

L. J., 171. 

Levi, 279. 

Levy, 98, 139, 279. 

Lizer, 171. 

Mark, 139, 247. 

Molsey J., 243. 

Mordecai, 171. 

Moses, 24, 25, 277. 

Nathan, 139. 

Dr. R., 265. 

Sampson, 139. 

Solomon, 139. 

Solomon Sampson, 171, 204, 
262. 

T., 265. 

family, of Georgetown, 243. 
Sommers, E., 171. 

Isaac, 239. 
Sopher, Dr. W., 216. 
South, 83, 177, 183, 203, 225, 272; 

the oldest editor in the, 179. 
South Carolina, the history of, 
8, 17, 47, 143; the 
first settlement of, 17; 
pace in many things 
set by, 17; "Funda- 
mental Constitutions" 



INDEX 



347 



South Carolina (Continued) — 

of, 17; Jews welcomed 
by, 18, 149-150; Hugue- 
not refugees to, 18, 20; 
German Palatine refu- 
gees to, 18; General 
Assembly of, 20, 65; 
Governors of, men- 
tioned, 19 ; earliest 
record of a Jew land- 
holder in, 22; oldest 
Jewish will on record 
in, 23; Jews of early, 
25; Gazettes of (see Ga- 
zettes) ; Trott's Laws of 
the Province of, 20; 
early reference to social 
life in, 27; earliest no- 
tice of death of a Jew 
in, 28; proposed settle- 
ment of Jews in, 1748, 
31-32 ; most conspicu- 
ous Jew of the provin- 
cial days of, 41; militia 
system of, during the 
Revolution, 81, 82; re- 
ligious development of 
Jews of, 146, 147, 165. 

College, 187, 197, 198, 251, 
257, 259. 

College Alumni Fund, 259. 

Gazette of the State of, 
37, 81, 83, 87, 101, 119. 

and American General 
Gazette, The, 38, 71, 88. 

and Georgia Almanac, 
The, 127. 

Gazette; And Country 
Journal, The, 66. 

Gazette, The Royal, 102, 
103. 



South Carolina Gazette, The, 24, 
26, 28, 29, 34, 36, 39, 40, 
41, 42, 43, 48, 49, 50, 51, 
53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 66, 
68, 71, 72, 73, 81. 
Historical and Genealogi- 
cal Magazine, The, 40, 
83, 94. 
Historical Society, 8, 9, 

17, 37, 270. 
in the Spanish- American 

War, 264. 
Institute, 187. 
Insurance Company, 197. 
Inter-State and West In- 
dian Exposition, 69. 
Jewish Patriots," 95. 
Law Reports, 34, 213. 
Line, Continental Estab- 
lishment, 94. 
Medical Society, 180, 268. 
Press Association, 259. 
Regiment ( Provincial ) , 

1757, 42, 1760-61, 42. 
Society for the Promotion 
of Domestic Arts and 
Manufactures, 143. 
State Gazette, The, 122, 

130. 
Women in the Confeder- 
acy, 222. 
South Mount, 100. 
Southern Patriot, The, 92, 141, 161, 
163, 174, 176, 177, 178. 
Quarterly Review, The, 80, 

178, 194. 
Standard, The, 197. 
Southwestern Railroad Bank, 188, 

193, 197, 205. 
Spain, 111, 211. 
Spanish-American War, 259, 264. 



348 



INDEX 



Spanish Government, 19. 
Indians, 19. 

shape, indigo packed, 63. 
and Portuguese Jewish commu- 
nity, London, 31, 32, 33, 34, 
47, 69, 108, 147, 149, 150, 
155, 291. 

Sparger, , 22. 

Sparks, Jared, Life and Writings 

of, 178. 
Spartanburg, 253. 
Spitalfields, 63. 
Spitz, I. A., 139. 
Spitzer, Bernard M., 279. 
Spottsylvania, Va., 229, 234. 
St. Andrew's Parish, 188. 

Society, 25, 28. 
St. Augustine, Fla., 19, 37. 

exiles to, in 1780-81, 37. 
St. Croix, 185. 
St. Domingo, 120, 181, 184. 
St. Eustatius, 120, 280. 
St. George, Hanover Square, Par- 
ish of, 112. 
St. Helena's Parish, 192, 206. 
St. Mary Axe, 47. 
St. Matthew's, 253. 
St. Michael's Parish, 189, 192, 197. 
St. Philip's Parish, 189, 192, 197. 
St. Philip's Street (Charleston), 

186. 
St. Stephen's, 253. 
Star of the West, the, 236. 
State, The (Columbia), 195. 
Bank, the, 185. 
Cadets, 232. 

House Square, Charleston, 285. 
Paper Office, London, 24, 30, 

31, 32, 102. 
Treasurer, 142. 
State's Rights Party, 189, 204. 



Statistics of South Carolina 

(Mills), 140, 245, 246. 
Statutes of South Carolina, 20, 82, 

121. 
Steedman & Horlbeck, 121. 
Stephens, Alexander H., 200. 

William, 113, 114, 116. 
Stern, Mayer, 216. 
Stevens, General Clement H., 235. 
Stevens's Iron-clad Battery, 230, 

232. 
Stewart's school, Mr., 186. 
Stiles, Ezra, Literary Diary of, 

35. 
Stoney Creek, 237. 
Stoppelbein, General J. L., 255. 
Storchnest, Poland, 209, 215. 
Story, John, 50, 51. 
Strauss, B., 235. 

Isaac, 253. 

Isaac C, 253. 

J. J., 265. 

Mordecai A., 265. 
Struthers, William, 98. 
Suares, A., 171. 

B., 171. 

Ben. C, 171. 

David, 280. 

David I., 139. 

Isaac, 139. 

J. E., 171, 235. 

Jacob, 139, 171, 292. 

Jacob, Jr., 139. 

Jacob I., 139. 
Sublime Grand Lodge of Perfec- 
tion, 37, 144. 
Suffolk, Va., 230, 234. 
Sullivan's Island, 86, 251. 
Sulzbacher, William, 239. 
Summers, Ad., 239. 
Summerville, 236. 



INDEX 



349 



Sumter, 100, 154, 166, 188, 196, 197, 
198, 205, 221, 247-253, 254, 
293. 
Fort, 230, 232, 236. 
General Thomas, 100. 
Graded School, 252. 
Guards, 234, 236. 
Savings Bank, 253. 
Telephone Company, 253. 
Su7i, The (Baltimore), 96. 

The (Philadelphia), 192. 
Sunday School, Jewish, 182, 262. 

News, The, 84, 85, 97, 220, 262. 
Suponey Church, battle of, 226. 
Supreme Council of Scottish Rite 
Masons, 193. 
Court of South Carolina, 198. 
Surgeon-General, C. S. A., 221, 222, 

226. 
Surveyor and Inspector-General of 

Indigo for South Carolina, 55. 
Synagogues in Charleston, 116-117, 
120-122, 161-162, 209, 213 ; econ- 
omy of the, 33-34, 147-149, 152- 
155, 287-292; laying of the 
corner-stone in 1792, 117, 121. 
Tallapoosa, Ala., 191. 
Tammany Hall, 275. 
Tariff, 177, 178. 
Taylor, General Zachary, 271. 
Temperance Advocate, The, 192. 
Temple Emanu El, 274. 
Texas, 272. 

Light Artilleiy, 228. 
" The Field of Waterloo," 174. 
" The Intercession of Moses for 

Israel," 187. 
" The Quarterly Review and Mel- 
moth," 174. 
The XlXth Century, 173. 
Thomasville, N. C, 223. 



Thomson, Colonel William, 77. 
Tillman, Governor B. R., 258. 
Times, The (Georgetown), 243. • 

(New York), 273. 
Timothy, Peter, 48, 50, 51, 62. 
Timrod, W. H., 173. 
Tobias, Mr., 27. 

A., 171, 265. 

Abraham, 139, 143, 204, 206. 

Heniy, 171. 

I., 171. 

Isaac, 139, 280. 

J. L., 171, 235, 264. 

J. R., 265. 

Jacob, 40, 279. 

Jacob (younger), 40, 139, 
279. 

Joseph (1737), 24, 32, 33, 38, 
40, 277, 279. 

Joseph, son of above, 40, 120, 
139, 279. 

Meshod, 32, 40, 279. 

T. J., 171. 

T. Jefferson, 265-6. 
Tongue, Abraham, 139, 142. 
Tongues, Mark, 117, 122, 280. 
Toombs, Robert, 199. 
Tooting, Eng., 109, 115. 
Topaz, or water sapphire, 64. 
Torhay (prison ship), 93, 94. 
Tories. (See Loyalists.) 
Torin, Samuel, 48. 
Torrans, John, 54. 
Torres, Abraham, 139, 154. 
Tores (?), Benjamin, 278. 
Tradd Street, 50. 

Traditions and Reminiscences (of 
the Revolution), Johnson's, 86, 
105. 
Traiteur, The, 129. 
Trescot, Edward, 286. 



350 



INDEX 



Triest, J., 171, 237. 

M., 171, 235, 262, 266. 
S., 171. 
Trinity Church, New York City, 22. 
Trott, Nicholas, 20, 121. 
Troy, N. Y., 255. 
Tuggle, Hon. W. 0., 201. 
TuUifinny, 230. 
Tunis, 142. 
Turkey Bend, 229. 
Twenty Years of Congress 

(Blaine), 185. 
Twenty-three Mile Creek, 75. 
Twetaine's Battalion, 228. 
Twickenham, Eng., 70. 
Two Creations, The, 188. 
Ubiquarians, the "Right Worthy 
and Amicable Order of," 27, 28. 
Uhlman, J. H., 171. 
Union, 253; the public school sys- 
tem of, 259. 
and State's Rights Party, 180, 

188, 196, 206. 
Bank, 202, 204. 
Insurance Co., 194. 
Society (Savannah), 190. 
Street, 27, 120. 
The (Washington), 184. 
United States, 96, 110, 123, 124, 
131, 141, 145, 177, 213, 
269, 285. 
Army, 195, 227, 245, 271. 
Government, 200. 
Navy, 144, 228. 
Supreme Court, 203. 
University of Virginia, 254. 
Valance, Moses, 140. 
Valentijn, Simon, 20, 21, 22, 277; 
naturalization papers of, 20-21. 
Valentine, Abraham 0., 140. 
Daniel, 48. 



Valentine, Hertz, 236. 

I. D., 171. 

Isaac D., 236. 

J., 171. 

Jacob, 207, 236. 

Samuel, 140, 171, 246. 
Vidaver, Talk, 292. 
Virginia, 93, 131, 200, 230, 233, 237, 
248. 

the (iron-clad), 201. 

History, Gleanings of (Boo- 
gher), 93. 

Line, Continental Establish- 
ment, 93, 94. 

Military Institute, 251. 
Visanska, George A., 236. 

J., 266. 

Mrs. J., 262. 

J. M., 243. 
Volaski, A., 238. 

J., 237. 

J. A., 266. 
Volozhin, 219. 
Waage, Mordecai G., 140. 
Wachtel, Myer, 239. 
Walterboro, 205. 

Walter's Battery, 224, 226, 231, 232. 
Walters, J., 172. 

Walthall Junction, battle of, 230. 
War between the States, Jews of 

South Carolina in, 220-240. 
Wardlaw, Judge, 210. 
Warley, Captain Felix, 75. 
Warner, Henry, 239. 

William, 140. 
Washington, D. C, 86, 92, 93, 
144, 145, 184, 203, 225, 237, 
273. 

President George, 94; corre- 
spondence of the Jews of 
Charleston with, 94, 122-126. 



INDEX 



351 



Washington Artilleiy, 224, 225, 
226, 227, 231, 232. 

Bridge, N. Y., 275. 

Mounted Artillery, 223, 225. 

Volunteers, 206. 
Watchman and Southron, The, 251. 
Water sapphire, or topaz, 64. 
Waterman, S. A., 140. 
Wayside Home, 222. 
Webster, Pelatiah, Journal of a 
voyage to Charles Town in So. 
Carolina by, 61. 
Weiskopf, Leopold, 238. 
Weiss, Jules, 236. 

Samuel, 239. 

Weissenberger, , 140. 

Wentworth Street (Charleston), 

213. 
Wertheim, Berthold, 236. 

Hymau, 236. 

Julius, 236. 
Wesel, D. V., 172. 
West Florida, 98. 

India Islands, 29, 177, 184. 

Point, battle of, 230. 
Westminster, Eng., 69, 281. 
Wetherhahn, J., 237. 

M., 237. 
Wetherhom, Levy, 236, 266. 

Levy, Jr., 266. 

M., 172. 

Martin, 237. 

Sol., 237. 
Wetumpka, Ala., 191. 
Wheeler, Vice-President, 274. 
White, John Blake, 173. 

Captain William, 65. 

Hall (plantation), 74. 

Hart Court, 109. 
Wilderness, the battle of the, 224, 
229, 231. 



Will, an ethical, 38. 
William III. of England, 21. 
Williams, A., 266. 

H. J., 266. 

Colonel James, 75. 

Colonel 0. H., 96. 

S., 266. 
Williamsburg, Va., 227, 237. 

County, 263. 

District, 198. 
Williamson, Major (subsequently 
Colonel and General) Andrew, 
74, 75, 76, 77, 112. 
Willington Rangers, 223, 225, 228, 

234. 
Wilmington, N. C, 166, 186, 224. 

and Raleigh Railroad, 188. 
Wilson, J. Cohen, 237, 239. 

John L., 197. 
Wiltshire, 65. 
Wineberg, M., 172. 
Wineman, Dr. P., 172, 238, 262, 

264. 
Winestock, M., 172. 
Winnsboro, 275. 
Winterbotham's history of the 

United States, 130. 
Winyah (Bay), 24. 

the planters of, 50. 

Artilleiy Company, 242. 

Indigo Society, 8, 127, 242, 
243. 

Inn, 243. 

Light Dragoons, 242. 
Wisconsin State Historical Society, 

8. 
Wise, Dr. Isaac M., 217, 218. 
Witeover, Hyman, 256. 

family, of Marion, 256. 
Witkofsky, J., 237. 
Wittkowski, Legriel A., 245. 



352 



INDEX 



Wittkowsky, Adolph, 237. 
Wolf, , 99, 279. 

D., 239. 

Lucien, 35, 194. 

Hon. Simon, 94, 95, 126, 141, 
144, 200, 228, 238, 239. 

Lieutenant W. M., 237. 
Wolfe, David, 245. 

Henry, 280. 

Jacob, 237. 
Wolff, Simon, 240. 

W. M., 237. 
Woodville, Mississippi, 192, 196. 
Woolf, H. L. P., 172. 

Isaac, 140, 172. 

Jacob, 242. 

Ralph, 172. 

Solomon, 280. 



Work House, Charleston, 128, 142. 

Wormwood Street, London, 47, 49. 

Yates family ( Jewish ),^ of Liver- 
pool, 194. 

Yaws (disease), a cure for, 62. 

Yeadon Light Infantry, 230. 

Year Book, City of Charleston, 7, 
32, 33, 44, 53, 89, 120, 121, 126, 
185, 204, 262. 

Yellow fever, 217. 
Tavern, Va., 248. 

Yemassee Indians, 19. 

Yeshuat Israel, Congregation, 131. 

York River, Va., 231. . 

Zachariah, E., 237. 
J., 172, 237. 

Zacharias, David, 237. 

Zemach, Abraham, 140. 






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